Uncertainty exposure causes behavioural sensitization and increases risky decision-making in male rats: toward modelling gambling disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background: An animal model of gambling disorder, previously known as pathological gambling, could advance our understanding of the disorder and help with treatment development. We hypothesized that repeated exposure to uncertainty during gambling induces behavioural and dopamine (DA) sensitization — similar to chronic exposure to drugs of abuse. Uncertainty exposure (UE) may also increase risky decision-making in an animal model of gambling disorder. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats received 56 UE sessions, during which animals responded for saccharin according to an unpredictable, variable ratio schedule of reinforcement (VR group). Control animals responded on a predictable, fixed ratio schedule (FR group). Rats yoked to receive unpredictable reward were also included (Y group). Animals were then tested on the Rat Gambling Task (rGT), an analogue of the Iowa Gambling Task, to measure decision-making. Results: Compared with the FR group, the VR and Y groups experienced a greater locomotor response following administration of amphetamine. On the rGT, the FR and Y groups preferred the advantageous options over the risky, disadvantageous options throughout testing (40 sessions). However, rats in the VR group did not have a significant preference for the advantageous options during sessions 20–40. Amphetamine had a small, but significant, effect on decision-making only in the VR group. After rGT testing, only the VR group showed greater hyperactivity following administration of amphetamine compared with the FR group. Limitations: Reward uncertainty was the only gambling feature modelled. Conclusion: Actively responding for uncertain reward likely sensitized the DA system and impaired the ability to make optimal decisions, modelling some aspects of gambling disorder.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Repeated exposure to reward uncertainty subsequently increases risk preference on the rodent gambling task.
“Crucially, it appears that repeated exposure to reward uncertainty subsequently increases risk preference on the rGT (Zeeb, Li, Fisher, Zack, & Fletcher, 2017).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Zeeb, Li, Fisher, Zack, & Fletcher, 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 · Cited by 6,128 · see citing works
A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.
Wise, R. A., & Bozarth, M. A. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.469 · Cited by 2,747 · see citing works
Robinson, T. G., & BECKER, J. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(86)80193-7 · Cited by 2,110 · see citing works
Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons
Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1077349 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Robinson, T. E., & Becker, J. B. (1986) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(86)90002-0 · Cited by 1,796 · see citing works
The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry
Robbins, T. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1154-7 · Cited by 1,282 · see citing works
Bechara, A., Dolan, S. L., Denburg, N. L., Hindes, A. R., Anderson, S. W., & Nathan, P. E. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6 · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
Vezina, P. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.001 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Risky Business: Emotion, Decision-Making, and Addiction
Bechara, A. (2003) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1021223113233 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Goudriaan, A., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & van den Brink, W. (2005) · Brain research. Cognitive brain research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.017 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Zeeb, F. D., Robbins, T. W., & Winstanley, C. A. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.62 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Hickey, E. (2003) · Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime · doi:10.4135/9781412950619.n128 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Electronic gaming machines: are they the ‘crack‐cocaine’ of gambling?
Dowling, N. A., Smith, D. I., & Thomas, T. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00962.x · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine
Horger, B. A., Giles, M. K., & Schenk, S. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245147 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Paulson, P. E., & Robinson, T. E. (1995) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890190108 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Decision-making impairments in patients with pathological gambling
Brand, M., Kalbe, E., Labudda, K., Fujiwara, E., Kessler, J., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.003 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Sensitization of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Reactivity Promotes the Pursuit of Amphetamine
Vezina, P., Lorrain, D. S., Arnold, G. M., Austin, J. D., & Suto, N. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04654.2002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Baarendse, P. J. J., Counotte, D. S., O'Donnell, P., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.47 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
A National Survey of Gambling Problems in Canada
Cox, B. J., Yu, N., Afifi, T. O., & Ladouceur, R. (2005) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370505000404 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Boileau, I., Payer, D., Chugani, B., Lobo, D. S. S., Houle, S., Wilson, A. A., Warsh, J., Kish, S. J., & Zack, M. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.163 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationZeeb, F. D., & Winstanley, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5597-10.2011 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationPower, Y., Goodyear, B. G., & Crockford, D. N. (2011) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9278-5 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Zeeb, F. D., & Winstanley, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3971-12.2013 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationCiccarelli, M., Griffiths, M. D., Nigro, G., & Cosenza, M. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.012 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Unpredictable saccharin reinforcement enhances locomotor responding to amphetamine
Singer, B. F., Scott-Railton, J., & Vezina, P. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Executive dysfunction as a risk marker for substance abuse: The role of impulsive personality traits
