Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking

Summary for Policymakers

(2014) · Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004 · Cited by 23,880 · see citing works

Untitled work

(2011) · Cited by 14,317 · see citing works

The spread of true and false news online

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aap9559 · Cited by 8,847 · see citing works

Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election

Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 · Cited by 6,767 · see citing works

“The Need for Cognition.”

Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.116 · Cited by 5,359 · see citing works

Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making

Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256 · see citing works

Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate

Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612460685 · Cited by 4,271 · see citing works

The science of fake news

Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao2998 · Cited by 4,160 · see citing works

When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions

Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173 · see citing works

Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?

Stanovich, K., & West, R. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works

Evolution of indirect reciprocity

Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04131 · Cited by 2,762 · see citing works

Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197 · Cited by 2,517 · see citing works

The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks

Braman, D., Kahan, D. M., Peters, E. M., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., & Mandel, G. N. (2012) · Scholarly Commons - George Washington University Law School (George Washington University) · Cited by 2,299 · see citing works

The Persuasiveness of Source Credibility: A Critical Review of Five Decades' Evidence

Pornpitakpan, C. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works

Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works

Handbook of individual differences in social behavior

(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-3482 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works

Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles.

Epstein, S. J., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works

Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election

Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau2706 · Cited by 1,803 · see citing works

Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation

Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309341564 · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works

Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook

Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4586 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works

Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Affective Judgments

Reber, R., Winkielman, P., & Schwarz, N. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00008 · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works

Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection

Kahan, D. M. (2013) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005271 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works

Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news

Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000465 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works

On Bullshit

Frankfurt, H. G. (2005) · doi:10.1515/9781400826537 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works

Who Is Rational?: Studies of individual Differences in Reasoning

Stanovich, K. E. (1999) · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works

The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks

Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works

Who Is Rational?

Stanovich, K. E. (1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410603432 · Cited by 956 · see citing works

Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale

Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279 · Cited by 950 · see citing works

Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806781116 · Cited by 947 · see citing works

Frequency and the conference of referential validity

Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80012-1 · Cited by 920 · see citing works

Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government

KAHAN, D. M., PETERS, E., DAWSON, E. C., & SLOVIC, P. (2017) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2016.2 · Cited by 883 · see citing works

Illusions of familiarity.

Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.6.1235 · Cited by 865 · see citing works

Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test

Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2013.844729 · Cited by 864 · see citing works

Social Cognition

Fiske, S. T. (2013) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446286395 · Cited by 767 · see citing works

Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories

Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 · Cited by 726 · see citing works

Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media

Clayton, K., Blair, S., Busam, J. A., Forstner, S., Glance, J., Green, G., Kawata, A., Kovvuri, A., Martin, J., Morgan, E., et al. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0 · Cited by 658 · see citing works

Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth.

Begg, I. M., Anas, A., & Farinacci, S. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.121.4.446 · Cited by 650 · see citing works

Investigating an alternate form of the cognitive reflection test

Thomson, K. S., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2016) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500007622 · Cited by 612 · see citing works

Individuals with greater science literacy and education have more polarized beliefs on controversial science topics

Drummond, C., & Fischhoff, B. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704882114 · Cited by 607 · see citing works

Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth.

Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000098 · Cited by 598 · see citing works

The truth about the truth: a meta-analytic review of the truth effect

Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309352251 · Cited by 592 · see citing works

Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief

Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215647 · Cited by 589 · see citing works

Divine intuition: Cognitive style influences belief in God.

Shenhav, A., Rand, D. G., & Greene, J. D. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0025391 · Cited by 557 · see citing works

Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Seli, P., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.003 · Cited by 544 · see citing works

Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign

Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B. J., & Reifler, J. (2018) · Cited by 544 · see citing works

On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit

Pennycook, G., Allan Cheyne, J., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500006999 · Cited by 536 · see citing works

The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability.

Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N., & Lysy, D. C. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.890 · Cited by 521 · see citing works

Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation

Berinsky, A. J. (2015) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123415000186 · Cited by 511 · see citing works

Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon

Swire‐Thompson, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160802 · Cited by 499 · see citing works

What makes us think? A three-stage dual-process model of analytic engagement

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., & Koehler, D. J. (2015) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.05.001 · Cited by 474 · see citing works

Misconceptions, Misinformation, and the Logic of Identity-Protective Cognition

Kahan, D. M. (2017) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2973067 · Cited by 423 · see citing works

Reflection and Reasoning in Moral Judgment

Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L. D. J., & Greene, J. D. (2011) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01210.x · Cited by 418 · see citing works

Confirmation bias, ingroup bias, and negativity bias in selective exposure to political information

Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Mothes, C., & Polavin, N. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650217719596 · Cited by 391 · see citing works

Bias and Conflict

Neys, W. D. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611429354 · Cited by 386 · see citing works

Everyday Consequences of Analytic Thinking

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., & Koehler, D. J. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415604610 · Cited by 360 · see citing works

The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks

Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1547 · Cited by 352 · see citing works

Reversing the truth effect: Learning the interpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth.

Unkelbach, C. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.1.219 · Cited by 347 · see citing works

“Why Does the Cognitive Reflection Test (Sometimes) Predict Utilitarian Moral Judgment (and Other Things)?”

Baron, J., Scott, S., Fincher, K., & Emlen Metz, S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.09.003 · Cited by 346 · see citing works

The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration

Haran, U., Ritov, I., & Mellers, B. A. (2013) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005921 · Cited by 331 · see citing works

Ideology, Motivated Reasoning, and Cognitive Reflection: An Experimental Study

Kahan, D. M. (2012) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2182588 · Cited by 331 · see citing works

The brain in your pocket: Evidence that Smartphones are used to supplant thinking

Barr, N., Pennycook, G., Stolz, J. A., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029 · Cited by 327 · see citing works

Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking.

Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Rand, D. G., & Cannon, T. D. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.09.005 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information.

Swire‐Thompson, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000422 · Cited by 294 · see citing works

Reminders and Repetition of Misinformation: Helping or Hindering Its Retraction?

Ecker, U. K. H., Hogan, J. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.01.014 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Does the cognitive reflection test measure cognitive reflection? A mathematical modeling approach

Campitelli, G., & Gerrans, P. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0367-9 · Cited by 260 · see citing works

Is the cognitive reflection test a measure of both reflection and intuition?

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0576-1 · Cited by 246 · see citing works

Dunning–Kruger effects in reasoning: Theoretical implications of the failure to recognize incompetence

Pennycook, G., Ross, R. M., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1242-7 · Cited by 244 · see citing works

Why Do We Hate Hypocrites? Evidence for a Theory of False Signaling

Jordan, J., Sommers, R., Bloom, P., & Rand, D. G. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616685771 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Going against the Herd: Psychological and Cultural Factors Underlying the ‘Vaccination Confidence Gap’

Browne, M., Thomson, P., Rockloff, M., & Pennycook, G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132562 · Cited by 232 · see citing works

Atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers: Four empirical studies and a meta-analysis

Pennycook, G., Ross, R. M., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153039 · Cited by 232 · see citing works

Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0340-7 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Social Clicks

Gabielkov, M., Ramachandran, A., Chaintreau, A., & Legout, A. (2016) · ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS) · doi:10.1145/2896377.2901462 · Cited by 219 · see citing works

Repetition increases perceived truth equally for plausible and implausible statements

Fazio, L. K., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01651-4 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Cognitive reflection vs. calculation in decision making

Sinayev, A., & Peters, E. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00532 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Actively open-minded thinking in politics

Baron, J. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works

Investigating the Robustness of the Illusory Truth Effect Across Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Cognitive Style

keersmaecker, J. D., Dunning, D. A., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G., Sanchez, C. J., Unkelbach, C., & Roets, A. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219853844 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Wartime rumors of waste and special privilege: why some people believe them.

