The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 57 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Managing pastoral landscapes: remote survey of herding infrastructure in Huancavelica, Peru
Open accessAbstract
Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation. However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes. In this article, the authors utilise large-scale, systematic imagery survey to examine the distribution and environmental contexts of corrals and pastoralist settlements in Huancavelica, Peru. Results indicate that corrals and pastoralist settlements cluster around colonial and present-day settlements and that a statistically significant relationship exists between pastoral infrastructure and perennial vegetation. This highlights the utility of remote survey for the identification of trans-regional patterns in herder-environment relationships that are otherwise difficult to detect.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Large-scale satellite imagery survey in Huancavelica, Peru, finds pastoral infrastructure clusters around colonial and present-day settlements and that estancias are preferentially located near productive, perennial vegetation. The study demonstrates remote survey can reveal trans-regional herder–environment patterns.
Key findings
- Surveyed 12,199 km²—about 49% of the Department of Huancavelica—and identified 6,580 corral loci and 686 estancia loci; the contiguous survey zone contained 1,735 corrals and 283 estancias.
- Optimised hot-spot analysis in the contiguous zone shows corrals and estancias cluster around Huancavelica city and adjacent mercury mines; estancia hot spots concentrate along the upper “Mercury Road,” while corral hot spots are broader and align with the corridor connecting Villa de Arma and Castrovirreyna.
- Estancias have significantly higher mean NDVI than corrals (p < 0.0001) and random points (p = 0.0483), and significantly lower mean NDVSI than corrals (p = 0.00444), though not significantly different from random points (p = 0.4320). Corrals have the highest mean NDVSI of all datasets, suggesting their use was not dependent on year-round pasture access.
- Table 2 reports mean elevations of 4182 m for corrals (n = 6580), 4357 m for estancias (n = 686), and 3871/3886 m for matched random points.
Methods
- Used GeoPACHA systematic imagery survey with 2 × 2 km grid cells, combining north–south and east–west transects with a contiguous survey zone; loci were assigned type, subtype and confidence probability, then verified by regional and general editors. Corral loci ranged from single corrals to complexes with upwards of 20 individual corrals; an estancia was defined as a locus containing corrals and domestic structures.
- Environmental analysis used NDVI and NDVSI satellite indices, with zonal statistics calculated over a 1 km polygon around each feature to represent accessible pasture; observed distributions were compared against random points using unpaired t-tests.
- Spatial clustering used optimised hot-spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) with distance bands of 3 km for corrals and 6 km for estancias and a 500 m cell size; colonial-period notarial records from Huancavelica were used to interpret settlement patterns.
Limitations
- The paper states that remote survey lacks chronological specificity, that stone corrals are difficult to date, and that the analysis assumes broad equivalence between past and present Andean environments and inter-annually stable bofedales; it also notes that past environmental fluctuations may have altered bofedal prevalence and herder reliance on them.
- The paper states that NDVI can be misleading in high-elevation settings because productivity tends to decline with altitude, potentially skewing comparisons; it also notes that corral NDVSI results contradicted the earlier hot-spot finding when analysis broadened beyond the contiguous survey zone.
- Evident in the text: hot-spot analysis is limited to the contiguous survey zone, and transect-based survey carries a potential for over-sampling certain elevations, though the authors report their survey area was largely comparable to the broader region in average elevation.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 57 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Mean NDVSI values for corral and estancia hot spots are lower than for the cold spots and for the contiguous survey zone.
“mean NDVSI values-based on the ratio between wet and dry season vegetation and thus not impacted by altitude-for corral and estancia hot spots are lower than for the cold spots and for the contiguous survey zone”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There is a statistically significant relationship between pastoral infrastructure and perennial vegetation in Huancavelica.
“a statistically significant relationship exists between pastoral infrastructure and perennial vegetation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Estancia hot spots have, on average, higher elevation than corral hot spots.
“Estancias have, on average, higher elevation hot spots compared to corrals”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Corral and estancia cold spots are concentrated in the lower-elevation south-western and southern reaches of the contiguous survey zone.
“Corral and estancia cold spots are concentrated in the lower-elevation south-western and southern reaches of the zone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Corrals have the highest NDVSI value of all datasets.
“Corrals have the highest NDVSI value of all datasets”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Corrals and estancias are located at higher mean elevations than randomly generated points.
“Zonal statistics demonstrate that corrals and estancias are located at higher mean elevations than randomly generated points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Corrals and estancias are disproportionately located at higher elevations, between 4000m and 4500m asl.
“Density plots also indicate that corrals and estancias are disproportionately located at higher elevations, between 4000m and 4500m asl”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Huancavelica, Peru, corrals and pastoralist settlements cluster around colonial and present-day settlements.
“Results indicate that corrals and pastoralist settlements cluster around colonial and present-day settlements”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Estancia hot spots are concentrated in the upper reaches of the Mercury Road, which runs south-west from Huancavelica city.
