On Bullshit
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
LLM outputs may be characterised as bullshit, in the sense of being produced without regard for truth.
“In this respect, their outputs may be characterised as”
From Authenticity and Authorship Beyond the Algorithm: Action, Institution, and Epistemic Responsibility under Generative AI (2026) · cites this paper as Frankfurt, 2005
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Keil, F. C. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190100 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12476 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism
Moffitt, B. (2014) · Government and Opposition · doi:10.1017/gov.2014.13 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit
Pennycook, G., Allan Cheyne, J., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500006999 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
On the powers of powerful knowledge
Young, M. F. D., & Muller, J. (2013) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3017 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Hicks, M. T., Humphries, J., & Slater, J. (2024) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
The elective affinity between post-truth communication and populist politics
Waisbord, S. (2018) · Communication Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/22041451.2018.1428928 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Reimagining the new pedagogical possibilities for universities post-Covid-19
Peters, M. A., Rizvi, F., McCulloch, G., Gibbs, P., Görur, R., Hong, M. S., Hwang, Y.-J., Zipin, L., Brennan, M., Robertson, S. L., et al. (2020) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2020.1777655 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Hahl, O., Kim, M., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417749632 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Selwyn, N. (2015) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2015.1012523 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Strategic Leadership of Corporate Sustainability
Strand, R. G. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-2017-3 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Madden, M., & Speed, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2017.00007 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hadfield, P. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297856.001.0001 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Populism and Democratic Theory
Mansbridge, J., & Macedo, S. (2019) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042843 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Lai, K., & Li, X. (2015) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287515619693 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
On bullshit in cultural policy practice and research: notes from the British case
Belfiore, E. (2009) · International Journal of Cultural Policy · doi:10.1080/10286630902806080 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Theory Crisis in Management Research: Solving the Right Problem
Cronin, M. A., Stouten, J., & van Knippenberg, D. (2021) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2019.0294 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Scientific and subversive: The two faces of the fourth era of political campaigning
Römmele, A., & Gibson, R. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819893979 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Evidence-based coaching: Flourishing or languishing?
Grant, A. M., & Cavanagh, M. J. (2007) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060701648175 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Toward an epistemology of<i>Wikipedia</i>
Fallis, D. (2008) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20870 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Lying, Deceiving, and Misleading
Stokke, A. (2013) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12022 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Post-truth Politics, Bullshit and Bad Ideas: ‘Deficit Fetishism’ in the UK
Hopkin, J., & Rosamond, B. (2017) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2017.1373757 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Storchmann, K. (2012) · Journal of Wine Economics · doi:10.1017/jwe.2012.8 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Prompting meaning: a hermeneutic approach to optimising prompt engineering with ChatGPT
Henrickson, L., & Meroño-Peñuela, A. (2023) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01752-8 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Homo neoliberalus : From personality to forms of subjectivity
Teo, T. (2018) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354318794899 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Truth, lies and tweets: A Consensus Theory of Post-Truth
Bufacchi, V. (2020) · Philosophy & Social Criticism · doi:10.1177/0191453719896382 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Lying as a Violation of Grice's First Maxim of Quality
Fallis, D. (2012) · dialectica · doi:10.1111/1746-8361.12007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Giglietto, F., Iannelli, L., Valeriani, A., & Rossi, L. (2019) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392119837536 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Wissenschaftssprache und Wissenskommunikation
Niederhauser, J. (2020) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-04852-3_37 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Keane, J. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770883.010 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Liesenfeld, A., Lopez, A., & Dingemanse, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3571884.3604316 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
An anthropology of lying: Trump and the political sociality of moral outrage
McGranahan, C. (2017) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12475 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Aspects of a theory of bullshit
Meibauer, J. (2016) · Pragmatics & Cognition · doi:10.1075/pc.23.1.04mei · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Bald-faced lies as acts of verbal aggression
Meibauer, J. (2014) · Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict · doi:10.1075/jlac.2.1.05mei · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Fallis, D., & Mathiesen, K. (2019) · Inquiry · doi:10.1080/0020174x.2019.1688179 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Varieties of Disinformation
Fallis, D. (2014) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3_8 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Are neoliberals more susceptible to bullshit?