Dolan, S. L., Bechara, A., & Nathan, P. E. (2008) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.845 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Baarendse, P. J. J., Winstanley, C. A., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2857-z · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Zack, M., Featherstone, R. E., Mathewson, S., & Fletcher, P. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00036 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationReward-based decision making in pathological gambling: The roles of risk and delay
Wiehler, A., & Peters, J. (2014) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Valadez, A. A., & Schenk, S. (1994) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90132-5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Linnet, J., Møller, A., Peterson, E., Gjedde, A., & Doudet, D. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00837.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Winstanley, C. A., Cocker, P. J., & Rogers, R. D. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.230 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Impaired performance in a test of decision-making by opiate-dependent tobacco smokers
Rotheram-Fuller, E. J., SHOPTAW, S. J., Berman, S. M., & London, E. D. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Fletcher, P. J., Tenn, C. C., Sinyard, J., Rizos, Z., & Kapur, S. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301221 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive processes underlying impaired decision-making under uncertainty in gambling disorder
Brevers, D., Koritzky, G., Bechara, A., & Noël, X. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.06.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Krmpotich, T., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S., Sakai, J., Thompson, L., Banich, M. T., & Tanabe, J. (2015) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000129 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ochoa, C., Álvarez-Moya, E., Penelo, E., Aymamí, M., Gómez-Peña, M., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Vallejo-ruiloba, J., Menchón, J., Lawrence, N., et al. (2013) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12061.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Peters, H. L., Hunt, M. J., & Harper, D. N. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9183-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tremblay, M., Cocker, P. J., Hosking, J. G., Zeeb, F. D., Rogers, R. D., & Winstanley, C. A. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0271-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationTremblay, A.-M., Desmond, R. C., Poulos, C. X., & Zack, M. H. (2010) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00208.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationGambling expenditure predicts harm: evidence from a venue-level study
Markham, F., Young, M., & Doran, B. J. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12595 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Businelle, M. S., Apperson, M. R., Kendzor, D. E., Terlecki, M. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0013510 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rogers, R. D., Wong, A. C., McKinnon, C., & Winstanley, C. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hodgins, D. C. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12678 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hodgins DC, Stea JN, Grant JE. Gambling disorders. Lancet 2011;378:1874-84.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neuroimaging of reward mechanisms in Gambling disorder: an integrative review
Clark, L., Boileau, I., & Zack, M. H. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0230-2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction 30 Years On
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-011624-024031 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Positive affect: nature and brain bases of liking and wanting
Nguyen, D. P., Naffziger, E. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.013 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Exposure to conditions of uncertainty promotes the pursuit of amphetamine
Mascia, P., Neugebauer, N. M., Brown, J., Bubula, N., Nesbitt, K. M., Kennedy, R. T., & Vezina, P. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0099-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“dopaminergic system under gambling-like conditions in animals (Mascia et al., 2018; Singer et al., 2012; Zack et al., 2014; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
InfluentialThe Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Sussman, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clark, L., & Zack, M. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107626 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In the past decade, multiple studies have demonstrated sensitization-like effects in healthy animals chronically exposed to non-drug reinforcers (e.g., saccharin) delivered under variable schedules (Mascia et al., 2019; Singer et al., 2012; Zeeb et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDopaminergic signaling of uncertainty and the aetiology of gambling addiction
Zack, M. H., George, R. S., & Clark, L. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109853 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationReed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K., & Robinson, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A., Pike, J., & Lee, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K., & Mays, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
Jarmolowicz, D., & Schneider, T. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Galimov, A., & Black, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.027 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M., Baron, D., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of “Food Addiction”
Davis, C., & Mason, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.023 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Human Neurobiological Approaches to Hedonically Motivated Behaviors
Burger, K. S., Shearrer, G., & Sadler, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Feedback Models for Gambling Control: The Use and Efficacy of Online Responsible Gambling Tools
Griffiths, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review
Pettorruso, M., Zoratto, F., Miuli, A., Risio, L. D., Santorelli, M., Pierotti, A., Martinotti, G., Adriani, W., & Giannantonio, M. D. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cocker, P. J., Rotgé, J., Daniel, M.-L., Belin‐Rauscent, A., & Belin, D. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12738 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tremblay, M., Barrus, M., Cocker, P., Baunez, C., & Winstanley, C. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-5173-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Betts, G. D., Hynes, T. J., & Winstanley, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120972421 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Robinson, M. J. F., Clibanoff, C., Freeland, C. M., Knes, A. S., Cote, J. R., & Russell, T. I. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111971 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