“Estancia hot spots are concentrated in the upper reaches of the 'Mercury Road', which runs south-west from Huancavelica city.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Bofedales in Huancavelica provide perennial pasture.
“Our data support this, indicating that bofedales in Huancavelica provide perennial pasture and that pastoral infrastructure is located to take advantage of these resources.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There are denser concentrations of corrals and estancias around major colonial and present-day settlements than in other locations within the study area.
“First, that there are denser concentrations of corrals and estancias around major colonial and present-day settlements than in other locations within the study area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Corral loci recorded in the survey ranged from single corrals to corral complexes with upwards of 20 individual corrals.
“Corral loci recorded ranged from single corrals to corral complexes with upwards of 20 individual corrals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Both corrals and estancias show clustering beginning with a distance band of 1km, when they begin to cluster around the city of Huancavelica.
“Both corrals and estancias show clustering beginning with a distance band of 1km, when they begin to cluster around the city of Huancavelica.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Corrals have the highest mean NDVSI of all four datasets.
“In contrast, corrals have the highest mean NDVSI of all four datasets (Table 2), suggesting their use was not dependent on year-round access to pasture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Corrals vary substantially in their environmental setting.
“Corrals vary more substantially in their environmental setting.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Corrals, in contrast, were found in diverse environmental contexts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
The dataset documents the occasional presence of corrals in areas without access to bofedales.
“Our dataset documents the occasional presence of corrals in areas without access to bofedales, suggesting that herders in Huancavelica would not have had to rely on bofedales year-round, consistent with the findings of Lane and colleagues (2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Corrals and estancias vary in their distribution in terms of pasture access.
“Our data document variation in the distribution of corrals versus estancias in terms of pasture access, which is indicative of differences in activities practised at these locations and may relate to whether or not settings could support permanent occupation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Herders may have located their corrals and estancias to take advantage of more productive, seasonally stable vegetation resources.
“These findings suggest that herders may have located their corrals and estancias to take advantage of these resources.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Vining 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Vining & Williams 2020 source
- Interpretationown data
Estancia home bases are concentrated at higher elevations than corrals.
“indicating that home bases are concentrated at higher elevations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Corrals are not located to take advantage of perennial vegetation.
“suggesting that corrals are not located to take advantage of perennial vegetation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Access to perennial vegetation was influential in determining corral and estancia location.
“indicating that access to perennial vegetation was influential in determining corral and estancia location”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The NDVI results may be skewed by elevation.
“results may be skewed by elevation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NDVI values tend to be lower at high altitudes.
- Premisecitation
Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century notarial records from Huancavelica document how the registration of mining claims was frequently accompanied by requests for land for crops and herds in the adjacent area.
“Sixteenth-and seventeenth-century notarial records from Huancavelica document how the registration of mining claims was frequently accompanied by requests for land for crops and herds in the adjacent area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Archivo Histórico de Huancavelica (AHH): 174-175, 6 March 1591
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Hot-spot distribution indicates a relationship between pastoral infrastructure and major present-day and colonial period settlements.
“Hot-spot distribution indicates a relationship between pastoral infrastructure and major present-day and colonial period settlements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These findings emphasise the social and political embeddedness of land use practices in the past.
“These findings emphasise the social and political embeddedness of land use practices in the past.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The large-scale data presented here provide strong support for the hypothesis that herders orient herding practices around bofedales.
“The large-scale data presented here-to our knowledge, the largest systematic survey of relict pastoralist infrastructure yet undertaken-provide strong support for the hypothesis that herders orient herding practices around bofedales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Past and present Andean environments are broadly equivalent.
- Interpretationown data
Estancias are more likely to be located close to perennial vegetation than corrals.
“Estancias are thus more likely to be located close to perennial vegetation than corrals”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Rural peoples moving to Huancavelica to labour in the mines, coercively or otherwise, often brought their families and herds with them.
“Secondly, rural peoples moving to Huancavelica to labour in the mines, coercively or otherwise, often brought their families and herds with them”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Smit 2018: 89
- Interpretationown data
Estancias are more restricted to highland zones than corrals are.
“indicating that they are more restricted to highland zones than corrals are”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Remote survey is useful for identifying trans-regional patterns in herder-environment relationships that are otherwise difficult to detect.
“This highlights the utility of remote survey for the identification of trans-regional patterns in herder-environment relationships that are otherwise difficult to detect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Several lines of evidence suggest that growth in colonial period mining fostered an expansion of pastoral infrastructure in the area covered by the contiguous survey zone.
“While it is challenging to date corrals, several lines of evidence suggest that growth in colonial period mining fostered an expansion of pastoral infrastructure in the area covered by our contiguous survey zone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Variation in environmental context between corrals and estancias indicates that they may have been designed to suit the physiological needs of different camelid breeds.
