Treatment–resistant panic disorder: a systematic review
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence of panic disorder (PD) in the population is high and these patients have work impairment, high unemployment rates, seek medical treatment more frequently and have more hospitalizations than people without panic symptoms. Despite the availability of pharmacological, psychological and combined treatments, approximately one-third of all PD patients have persistent panic attacks and other PD symptoms after treatment. Areas covered MEDLINE/Pubmed, CENTRAL, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases were searched for clinical trials in treatment-resistant PD. Only studies published between 1980 and 2015, in English, with human subjects, considered "journal articles" and clinical trial were included. We included trials recruiting only adult subjects with treatment-resistant PD, consistent with criteria from DSM-III to DSM5. We included all prospective experimental studies. Case, case series, retrospective studies or studies with Expert opinion Only 11 articles were included in this review. There were few quality studies, only two were randomized, controlled and double blind. Augmentation of the pharmacological treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy demonstrated some short-term efficacy in treatment-resistant PD. There were also preliminary evidences of efficacy for monotherapy with reboxetine and olanzapine, and augmentation with pindolol, divalproex sodium, aripiprazole and olanzapine in short-term treatment.
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One-third of patients with panic disorder remain challenging to treat.
“This is especially relevant as one‐third of patients with panic disorder remain challenging to treat (Freire et al. 2016), and that ACT shows potential for those unresponsive to CBT (Gloster et al. 2015).”
From Internet‐Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With Interoceptive Exposure for Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Working Alliance Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as Freire et al. 2016
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- Authors
- Freire, R. C., Zugliani, M. M., Garcia, R. F., & Nardi, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Freire, Rafael C.
- Venue
- Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-12-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-168
- ISSN
- 1465-6566 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-7666
- OpenAlex
- W2186383960
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- panic disorder, reboxetine, olanzapine, pindolol, divalproex sodium, aripiprazole, pharmacotherapy, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Prospective Studies, Antipsychotic Agents, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Panic Disorder, Treatment Failure
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