Sterling, J. L., Jost, J. T., & Pennycook, G. (2016) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003788 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bullshit in the Sustainability and Transitions Literature: a Provocation
Kirchherr, J. (2022) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-022-00175-9 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
‘ChatGPT et al.’: The ethics of using (generative) artificial intelligence in research and science
Schlagwein, D., & Willcocks, L. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962231200411 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Let’s bullshit! Arguing, bargaining and dissembling over Darfur
Seymour, L. J. M. (2013) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066113476118 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Talk–Action Dynamics: Modalities of aspirational talk
Christensen, L. T., Morsing, M., & Thyssen, O. (2019) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840619896267 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
What Is This “Post-” in Postracial, Postfeminist… (Fill in the Blank)?
Squires, C. R., Watts, E. K., Vavrus, M. D., Ono, K. A., Feyh, K. E., Calafell, B. M., & Brouwer, D. C. (2010) · Journal of Communication Inquiry · doi:10.1177/0196859910371375 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Truth and truthfulness in the sociology of educational knowledge
Young, M. F. D., & Muller, J. (2007) · Theory and Research in Education · doi:10.1177/1477878507077732 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Working Definition of Fake News
Baptista, J. P., & Gradim, A. (2022) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia2010043 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Influence of Corporate Front-Group Stealth Campaigns
Pfau, M. W., Haigh, M. M., Sims, J. D., & Wigley, S. L. (2007) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650206296083 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Is there a Human Right to Democracy?
Cohen, J. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199281688.003.0012 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Empirical Race Psychology and the Hermeneutics of Epistemological Violence
Teo, T. (2011) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-011-9179-8 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Strategic Lying”: The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election
Gaber, I., & Fisher, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161221994100 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Do large language models have a legal duty to tell the truth?
Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Russell, C. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240197 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Held, B. S. (2019) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354319883943 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Epistemological Challenge of Truth Subversion to the Liberal International Order
Adler, E., & Drieschová, A. (2021) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818320000533 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pfattheicher, S., & Schindler, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153419 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Darwall, S. (2011) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2011.00054.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Is it really about the evidence? argument, persuasion, and the power of ideas in cultural policy
Belfiore, E. (2021) · Cultural Trends · doi:10.1080/09548963.2021.1991230 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The weaponization of language: Discourses of rising right-wing authoritarianism
Pascale, C.-M. (2019) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392119869963 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Loi, M., Fayolle, A. J.-C., van Gelderen, M., Riot, E., Refai, D., Higgins, D. A., Haloub, R., Salusse, M. A. Y., Lamy, E., Verzat, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/10564926211042222 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Large Process Models: A Vision for Business Process Management in the Age of Generative AI
Kampik, T., Warmuth, C., Rebmann, A., Agam, R., Egger, L. N. P., Gerber, A., Hoffart, J., Kolk, J., Herzig, P., Decker, G., et al. (2024) · Künstliche Intell. · doi:10.1007/s13218-024-00863-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Dialogue on Satire News and the Crisis of Truth in Postmodern Political Television
Jones, J. P., & Baym, G. (2010) · Journal of Communication Inquiry · doi:10.1177/0196859910373654 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Texts, Identities, and Ethics: Critical Literacy in a Post‐Truth World
Janks, H. (2018) · Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy · doi:10.1002/jaal.761 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108887410 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Accounting and the Truth of Earnings Reports: Philosophical Considerations
Macintosh, N. B. (2008) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180802327073 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Alvesson, M. G., & Sandberg, J. (2023) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12969 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Straight talk: conceptions of sincerity in speech
Eriksson, J. R. (2009) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-009-9487-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Reforming global climate governance in an age of bullshit
Stevenson, H. (2020) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2020.1774315 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Epistemic Vices in Organizations: Knowledge, Truth, and Unethical Conduct
Baird, C., & Calvard, T. S. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3897-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Attributions toward artificial agents in a modified Moral Turing Test
Aharoni, E., Fernandes, S., Brady, D. J., Alexander, C., Criner, M., Queen, K., Rando, J., Nahmias, E., & Crespo, V. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58087-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The 15 July abortive coup and post-truth politics in Turkey
Taş, H. (2018) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2018.1452374 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bullshit and Organization Studies
Christensen, L. T., Kärreman, D., & Rasche, A. (2019) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840618820072 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Careless Speech: Conceptualizing Post-Truth Politics1
Hyvönen, A.-E. (2018) · New Perspectives · doi:10.1177/2336825x1802600303 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The task of critique in times of post-truth politics
Schindler, S. (2020) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210520000091 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Evidence-Informed Practice: Antidote to Propaganda in the Helping Professions?