“Variation in environmental context between corrals and estancias indicates that they may have been designed to suit the physiological needs of different camelid breeds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Pre-Hispanic Andean pastoralism includes two parallel orientations: caravanning and fibre production.
- Interpretationcitation
Past Andean environments may have fluctuated on a timescale short-term enough to render even home bases periodically inaccessible during their use-life.
“This serves as a reminder that past Andean environments may have fluctuated on a timescale short-term enough to render even home bases periodically inaccessible during their use-life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baitzel et al. 2022 source
- Premisecitation
In the upper Ica drainage in Huancavelica, wetter conditions mean herders only need to use bofedales during the dry season.
“In Suches, Department of Tacna, extremely arid conditions mean that herders rely on bofedales yearround (Vining 2016), whereas wetter conditions in the upper Ica drainage in Huancavelica mean that herders only need to use bofedales during the dry season (Lane et al. 2022: 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lane et al. 2022: 2 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Interpretationreasoning
Colonial period mining development impacted pastoral settlement patterns in Huancavelica.
“These examples, coupled with survey evidence for denser concentrations of corrals and estancias in and around known colonial period centres, indicate that colonial period mining development impacted pastoral settlement patterns in Huancavelica.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The contemporary distribution of bofedales reflects long-term pastoral land management practices.
“The contemporary distribution of bofedales reflects long-term pastoral land management practices.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Herding communities incorporated knowledge about animal needs and environmental conditions into construction decisions.
“Herding communities incorporated knowledge about animal needs and environmental conditions into construction decisions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The pattern of denser concentrations around settlements is indicative of colonial period influences on pastoralist settlement preferences.
“With support from archival evidence, we interpret this pattern as indicative of colonial period influences on pastoralist settlement preferences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Corral use was not dependent on year-round access to pasture.
“In contrast, corrals have the highest mean NDVSI of all four datasets (Table 2), suggesting their use was not dependent on year-round access to pasture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Estancias are well-suited to the needs of alpacas, who are spatially tethered to bofedales.
“Estancias are well-suited to the needs of alpacas, who are spatially tethered to bofedales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Bofedal extent and vigour are impacted by climatic shifts at different scales.
“Bofedal extent and vigour are, however, impacted by climatic shifts at different scales.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Bofedal use varies regionally depending on the broader environmental context.
“Bofedal use varies regionally depending on the broader environmental context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Vining 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Lane et al. 2022: 2 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Study design and conductown data
The survey area was largely comparable to the broader region in terms of average elevation.
“Analysis shows, however, that our survey area was largely comparable to the broader region in terms of average elevation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Herders augment bofedales through the construction of features including channels and silt dams, and the practice of periodic deliberate flooding.
“Herders augment bofedales through the construction of features including channels and silt dams, and the practice of periodic deliberate flooding”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Inter- and intra-regional variation in environmental conditions could go some way towards explaining differential pasture access.
“Inter-and intra-regional variation in environmental conditions could thus go some way towards explaining differential pasture access.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In Suches, Department of Tacna, extremely arid conditions mean that herders rely on bofedales year-round.
“In Suches, Department of Tacna, extremely arid conditions mean that herders rely on bofedales yearround (Vining 2016), whereas wetter conditions in the upper Ica drainage in Huancavelica mean that herders only need to use bofedales during the dry season (Lane et al. 2022: 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vining 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
NDVI values can be misleading in high-elevation settings as vegetation productivity tends to reduce with increasing altitude.
“NDVI values can be misleading in high-elevation settings as vegetation productivity tends to reduce with increasing altitude”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yuan et al. 2021 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisereasoning
When considered together, NDVI and NDSVI proxies provide an estimate of resource availability for herders in target areas.
“When considered together, these proxies provide an estimate of resource availability for herders in target areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Records from Huancavelica indicate persistent use of camelids in caravans despite the introduction of non-native cargo animals.
“Finally, records from Huancavelica further indicate the persistent use of camelids in caravans, despite the introduction of non-native cargo animals (AHH: 3-5, 2 January 1578; see also Cobb 1949).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites AHH: 3-5, 2 January 1578
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Cobb 1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Pastoral infrastructure in Huancavelica is located to take advantage of bofedales.
“Our data support this, indicating that bofedales in Huancavelica provide perennial pasture and that pastoral infrastructure is located to take advantage of these resources.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Andean herders typically have well-defined pasture ranges that extend a maximum of 2.5km from their home base.
“Andean herders typically have well-defined pasture ranges that extend a maximum of 2.5km from their home base”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Flores Ochoa 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Flannery et al. 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dransart 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Different animal uses are reflected in the material record of Andean pastoralism.
“Our findings that corrals and estancias had differential pasture access suggests that different animal uses are reflected in the material record of Andean pastoralism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Pre-Hispanic Andean pastoralism includes two parallel orientations: caravanning and fibre production.