Allport, F. H., & Lepkin, M. (1945) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058110 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

The Role of Shear Stress in Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation and Failure: A Systematic Review

Browne, L., Bashar, K., Griffin, P. C., Kavanagh, E. G., Walsh, S. R., & Walsh, M. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145795 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

On Known Unknowns: Fluency and the Neural Mechanisms of Illusory Truth

Wang, W., Brashier, N. M., Wing, E. A., Marsh, E. J., & Cabeza, R. E. L. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00923 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Override the controversy: Analytic thinking predicts endorsement of evolution

Gervais, W. M. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.05.011 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Commentary: Cognitive reflection vs. calculation in decision making

Pennycook, G., & Ross, R. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Turking overtime: how participant characteristics and behavior vary over time and day on Amazon Mechanical Turk

Arechar, A. A., Kraft‐Todd, G., & Rand, D. G. (2017) · Journal of the Economic Science Association · doi:10.1007/s40881-017-0035-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Assessing the Effect of 'Disputed' Warnings and Source Salience on Perceptions of Fake News AccuracyPreprint

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3035384 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Are Thoughtful People More Utilitarian? CRT as a Unique Predictor of Moral Minimalism in the Dilemmatic Context

Royzman, E. B., Landy, J. F., & Leeman, R. F. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12136 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Processing the papal encyclical through perceptual filters: Pope Francis, identity-protective cognition, and climate change concern

Landrum, A. R., Lull, R. B., Akin, H., Hasell, A., & Jamieson, K. H. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.015 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Are good reasoners more incest-friendly? Trait cognitive reflection predicts selective moralization in a sample of American adults

Royzman, E. B., Landy, J. F., & Goodwin, G. P. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005738 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Antecedents of bullshitting

Petrocelli, J. V. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Activating analytic thinking enhances the value given to individualizing moral foundations

Yılmaz, O., & Sarıbay, S. A. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Cognitive Reflection Predicts Science Understanding.

Shtulman, A., & McCallum, K. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Non-Reflective Thinkers Are Predisposed to Attribute Supernatural Causation to Uncanny Experiences

Bouvet, R., & Bonnefon, J. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215585728 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The New Reflectionism in Cognitive Psychology

Lindeman, M. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315460178 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Repetition increases perceived truth equally for plausible and implausible statementsPreprint

Fazio, L. K., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qys7d · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Reasons and the “Motivated Numeracy Effect”

Ballarini, C., & Sloman, S. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The new reflectionism in cognitive psychology why reason matters

Pennycook, G. (2018) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

News items

(1975) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e581982009-008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response

Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964 · see citing works

Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works

The Psychology of Fake News

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works

Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news

Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000465 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works

Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806781116 · Cited by 947 · see citing works

Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review

Aïmeur, E., Amri, S., & Brassard, G. (2023) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-023-01028-5 · Cited by 772 · see citing works

The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings

Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478 · Cited by 718 · see citing works

Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines.

Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000729 · Cited by 593 · see citing works

Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public

van der Linden, S. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6 · Cited by 570 · see citing works

Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News About It)

Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J. B., Smelter, T. J., & Rutchick, A. M. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620940539 · Cited by 527 · see citing works

Combating Fake News: A Survey on Identification and Mitigation Techniques

Sharma, K., Qian, F., Jiang, H., Ruchansky, N., Zhang, M., & Liu, Y. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3305260 · Cited by 514 · see citing works

“Fake News” Is Not Simply False Information: A Concept Explication and Taxonomy of Online Content

Molina, M. D., Sundar, S. S., Le, T., & Lee, D. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219878224 · Cited by 485 · see citing works

Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research

Humprecht, E., Esser, F., & Aelst, P. V. (2020) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161219900126 · Cited by 476 · see citing works

Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news

Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3 · Cited by 470 · see citing works

Fake news, social media and marketing: A systematic review

Domenico, G. D., Sit, J., Ishizaka, A., & Nunan, D. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.037 · Cited by 463 · see citing works

Aging in an Era of Fake News

Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420915872 · Cited by 420 · see citing works

Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization

Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373 · see citing works

Analyzing the Digital Traces of Political Manipulation: The 2016 Russian Interference Twitter Campaign

Badawy, A., Ferrara, E., & Lerman, K. (2018) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) · doi:10.1109/asonam.2018.8508646 · Cited by 353 · see citing works

An exploratory study of COVID-19 misinformation on Twitter

Shahi, G. K., Dirkson, A. R., & Majchrzak, T. A. (2021) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100104 · Cited by 352 · see citing works

Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking.

Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Rand, D. G., & Cannon, T. D. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.09.005 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.

Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000315 · Cited by 321 · see citing works

Attitudes towards AI: measurement and associations with personality

Stein, J.-P., Messingschlager, T., Gnambs, T., Hutmacher, F., & Appel, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53335-2 · Cited by 309 · see citing works

Stewardship of global collective behavior

Bak-Coleman, J. B., Alfano, M., Barfuss, W., Bergstrom, C. T., Centeno, M. A., Couzin, I. D., Donges, J. F., Galesic, M., Gersick, A. S., Jacquet, J., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2025764118 · Cited by 289 · see citing works

Judging Truth

Brashier, N. M., & Marsh, E. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807 · Cited by 288 · see citing works

Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions

Nyhan, B. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912440117 · Cited by 281 · see citing works

Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking.

Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Rand, D. G., & Cannon, T. D. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/h0101832 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Misinformation about COVID-19: evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science

Agley, J. D., & Xiao, Y. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Credibility Perceptions and Detection Accuracy of Fake News Headlines on Social Media: Effects of Truth-Bias and Endorsement Cues

Luo, M., Hancock, J. T., & Markowitz, D. M. (2022) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650220921321 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Beliefs About COVID-19 in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: A Novel Test of Political Polarization and Motivated Reasoning

Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Bagó, B., & Rand, D. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211023652 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence in digital media: the era of deepfakes

Karnouskos, S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2020.3001312 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Bots and Misinformation Spread on Social Media: Implications for COVID-19

Himelein-Wachowiak, M., Giorgi, S., Devoto, A., Rahman, M. M., Ungar, L., Schwartz, H. A., Epstein, D. H., Leggio, L., & Curtis, B. L. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26933 · Cited by 238 · see citing works

Determinants of individuals’ belief in fake news: A scoping review determinants of belief in fake news

Bryanov, K., & Vziatysheva, V. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253717 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Political Psychology in the Digital (mis)Information age: A Model of News Belief and Sharing

Van Bavel, J. J., Harris, E. A., Pärnamets, P., Rathje, S., Doell, K. C., & Tucker, J. A. (2021) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12077 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda

Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds

Allen, J., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf4393 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Overconfidence in news judgments is associated with false news susceptibility

Lyons, B. A., Montgomery, J., Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B. J., & Reifler, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2019527118 · Cited by 184 · see citing works

Understanding Fake News Consumption: A Review

Baptista, J. P., & Gradim, A. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9100185 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Mistrust and misinformation: A two-component, socio-epistemic model of belief in conspiracy theories

Pierre, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

The Reception of Fake News: The Interpretations and Practices That Shape the Consumption of Perceived Misinformation

Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2019) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Self-reported willingness to share political news articles in online surveys correlates with actual sharing on Twitter

Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228882 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Fake News and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a Quantitative Observational Study

Moscadelli, A., Albora, G., Biamonte, M. A., Giorgetti, D., Innocenzio, M., Paoli, S., Lorini, C., Bonanni, P., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165850 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Detecting fake news for reducing misinformation risks using analytics approaches

Zhang, C., Gupta, A., Kauten, C., Deokar, A. V., & Qin, X. (2019) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.022 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

National Narcissism predicts the Belief in and the Dissemination of Conspiracy Theories During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From 56 Countries

Sternisko, A., Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211054947 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents

Arechar, A. A., Allen, J., Berinsky, A. J., Cole, R., Epstein, Z., Garimella, K., Gully, A., Lu, J. G., Ross, R. M., Stagnaro, M. N., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01641-6 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

Testing Logic-based and Humor-based Corrections for Science, Health, and Political Misinformation on Social Media

Vraga, E. K., Kim, S. C., & Cook, J. (2019) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2019.1653102 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

False Equivalence: Are Liberals and Conservatives in the United States Equally Biased?

