Desperately seeking happiness: Valuing happiness is associated with symptoms and diagnosis of depression
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Culture shapes the emotions people feel and want to feel. In Western cultures, happiness is an emotion that many people want to feel. Although experiencing happiness is associated with increased well-being and psychological health, recent evidence suggests wanting to feel happy to an extreme degree, or, highly valuing happiness, leads to decreased well-being. To examine whether these effects of valuing happiness might extend to clinical outcomes, we examined the hypothesis that depression is associated with highly valuing happiness. To do so, we examined the relationship between valuing happiness and depression in two U.S. samples. As hypothesized, valuing happiness was associated with increased depressive symptoms in a community sample with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD), even when controlling for social desirability and neuroticism (Study 1). Furthermore, valuing happiness was elevated in a remitted MDD sample (vs. healthy controls), even when controlling for current depressive symptoms, general affect valuation, and extreme goal pursuit (Study 2). Taken together, these findings suggest that the culturally-pervasive value placed on attaining happiness can represent a risk factor for symptoms and a diagnosis of depression. More broadly, they indicate that a cultural approach can meaningfully extend our understanding of clinical phenomena.
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Highly valuing happiness is associated with a reduction of positive affect and an increase in negative affect and depressive symptoms.
“Research suggests that highly valuing happiness is actually associated with a reduction of positive affect and an increase in negative affect and depressive symptoms [35].”
From Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas) (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Extreme and inflexible valuing of happiness may lead to disordered emotion regulation.
“Extreme and inflexible valuing of happiness (e.g., believing that feeling happy all the time is the normal natural state) may lead to disordered emotion regulation [35].”
From Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas) (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
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Theofilou, P., Matalliotakis, A., & Alefragkis, D. (2022) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.2.0851 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring implicit theories of shame: developing a new scale assessing shame-related beliefs
Li, Y., Tao, V. Y. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10008-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
On the beauty of sadness: it’s okay to say, I am sad, thank you
Tobore, T. O. (2023) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.1080/19420889.2023.2211424 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lin, H.-L., Lin, F.-S., Liu, L.-C., & Liu, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095458 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bardeen, J. R., Clauss, K. E., & Fergus, T. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09955-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Repercussions of Individual and Societal Valuing of Happiness
Lutz, P. K., & Passmore, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13921-6_16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bergsma, A., Buijt, I., & Veenhoven, R. (2022) · Vide Leaf, Hyderabad eBooks · doi:10.37247/papsy2ed.2.2022.12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Positive Human Health, Positive Mental Health, Resilience and Their Psychosomatic Underpinnings
Ruini, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Arens, E. A., Zeier, P., Schwieren, C., Huisgen, H., & Barnow, S. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.07.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas)
Reyes-Martín, S., Hernández-López, M., & Rodríguez-Valverde, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412873 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Research suggests that highly valuing happiness is actually associated with a reduction of positive affect and an increase in negative affect and depressive symptoms [35].”
Education and wellbeing beyond growth ism : towards a degrowth approach in school counselling
Chatelier, S., & Harrison, M. G. (2025) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2025.2496906 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chiesi, F., Tagliaferro, C., Marunic, G., & Lau, C. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04150-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fundamental processes of positive change
Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2024) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2024.2424146 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wanting to be Happy Fosters Happiness by Promoting Savoring: A Daily Diary Study
Pavani, J., Larmanou, M., Holtzer, S., & Colombo, D. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00878-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jeder ist seines Glückes Schmied
Christoforakos, L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50381-2_16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From Emotion Beliefs to Regulatory Behavior: Gratitude Journaling Initiation and Outcomes
Yu, C.-W. F., Chang, Y.-P., Li, C.-H., & Wu, H.-Y. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00584-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Happiness and subjective well-being
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Lou, X., Haas, B. W., Zelenski, J. M., Xing, C., Vignoles, V. L., Vauclair, C., van Tilburg, W. A. P., Uchida, Y., Teyssier, J., Torres, C. V., et al. (2025) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-025-10462-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Özel Gereksinimli Çocuğu Olan Annelerin Mutluluk Korkusu ve Şükran Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
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The Impact of Motivation to Experience Happiness on Depressive Symptoms
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Hope, Optimism, Goals and Passion: Their Clinical Implications
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Disordered Mood in Cultural-Historical Context
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Lin, J. (2017) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
- Authors
- Ford, B. Q., Shallcross, A. J., Mauss, I. B., Floerke, V. A., & Gruber, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- New York University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 890-905
- ISSN
- 0736-7236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4321693
- OpenAlex
- W2131755838
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 15.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh020006-19)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH020006))
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (F32AT004879)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- happiness, depression, depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, remitted depression, well-being, cultural values, goal pursuit, neuroticism, social desirability, emotion regulation
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