- Rests on an assumption: Llamas are more frequently associated with caravanning, and alpacas with fibre production.
- Premisereasoning
Comparatively higher NDVI and lower NDVSI values, indicating high productivity and low seasonal variation, signal the likely presence of bofedales.
“Comparatively higher NDVI and lower NDVSI values, indicating high productivity and low seasonal variation, signal the likely presence of bofedales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Herders rely on bofedales to bridge dry-season gaps in the availability of other pasture.
“Herders also rely on bofedales to bridge dry-season gaps in the availability of other pasture”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Palacios Rios 1988: 96
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The need to accommodate camelids in caravans likely spurred construction of corrals within the vicinity of Huancavelica city.
“The need to accommodate these animals likely spurred construction of corrals within the vicinity of the city.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Differences in activities practised at corrals versus estancias may relate to whether settings could support permanent occupation.
“Our data document variation in the distribution of corrals versus estancias in terms of pasture access, which is indicative of differences in activities practised at these locations and may relate to whether or not settings could support permanent occupation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Herders in Huancavelica would not have had to rely on bofedales year-round.
“Our dataset documents the occasional presence of corrals in areas without access to bofedales, suggesting that herders in Huancavelica would not have had to rely on bofedales year-round, consistent with the findings of Lane and colleagues (2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lane et al. 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe survey covered 12,199 km2 of ground in the Department of Huancavelica, about 49 per cent of its total area.
“We surveyed 12 199km 2 of ground in the Department of Huancavelica-constituting about 49 per cent of its total area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataCorral and estancia hot spots are of higher average elevation compared to the contiguous survey zone as a whole, while cold spots for these loci are of lower average elevation than the contiguous survey zone.
“Corral and estancia hot spots are of higher average elevation compared to the contiguous survey zone as a whole, while cold spots for these loci are of lower average elevation than the contiguous survey zone”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataEstancias have a significantly lower mean NDVSI value than corrals (p = 0.00444) and a slightly lower but not significantly different mean NDVSI value than random points (p = 0.4320).
“Estancias have a significantly lower mean NDVSI value than corrals (p = 0.00444) and a slightly lower but not significantly different mean NDVSI value than random points (p = 0.4320).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataCorrals and estancias both cluster around the city of Huancavelica and adjacent mercury mines.
“The results of optimised hot-spot analysis within the contiguous survey zone indicate that corrals and estancias both cluster around the city of Huancavelica and adjacent mercury mines”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe survey identified 6580 corral loci and 686 estancia loci, including 1735 corrals and 283 estancias in the contiguous survey zone.
“The survey identified 6580 corral loci and 686 estancia loci, including 1735 corrals and 283 estancias in the contiguous survey zone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataEstancias have a higher mean elevation and smaller elevation range than corrals.
“Estancias have a higher mean elevation and smaller elevation range than corrals”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataCorral hot spots are more broadly distributed, with a concentration running northwest-southeast, aligning with the corridor connecting Villa de Arma and Castrovirreyna, both major colonial period settlements.
“Corral hot spots are more broadly distributed, with a concentration running northwest-southeast, aligning with the corridor connecting Villa de Arma and Castrovirreyna, both major colonial period settlements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataEstancias have a higher mean NDVI than both corrals (p < 0.0001) and random points (p = 0.0483).
“Estancias also have a higher mean NDVI than both corrals (p < 0.0001) and random points (p = 0.0483).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataBoth corral and estancia hot spots have a lower average NDVI than the contiguous survey zone, whereas cold spots for these loci have a higher NDVI.
“Both corral and estancia hot spots have a lower average NDVI than the contiguous survey zone, whereas cold spots for these loci have a higher NDVI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataEstancias have, on average, higher NDVI and lower NDVSI values than corrals and random points.
“Estancias have, on average, higher NDVI and lower NDVSI values than corrals and random points.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Second, we found that estancias had higher NDVI and lower NDVSI values, meaning that they are preferentially located close to productive, perennial vegetation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataCold spots do not occur until the 3km band for corrals and the 6km band for estancias and are concentrated in the lower elevation zones of the contiguous survey zone.
“Cold spots do not occur until the 3km band for corrals and the 6km band for estancias and are concentrated in the lower elevation zones of the contiguous survey zone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenThe limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes.
“However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataGiven that estancias are located at higher elevations than corrals, which should correlate with lower NDVI values, the fact that estancias have significantly higher NDVI values than corrals is striking.
“Given that estancias are located at higher elevations than corrals, which should correlate with lower NDVI values, the fact that estancias have significantly higher NDVI values than corrals is striking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTransport services provided by herders were essential in both the export of mined materials and in the provisioning of remote mining centres.
“Transport services provided by herders were essential in both the export of mined materials and in the provisioning of remote mining centres”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cobb 1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationHuancavelica served a critical role within the colonial economy because of its silver and mercury mines.