20 Years of Aberrant Salience in Psychosis: What Have We Learned?
Corlett, P. R., & Fraser, K. M. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240556 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fugariu, V., Zack, M. H., Nóbrega, J. N., Fletcher, P. J., & Zeeb, F. D. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0599-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationD2/3Agonist during Learning Potentiates Cued Risky Choice
Mortazavi, L., Hynes, T. J., Chernoff, C. S., Ramaiah, S., Brodie, H. G., Russell, B., Hathaway, B. A., Kaur, S., & Winstanley, C. A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1459-22.2022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Maladaptive consequences of repeated intermittent exposure to uncertainty
Mascia, P., Wang, Q., Brown, J., Nesbitt, K. M., Kennedy, R. T., & Vezina, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109864 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Appetitive Needs and Addiction
Sussman, S., & Pakdaman, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clueless about cues: the impact of reward-paired cues on decision making under uncertainty
Winstanley, C. A., & Hynes, T. J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.07.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of partial reinforcement on autoshaping in inbred Roman high- and low-avoidance rats
Fuentes-Verdugo, E., Pellón, R., Papini, M. R., Torres, C., Fernández‐Teruel, A., & Anselme, P. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113111 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effort-motivated behavior resolves paradoxes in appetitive conditioning
Anselme, P. (2021) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104525 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rauwolf, P., Millard, S. K., Wong, N., Witt, A., Davies, T. J., Cahill, A. M., Madden, G. J., Parkinson, J. A., & Rogers, R. D. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001029 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Challenges and opportunities in animal models of gambling-like behavior
Haar, C. V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Substance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments
Grigsby, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of Sex Addiction
Reid, R. C., Grubbs, J., & Kraus, S. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.025
The Optimality of “Suboptimal” Choice
Anselme, P. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Freeland, C. M., Knes, A. S., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Using rodent models to understand interactions between gambling and substance use
Setlow, B., Blaes, S. L., Burns, M. R., Dragone, R. J., & Orsini, C. A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gaming Disorder and Its Treatment
Griffiths, M., Kuss, D., & Pontes, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reward uncertainty and the aversion-attraction dilemma
Anselme, P. (2022) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2021.12.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A neurocomputational account of multi-line electronic gambling machines
Peters, J. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.12.009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Treatment of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) Misuse
Sussman, S., & Bolshakova, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Culture in Addiction
Hoffman, B., & Unger, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zack, M., Lobo, D., Biback, C., Fang, T., Smart, K., Tatone, D., Kalia, A., Digiacomo, D., & Kennedy, J. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119855972 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationBai, Y., & Berg, B. P. (2021) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2021.03.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clark, L., & Zack, M. H. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g57c2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased risky choice during forced abstinence from fentanyl on the cued rat gambling task
Hrelja, K. M., Kawkab, C., Avramidis, D. K., Ramaiah, S., & Winstanley, C. A. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06659-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Haar, C. V., O’Hearn, C. M., & Winstanley, C. A. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1669073 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Passionate Love Addiction: An Evolutionary Survival Mechanism That Can Go Terribly Wrong
Bolshakova, M., Fisher, H., Aubin, H., & Sussman, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.026 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Philosophical Issues in the Addictions
Glackin, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Unpredictable Drug Access and its Relevance for Substance Use Disorders: A Critical Review
Doyle, W. S., Freeman, K. B., & Huskinson, S. L. (2025) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-025-00449-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of Work Addiction
Quiñones, C., & Griffiths, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.028 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.003
Zack, M., Lobo, D., Biback, C., Fang, T., Smart, K., Tatone, D., Kalia, A., Digiacomo, D., & Kennedy, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2187041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent Drug Misuse Prevention: Challenges in School-Based Programming
Scheier, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.021
Measurement, Prevention, and Treatment of Exercise Addiction
Hausenblas, H., Mann, D. T. Y., & Downs, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.036 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fugariu, V. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Foreword
Compton, W., & Blanco, C. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.001
Novel Psychoactive Substances: A New Challenge for Prevention and Treatment
Kapitány-Fövény, M., Corazza, O., Marrinan, S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.032
Human Laboratory Paradigms in Addictions Research
Morris, V. L., Arshad, F., Balodis, I., Reed, D. D., Mackillop, J., & Amlung, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.010
Anhedonia in Addictive Behaviors
Dyer, W. G., Leventhal, A. M., Goldenson, N., & Bello, M. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.039
American Legal Issues in Addiction Treatment and Research
Willick, D. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.041
Strack, R., Orsini, M., Ewald, D. R., & Scheier, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.019
Uncertainty Tolerance in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Miliutina, K., & Knyazev, V. (2020) · Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series “Psychology” · doi:10.17721/bsp.2020.2(12).11
Clinical and Research Methods in the Addictions
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.008
Levels of Analysis and Etiology
(2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.014
Ongoing and Future Research Directions
(2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.030
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Preface
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.002
Srivastava, A., & Gold, M. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.033
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Index
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.042
Evolution of Learning Processes
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.003
Motivation incitatrice : un aperçu historique des enjeux théoriques
Anselme, P. (2022) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.222.0339
Electronic gambling machines and dopamine.Preprint
Peters, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q9ju5
Zack, M., Behzadi, A., Biback, C., Chugani, B., Digiacomo, D., Fang, T., Houle, S., Kalia, A., Lobo, D., Payer, D., et al. (2024) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173865
Self-citationTo dream the impossible dream: how personal energy fuels ambition and extreme commitment
Bonarska, K., Cacek, J., Szumowska, E., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-025-10153-x
Addictive motivational scaffolds and the structure of social media
Manuali, L. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05312-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zeeb, F. D., Li, Z., Fisher, D. C., Zack, M. H., & Fletcher, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 404-413
- ISSN
- 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2434
- PMC
- PMC5662462
- OpenAlex
- W2765768211
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 20.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Responsible Gaming
- University of Toronto
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, variable-ratio schedules, risky decision making, dopamine sensitization, amphetamine, locomotor hyperactivity, Iowa Gambling Task
- MeSH terms
- Amphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Decision Making, Disease Models, Animal, Gambling, Male, Motor Activity, Reinforcement Schedule, Reward, Saccharin, Stress, Psychological, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