Baron, J., & Jost, J. T. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618788876 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Sharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biased

Ceylan, G., Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2216614120 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Social media’s contribution to political misperceptions in U.S. Presidential elections

Garrett, R. K. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213500 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

OECD Digital Economy Papers

Houghton, J., & Vickery, G. (2010) · OECD digital economy papers · doi:10.1787/20716826 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

How college students evaluate and share “fake news” stories

Leeder, C. (2019) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2019.100967 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media

Dias, N., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Coronavirus on Social Media: Analyzing Misinformation in Twitter ConversationsPreprint

Sharma, K., Seo, S., Meng, C.-Z., Rambhatla, S., Dua, A., & Liu, Y. (2020) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.12309 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Beyond “fake news”: Analytic thinking and the detection of false and hyperpartisan news headlines

Ross, R. M., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2021) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500008640 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation

Keller, D., & Leerssen, P. (2020) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.1017/9781108890960

Can Fighting Misinformation Have a Negative Spillover Effect? How Warnings for the Threat of Misinformation Can Decrease General News Credibility

van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Hameleers, M., & Ohme, J. (2023) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2023.2187652 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Online Hate Speech

Siegel, A. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Online searches to evaluate misinformation can increase its perceived veracity

Aslett, K., Sanderson, Z., Godel, W., Persily, N., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06883-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works

The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification

Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221990104 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Don’t Just Tell Me, Ask Me: AI Systems that Intelligently Frame Explanations as Questions Improve Human Logical Discernment Accuracy over Causal AI explanations

Danry, V., Pataranutaporn, P., Mao, Y., & Maes, P. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580672 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation

Morrow, G., Swire-Thompson, B., Polny, J., Kopec, M., & Wihbey, J. (2020) · J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. · doi:10.1002/asi.24637 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

The Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST): A psychometrically validated measure of news veracity discernment

Maertens, R., Götz, F. M., Golino, H. F., Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Kyrychenko, Y., Kerr, J. R., Stieger, S., McClanahan, W. P., III, Drabot, K., et al. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02124-2 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Birds of a feather are persuaded together: Perceived source credibility mediates the effect of political bias on misinformation susceptibility

Traberg, C. S., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111269 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Effects of fact‐checking warning labels and social endorsement cues on climate change fake news credibility and engagement on social media

Koch, T. K., Frischlich, L., & Lermer, E. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12959 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Prominent misinformation interventions reduce misperceptions but increase scepticism

Hoes, E., Aitken, B., Zhang, J., Gackowski, T., & Wojcieszak, M. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01884-x · Cited by 103 · see citing works

A Psychology of Ideology: Unpacking the Psychological Structure of Ideological Thinking

Zmigrod, L. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211044140 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Susceptibility to misinformation is consistent across question framings and response modes and better explained by myside bias and partisanship than analytical thinking

Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Herzog, S. M., Geers, M., Kurvers, R. H. J. M., Sultan, M., & van der Linden, S. (2022) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003570 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Cognitive Reflection and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218783192 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

“If This account is True, It is Most Enormously Wonderful”: Interestingness-If-True and the Sharing of True and False News

Altay, S., de Araujo, E., & Mercier, H. (2021) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.1941163 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Perceived truth of statements and simulated social media postings: an experimental investigation of source credibility, repeated exposure, and presentation format

Nadarevic, L., Reber, R., Helmecke, A. J., & Köse, D. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00251-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Beliefs about COVID-19 in Canada, the U.K., and the U.S.A.: A novel test of political polarization and motivated reasoningPreprint

Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Bagó, B., & Rand, D. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zhjkp · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Linguistic Cues to Deception: Identifying Political Trolls on Social Media

Addawood, A., Badawy, A., Lerman, K., & Ferrara, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v13i01.3205 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

A short review on susceptibility to falling for fake political news

Sindermann, C., Cooper, A. J., & Montag, C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Going Viral: How Fear, Socio-Cognitive Polarization and Problem-Solving Influence Fake News Detection and Proliferation During COVID-19 Pandemic

Salvi, C., Iannello, P., Cancer, A., McClay, M., Rago, S., Dunsmoor, J. E., & Antonietti, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2020.562588 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Populist Gullibility: Conspiracy Theories, News Credibility, Bullshit Receptivity, and Paranormal Belief

van Prooijen, J., Rodrigues, T. C., Bunzel, C., Georgescu, O., Komáromy, D., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12802 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Checking the Fact-Checkers: The Role of Source Type, Perceived Credibility, and Individual Differences in Fact-Checking Effectiveness

Liu, X., Li, Q. L., Wang, L., & Metzger, M. J. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231206419 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

The detection of political deepfakes

Appel, M., & Prietzel, F. (2022) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmac008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Fake news: Why do we believe it?