“Because of its silver and mercury mines, Huancavelica served a critical role within the colonial economy”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Robins 2011 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningPastoralists were not exclusively oriented around bofedales and their site location preferences were also mediated by regional political and economic dynamics.
“This suggests that pastoralists were not exclusively oriented around bofedales and that their site location preferences were also mediated by regional political and economic dynamics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationown dataThe lower average NDVI of corral and estancia hot spots could suggest that vegetation productivity is not a key factor determining corral or estancia location.
“While this could suggest that vegetation productivity is not a key factor determining corral or estancia location”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationBofedales are high-altitude, anthropogenic wetlands that provide high-quality, perennial vegetation for pastoral ecologies.
“Archaeologists and ecologists have documented the persistent importance of bofedales-high altitude, anthropogenic wetlands that provide high-quality, perennial vegetation-for pastoral ecologies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe contradiction between corral hot spots having a lower NDVSI value and corrals having the highest NDVSI value may be due to the broadening of the analysis beyond the contiguous survey zone.
“This contradicts our previous finding that corral hot spots have a lower NDVSI value, which may be due to the broadening of our analysis beyond the contiguous survey zone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationHerding infrastructure, specifically estancias and movement corridors, is associated with more productive, seasonally stable vegetation, often associated with bofedales.
“Recent archaeological studies have combined pedestrian survey with environmental modelling to demonstrate that herding infrastructure-specifically, estancias (pastoralist settlements) and movement corridors-are associated with more productive, seasonally stable vegetation, often associated with bofedales”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Vining 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Vining & Williams 2020 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe finding that estancias are more likely to be located close to perennial vegetation supports conclusions drawn from estancia clustering data in the contiguous survey zone and extends them to the entire survey area.
“This finding supports conclusions drawn from estancia clustering data in the contiguous survey zone and extends them to the entire survey area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationCamelid caravanning persisted in Huancavelica and Potosí despite the introduction of non-native animals such as mules, because camelids were inexpensive, plentiful and adapted to the terrain and its foraging resources.
“Evidence from Huancavelica and Potosí suggests that camelid caravanning persisted despite the introduction of non-native animals such as mules, because camelids were inexpensive, plentiful and adapted to the terrain and its foraging resources”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cobb 1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bernabé Romero 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIndigenous herders in the Andes carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation.
“Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe differing physiological needs of llamas and alpacas may explain the environmental differences between corrals and estancias, indicating that the material signatures of caravanning and fibre production may be different.
“We suggest that this may reflect the differing physiological needs of llamas and alpacas, which in turn indicates that the material signatures of caravanning and fibre production may be different.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Pre-Hispanic Andean pastoralism includes two parallel orientations: caravanning and fibre production.
- Rests on an assumption: Llamas are more frequently associated with caravanning, and alpacas with fibre production.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningIn years with high precipitation, bofedales may have been less important for herders as other vegetation was widely available.
“In years with high precipitation, bofedales may have been less important for herders as other vegetation was widely available.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationHigh landscape relief in Huancavelica means that temperature, rainfall and groundwater availability can vary sharply over short distances, creating localised climatic conditions and resource patchiness.
“High landscape relief in Huancavelica means that temperature, rainfall and groundwater availability can vary sharply over short distances, creating localised climatic conditions and resource patchiness”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vining 2016: 96-98
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningThe need to intensify herding activity to sustain greater numbers of caravans likely impacted pastoral ecologies.
“The need to intensify herding activity to sustain greater numbers of caravans likely impacted pastoral ecologies”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe range for alpacas may be even more restricted than for other Andean camelids.
“Others have suggested that the range for alpacas may be even more restricted”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Palacios Rios 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationOther researchers have similarly used present-day data to infer environmental conditions in the past.
“Other researchers have similarly used present-day data to infer environmental conditions in the past”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Vining 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Vining & Williams 2020 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationVining (2016) suggests that heightened demand for textiles during the Tiwanaku expansion (AD 600-1000) led to community fission, as households moved closer to bofedales to increase herding capacity and thus to intensify fibre production.
“For example, Vining (2016) suggests that heightened demand for textiles during the Tiwanaku expansion (AD 600-1000) led to community fission, as households moved closer to bofedales to increase herding capacity and thus to intensify fibre production.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vining 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationNotary records document corrals within Huancavelica city limits and construction or need for corrals outside the city proper.
“Notary records document the presence of corrals within city limits (AHH: 66v-67v, 22 April 1599), while others describe the construction of, or need for, corrals outside of the city proper (AHH: 174-175, 6 March 1591).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites AHH: 66v-67v, 22 April 1599
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites AHH: 174-175, 6 March 1591
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAlpacas require more moisture, are almost exclusively grazed on bofedal pasture and tend not to stray far from home bases.