Gambrill, E. D. (2010) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731509347879 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Iacobucci, S., Cicco, R. D., Michetti, F., Palumbo, R., & Pagliaro, S. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0149 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A Simulation Approach to Veritistic Social Epistemology
Olsson, E. J. (2011) · Episteme · doi:10.3366/epi.2011.0012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kalantzis, M., & Cope, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108862059 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Čavojová, V., Secară, E., Jurkovič, M., & Šrol, J. (2018) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3486 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A multimodal grammar of artificial intelligence: Measuring the gains and losses in generative AI
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2023) · Multimodality & Society · doi:10.1177/26349795231221699 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Siles‐Brügge, G. (2018) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2018.1484722 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
COMMENTARY—Accounting—Truth, Lies, or “Bullshit”? A Philosophical Investigation
Macintosh, N. B. (2006) · Accounting and the Public Interest · doi:10.2308/api.2006.6.1.22 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Complex Relation Between Receptivity to Pseudo-Profound Bullshit and Political Ideology
Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219830415 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Playing the Bullshit Game: How Empty and Misleading Communication Takes Over Organizations
Spicer, A. (2020) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/2631787720929704 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Misiaszek, G. W. (2019) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1080/00131857.2019.1680362 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Introduction: The Trump Era as a Linguistic Emergency
McIntosh, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108887410.001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cultural clusters and social interaction dynamics
Zarlenga, M. I., Rius-Ulldemolins, J., & Morató, A. R. (2013) · European Urban and Regional Studies · doi:10.1177/0969776413514592 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The end of forgetting: Strategic agency beyond the panopticon
Bossewitch, J., & Sinnreich, A. (2012) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444812451565 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ethics of generative AI and manipulation: a design-oriented research agenda
Klenk, M. (2024) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09745-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chon, D., & Sitkin, S. B. (2021) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0079 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Meibauer, J. (2018) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045634 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Conversation and common ground
Green, M. (2016) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-016-0779-z · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crafting New Communicative Models in the Televisual Sphere: Political Interviews onThe Daily Show
Baym, G. (2007) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714420701350379 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
On Wine Bullshit: Some New Software?
Quandt, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Wine Economics · doi:10.1017/s1931436100000389 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Digitale Demenz? Mythen und wissenschaftliche Befundlage zur Auswirkung von Internetnutzung
Appel, M., & Schreiner, C. (2014) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000186 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Start Generating: Harnessing Generative Artificial Intelligence for Sociological Research
Davidson, T. (2024) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231241259651 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Why homoeopathy is pseudoscience
Mukerji, N., & Ernst, E. K. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03882-w · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hannon, M. (2023) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913811.2023.2194109 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bradshaw, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2007) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593107076861 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Paradigm Change for Science Communication: Commercial Science Needs a Critical Public
Bauer, M. W. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Galeotti, A. E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108529242 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Opposing the Power of Lies, Bullshit and Fake News: the Value of Truth
MacKenzie, A., & Bhatt, I. (2019) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-019-00087-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Outsourcing Humanity? ChatGPT, Critical Thinking, and the Crisis in Higher Education
Royer, C. (2024) · Studies in Philosophy and Education · doi:10.1007/s11217-024-09946-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Authenticity in Political Discourse
Jones, B. (2015) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-015-9649-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Frankfurt, H. G.
- Corresponding author
- Frankfurt, Harry G.
- Venue
- Princeton University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Princeton University Press
- Published
- 2005-12-31
- OpenAlex
- W4250088333
- Cited by
- 1,175
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 161 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 41.83
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Princeton University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Philosophical Thought and Analysis
- Keywords
- bullshit, deception, epistemology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