Beauvais, C. (2022) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105371 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines

Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/29b4j · Cited by 593 · see citing works

Fake News vs Satire: A Dataset and Analysis

Golbeck, J., Mauriello, M., Auxier, B., Bhanushali, K. H., Bonk, C., Bouzaghrane, M. A., Buntain, C., Chanduka, R., Cheakalos, P., Everett, J. B., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science · doi:10.1145/3201064.3201100 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Technique-based inoculation against real-world misinformation

Roozenbeek, J., Traberg, C. S., & van der Linden, S. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211719 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Intellectual Humility Predicts Scrutiny of COVID-19 Misinformation

Koetke, J., Schumann, K., & Porter, T. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620988242 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Analytic-thinking predicts hoax beliefs and helping behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Stanley, M. L., Barr, N., Peters, K., & Seli, P. (2020) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2020.1813806 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Fake news believability: The effects of political beliefs and espoused cultural values

Gupta, M., Dennehy, D., Parra, C. M., Mäntymäki, M., & Dwivedi, Y. (2022) · Information Manager (The) · doi:10.1016/j.im.2022.103745 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Calling BS on ChatGPT: Reflections on AI as a Communication Source

Sundar, S. S., & Liao, M. (2023) · Journalism & Communication Monographs · doi:10.1177/15226379231167135 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Assessing the Effect of 'Disputed' Warnings and Source Salience on Perceptions of Fake News AccuracyPreprint

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3035384 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Factors Predicting Willingness to Share COVID-19 Misinformation

Lobato, E. J. C., Powell, M., Padilla, L. M. K., & Holbrook, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566108 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Crowds Can Effectively Identify Misinformation at Scale

Martel, C., Allen, J., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231190388 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Who Is Susceptible to Online Health Misinformation?

Scherer, L. D., & Pennycook, G. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305908 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Nudging Social Media toward Accuracy

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162221092342 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Online users' attitudes toward fake news: Implications for brand management

Tiago, M. T. B., Tiago, F., Silva, O., Martínez, J. M. G., & Botella-Carrubí, D. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21349 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

On the Disposition to Think Analytically: Four Distinct Intuitive-Analytic Thinking Styles

Newton, C., Feeney, J. R., & Pennycook, G. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231154886 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

An empirical approach to understanding users' fake news identification on social media

Aoun Barakat, K., Dabbous, A., & Tarhini, A. (2021) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-08-2020-0333 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Is pro-Kremlin Disinformation Effective? Evidence from Ukraine

Erlich, A., & Garner, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612211045221 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic ResponsePreprint

Bavel, J. J. V., D, K. B. A., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A. K., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4178356 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Netiquette: Ethic, Education, and Behavior on Internet—A Systematic Literature Review

Costa, R. S., Ostáriz, P. L., Medrano, M. M., & Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031212 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Designing for fake news literacy training: A problem-based undergraduate online-course

Scheibenzuber, C., Hofer, S. I., & Nistor, N. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106796 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Personality factors and self-reported political news consumption predict susceptibility to political fake news

Calvillo, D. P., Garcia, R. J. B., Bertrand, K., & Mayers, T. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110666 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

The genuine problem of fake news

Waldrop, M. M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719005114 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

We Only Believe in News That We Doctored Ourselves

Faragó, L., Kende, A., & Krekó, P. (2019) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000391 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Combating Fake News: A Survey on Identification and Mitigation TechniquesPreprint

Sharma, K., Qian, F., Jiang, H., Ruchansky, N., Zhang, M., & Liu, Y. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1901.06437 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works

Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news

Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000465 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works

To believe or not to believe: Personality, cognitive, and emotional factors involving fake news perceived accuracy

Taurino, A., Colucci, M. H., Bottalico, M., Franco, T. P., Volpe, G., Violante, M., Grattagliano, I., & Laera, D. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4136 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

A ciência cognitiva e a crença em fake news: um estudo exploratório

Baptista, J. P., Correia, E., Gradim, A., & Piñeiro-Naval, V. (2021) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.25768/21.04.04.09.12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

From news disengagement to fake news engagement: Examining the role of news-finds-me perceptions in vulnerability to fake news through third-person perception

Tian, Y., & Willnat, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108431 · Cited by 14 · see citing works