“Alpacas require more moisture, are almost exclusively grazed on bofedal pasture and tend not to stray far from home bases (Orlove 1977;Palacios Rios 1988: 88;Dransart 1991;Postigo et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Orlove 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Palacios Rios 1988: 88
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dransart 1991 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationRural herders may have responded to the shifting demands of the colonial economy by changing their environmental management practices, with concomitant impacts on pastoral settlement patterns.
“These examples suggest the possibility that rural herders may have responded to the shifting demands of the colonial economy by changing their environmental management practices, with concomitant impacts on pastoral settlement patterns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationBofedales are perennial vegetation and provide year-round pasture.
“Previous data identify bofedales as perennial vegetation, with researchers noting that bofedales are valuable resources precisely because they provide year-round pasture (Chimner et al. 2020: 251;White-Nockleby et al. 2021: 102;Lane et al. 2022: 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningOne concern with transect-based survey is the potential for over-sampling higher- or lower-elevation survey quads compared to the region's average elevation, which could affect understanding of the prevalence of pastoralist infrastructure.
“One concern with transect-based survey is the potential for over-sampling higher-or lower-elevation survey quads compared to the region's average elevation, which, given the close association between elevation and pastoralism, could affect our understanding of the prevalence of pastoralist infrastructure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenIn the GeoPACHA survey, team members recorded all archaeological features within a 2 × 2km grid cell and assigned them a locus type, subtype and confidence probability; these points were verified by the regional editor and, finally, by the general editors.
“First, team members recorded all archaeological features within a 2 × 2km grid cell and assigned them a locus type, subtype and confidence probability; these points were verified by the regional editor (Whitlock) and, finally, by the general editors (Wernke and VanValkenburgh).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationMining labour demands permanently swelled the populations of mining centres, which likely increased the demand for grazeland and pastoralist infrastructure in the area.
“Mining labour demands thus permanently swelled the populations of mining centres, which likely increased the demand for grazeland and pastoralist infrastructure in the area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lane 2019: 78
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataHerders preferentially located estancias in areas with ready access to higher-quality, perennial pasture, supporting their identification as permanently occupied home bases.
“This means that herders preferentially located estancias in areas with ready access to higher-quality, perennial pasture, supporting their identification as permanently occupied home bases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationToday, deglaciation, along with irregular and unpredictable rainfall, threatens the groundwater supplies upon which bofedales rely.
“Today, deglaciation, along with irregular and unpredictable rainfall, threatens the groundwater supplies upon which bofedales rely (Yager et al. 2021: A5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yager et al. 2021: A5 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningVariation in corral environmental setting likely stems from the diverse locations in which corrals are found; some are adjacent to settlements and contain large numbers of corrals, whereas others are remote and isolated.
“Some of this variation likely stems from the diverse locations in which corrals are found; some are located adjacent to settlements and contain large numbers of corrals, whereas others are remote and isolated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThere were likely periods in which herders were more or less reliant on bofedales due to shifting environmental conditions, with implications for pastoral settlement patterns and practices.
“Consequently, there were likely periods in which herders were more-or less-reliant on bofedales due to shifting environmental conditions, with concomitant impacts on settlement patterns and pastoral practices.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
“Finally, we considered the impact of environmental change and fluctuations on bofedal prevalence, concluding that small-scale past fluctuations likely affected the extent to which herders relied on bofedales, with implications for pastoral settlement patterns and practices.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationBofedales are critical pastoral resources, providing high-quality pasture and consistent water availability within the puna.
“In this context, bofedales are critical pastoral resources, providing high-quality pasture and consistent water availability within the puna”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Squeo et al. 2006 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites Vining 2012: 119-34
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Chimner et al. 2019 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSome corrals have sufficient access to pasture to support alpacas, while others were likely restricted to use by llamas.
“Some corrals have sufficient access to pasture to support alpacas, while others were likely restricted to use by llamas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationLarge-scale climatic shifts in the past may have impacted bofedal prevalence.
“Similarly large-scale climatic shifts in the past, evidenced in ice core records (e.g.Thompson et al. 1985) may have impacted bofedal prevalence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thompson et al. 1985 source
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationVining (2016: 109) suggests a more circumscribed pasture range of less than 2km in Suches, Department of Tacna.
“Based on work in Suches, in the Department of Tacna, Vining (2016: 109) suggests a more circumscribed range of less than 2km.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vining 2016: 109
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningIn drier periods, access to bofedales would have become much more important as other pasture became scarce.
“Conversely, in drier periods access to bofedales would have become much more important as other pasture became scarce.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationLlamas are hardier, more arid-tolerant and will travel up to a 5km round trip to reach pasture.
“Llamas are hardier, more arid-tolerant and will travel up to a 5km round trip to reach pasture (Flores Ochoa 1979;Flannery et al. 1989;Dransart 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Flores Ochoa 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Flannery et al. 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dransart 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe contiguous survey zone in Huancavelica follows historic understandings of the Mercury Road that connected Huancavelica with ports during the colonial period.
“We also surveyed a contiguous zone running south-west from the city of Huancavelica towards Chincha, which follows historic understandings of the 'Mercury Road' that connected Huancavelica with ports during the colonial period”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bauer et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationVegetation flux in response to short-term climatic change is broadly constant, meaning present-day cover provides an appropriate analogue for past conditions.
“Researchers have argued that vegetation flux in response to short-term climatic change is broadly constant, meaning that present-day cover provides an appropriate analogue for past conditions (Vining 2016: 104).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vining 2016: 104
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataVariation in corral location suggests regional and local variation in the importance of perennial vegetation and possibly inter-annual fluctuations in bofedal extent and vigour.
“But variation in corral location suggests regional and local variation in the importance of perennial vegetation and possibly inter-annual fluctuations in bofedal extent and vigour.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe importance of bofedales to herders likely varied depending on prevailing environmental conditions.
“The importance of bofedales to herders likely varied depending on prevailing environmental conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenFollowing data collection, all points were reviewed to ensure consistency of type and subtype registry across loci.
“Following this data collection phase, we reviewed all points to ensure consistency of type and subtype registry across loci.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningPastoral landscapes are well-suited to imagery survey, as corrals and estancias are visually distinctive and often situated in areas of sparse land cover.
“Pastoral landscapes are well-suited to imagery survey, as corrals and estancias are visually distinctive and often situated in areas of sparse land cover.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenEvaluating the chronology of corrals and estancias using satellite data is difficult, just as it is in field-based research: stone corrals are challenging to date and efforts to date them via excavation and surface collection are rarely scalable.
“Evaluating the chronology of these features using satellite data is difficult, just as it is in field-based research: stone corrals are challenging to date and efforts to date them via excavation and surface collection are rarely scalable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenA contiguous survey zone enables spatial statistical characterisations of locus distributions, while transects are useful for covering a large area.
“While transects are useful for covering a large area, a contiguous survey zone enables spatial statistical characterisations of locus distributions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationVining and Williams (2020) found that route corridors between Tiwanaku and its colonies are associated with higher biotic productivity, indicating that the need for pasture along the route led communities to foster the development of high-value pasture.
“Another study, by Vining and Williams (2020), found that route corridors between Tiwanaku and its colonies are associated with higher biotic productivity, indicating that the need for pasture along the route led communities to foster the development of high-value pasture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vining and Williams (2020) source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenRemote surveys often suffer from a lack of chronological specificity.
“Remote surveys often suffer from a lack of chronological specificity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
How intensification transformed long-held relationships between herders, animals and their environments remains unclear.
“The need to intensify herding activity to sustain greater numbers of caravans likely impacted pastoral ecologies, but how this intensification transformed long-held relationships between herders, animals and their environments remains unclear.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Past and present Andean environments are broadly equivalent.
“our findings assume broad equivalence between past and present Andean environments”
The paper relies on this without support.
NDVI values tend to be lower at high altitudes.
“NDVI values tend to be lower at high altitudes and both corral and estancia hot spots have a high average elevation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pre-Hispanic Andean pastoralism includes two parallel orientations: caravanning and fibre production.
“While pre-Hispanic Andean pastoralism is often glossed as a single strategy, it really includes two parallel orientations: caravanning and fibre production.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Llamas are more frequently associated with caravanning, and alpacas with fibre production.
“Llamas are more frequently associated with caravanning, and alpacas with fibre production.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Bofedales are inter-annually stable.
“Our findings assume bofedales are inter-annually stable, which follows assumptions in other research regarding broad equivalence between past and present environments (Vining 2016;Lane et al. 2022).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is broad equivalence between past and present environments.
“Our findings assume bofedales are inter-annually stable, which follows assumptions in other research regarding broad equivalence between past and present environments (Vining 2016;Lane et al. 2022).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161
MajorThe cited work was retracted on 2023-08-24 (notice 10.1080/00934690.2023.2249332), before this paper was published (2023-12-18). Its authors could have known.
Cited work 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161 · retracted 2023-08-24 · notice 10.1080/00934690.2023.2249332 · this paper published 2023-12-18
“Baitzel, 2022, [Retracted article]Pastoral paleoclimate palimpsests of the south-central Andes: high-altitude herder dwellings in the 2nd millennium AD, Journal of Field Archaeology, 47, 341, 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
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RetractedA 1500-Year Record of Tropical Precipitation in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru
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Bofedales: high altitude peatlands of the central Andes
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Change and Continuity in a Pastoralist Community in the High Peruvian Andes
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Earth, Water, Fleece and Fabric: an ethnography and archaeology of Andean camelid herding
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Cooper, D. J., Wolf, E. C., Colson, C., Vering, W., Granda, A., & Meyer, M. (2010) · Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research · doi:10.1657/1938-4246-42.1.19 · Cited by 81
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The System Nobody Sees: Irrigated Wetland Management and Alpaca Herding in the Peruvian Andes
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Botanical Composition and Nutritional Quality of Alpaca Diets in Two Andean Rangeland Communities
Reiner, R. J., & Bryant, F. C. V. (1986) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3899443 · Cited by 56
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Lane, K. J. (2009) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438240802655245 · Cited by 47
Reframing pastoral practices of bofedal management to increase the resilience of Andean water towers
Yager, K., Prieto, M., & Meneses, R. I. (2021) · Mountain Research and Development · doi:10.1659/mrd-journal-d-21-00011.1 · Cited by 36
Lane, K. E. (2019) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520973633 · Cited by 35
Adaptation strategies of Andean pastoralist households to both climate and non-climate changes
López-i-Gelats, F., Contreras Paco, J. L., Huilcas Huayra, R., Siguas Robles, O. D., Quispe Peña, E. C., & Bartolomé Filella, J. (2015) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-015-9731-7 · Cited by 34
Lane, K. (2006) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438240600813806 · Cited by 32
Llamichos y paqocheros : pastores de llamas y alpacas
Ochoa, J. A. F., & Meza, T. A. (1988) · Cited by 30
Giorgio Castellaro, G., Ullrich, T. R., Wackwitz, B., & Raggi, A. S. L. (2004) · Agricultura Técnica · doi:10.4067/s0365-28072004000400004 · Cited by 29
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Llamas, herders and the exploitation of raw materials in the Atacama Desert
Dransart, P. (1991) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980148 · Cited by 24
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White-Nockleby, C., Prieto, M., Yager, K., & Meneses, R. I. (2021) · Wetlands · doi:10.1007/s13157-021-01500-y · Cited by 23
Wernke, S. A., VanValkenburgh, P., Zimmer-Dauphinee, J. R., Whitlock, B., Morrow, G. S., Smith, R., Smit, D. K., Ortega, G. R., Jara, K. R., Plekhov, D., et al. (2023) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2023.177 · Cited by 21
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Andes, bofedales, and the communities of Huascáran National Park, Peru
Chimner, R. (2020) · Wetland Science & Practice · doi:10.1672/ucrt083-205 · Cited by 9
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(2018) · Figshare
Potosi: The Silver City That Changed the World
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Flannery, 1989, The flocks of the Wamani: a study of llama herders on the puna of Ayacucho, Peru
- Vining, 2016, The archaeology of Andean pastoralism
- Flores Ochoa, 1979, Pastoralists of the Andes: the alpaca herders of Paratía
- Pulgar Vidal, 1946, Historia y geografia del Peru: las ocho regionals naturales
- Vining, B. 2012. Ruralism, land use history, and Holocene climate change in the Suches highlands, southern Peru . Unpublished PhD dissertation, Boston University.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wernke, S. A., VanValkenburgh, P., Zimmer-Dauphinee, J. R., Whitlock, B., Morrow, G. S., Smith, R., Smit, D. K., Ortega, G. R., Jara, K. R., Plekhov, D., et al. (2023) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2023.177 · Cited by 21
Self-citationVaca-Cárdenas, M. L., Oleas-Lopez, J. M., Jiménez-Yanez, S., Zavala, F. R. C., Vaca-Cárdenas, P. V., Colcha, D. F. C., & Gómez, M. E. M. (2026) · Conservation · doi:10.3390/conservation6010015 · Cited by 2
Modelización de la distribución potencial de Gentianella weberbaueri (Gentianaceae) en Perú
Santos-Linares, V., & Macedo-Bedoya, J. (2025) · Lilloa · doi:10.30550/j.lil/2235 · Cited by 1
Oliveira, A. C., Castro, J., Aleixo‐Pais, I., Seripieri, V. H. M., & Castro, M. (2026) · Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.3389/past.2026.15757
Mesía-Montenegro, C., & Sánchez-Borjas, A. (2026) · Journal of Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.culher.2026.02.004
Metadata
- Authors
- Whitlock, B., Van Valkenburgh, P., & Wernke, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitlock, Bethany
- Venue
- Antiquity
- Publisher
- Antiquity Publications
- Published
- 2023-12-18
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 397
- Pages
- 229-244
- ISSN
- 0003-598X (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1744
- OpenAlex
- W4389885727
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antiquity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- American Council of Learned Societies (Digital Extension Grant)
- Social Science Research Council (International Dissertation Research Fellowship)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
- Keywords
- pastoral landscape, corrals, perennial vegetation, hydrological modification, colonial settlement, remote sensing survey, Huancavelica, Andes, Indigenous land management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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