The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
NMDA Receptor Subunits Have Differential Roles in Mediating Excitotoxic Neuronal Death Both In Vitro and In Vivo
Open accessAbstract
Well-documented experimental evidence from both in vitro and in vivo models of stroke strongly supports the critical involvement of NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in neuronal damage after stroke. Despite this, the results of clinical trials testing NMDA receptor antagonists as neuroprotectants after stroke and brain trauma have been discouraging. Here, we report that in mature cortical cultures, activation of either synaptic or extrasynaptic NR2B-containing NMDA receptors results in excitotoxicity, increasing neuronal apoptosis. In contrast, activation of either synaptic or extrasynaptic NR2A-containing NMDA receptors promotes neuronal survival and exerts a neuroprotective action against both NMDA receptor-mediated and non-NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal damage. A similar opposing action of NR2B and NR2A in mediating cell death and cell survival was also observed in an in vivo rat model of focal ischemic stroke. Moreover, we found that blocking NR2B-mediated cell death was effective in reducing infarct volume only when the receptor antagonist was given before the onset of stroke and not 4.5 h after stroke. In great contrast, activation of NR2A-mediated cell survival signaling with administration of either glycine alone or in the presence of NR2B antagonist significantly attenuated ischemic brain damage even when delivered 4.5 h after stroke onset. Together, the present work provides a molecular basis for the dual roles of NMDA receptors in promoting neuronal survival and mediating neuronal damage and suggests that selective enhancement of NR2A-containing NMDA receptor activation with glycine may constitute a promising therapy for stroke.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α plays a primary role in the negative regulation of PGC-1α [84].”
From Protective Effects of PGC-1α Activators on Ischemic Stroke in a Rat Model of Photochemically Induced Thrombosis (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Citations
Cites
Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.
Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., & Cummins, R. (1989) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.20.1.84 · Cited by 7,463
Monyer, H., Burnashev, N., Laurie, D. J., Sakmann, B., & Seeburg, P. H. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90210-0 · Cited by 3,535
Benveniste, H., Drejer, J., Schousboe, A., & Diemer, N. H. (1984) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb05396.x · Cited by 2,863
Bederson, J. B., Pitts, L. H., Tsuji, M., Nishimura, M. C., Davis, R. L., & Bartkowski, H. (1986) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.17.3.472 · Cited by 2,681
Excitatory Amino Acids as a Final Common Pathway for Neurologic Disorders
Epstein, F. H., Lipton, S. A., & Rosenberg, P. A. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199403033300907 · Cited by 2,676
Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt
Dudek, H., Datta, S. R., Franke, T. F., Birnbaum, M. J., Yao, R., Cooper, G. M., Segal, R. A., Kaplan, D. R., & Greenberg, M. E. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5300.661 · Cited by 2,436
Blockade of NMDA Receptors and Apoptotic Neurodegeneration in the Developing Brain
Ikonomidou, C., Bosch, F., Miksa, M., Bittigau, P., Vöckler, J., Dikranian, K., Tenkova, T. I., Stefovska, V., Turski, L., & Olney, J. W. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5398.70 · Cited by 2,055
Bonfoco, E., Krainc, D., Ankarcrona, M., Nicotera, P., & Lipton, S. A. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7162 · Cited by 1,958
Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways
Hardingham, G. E., Fukunaga, Y., & Bading, H. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn835 · Cited by 1,686
Functional Repression of cAMP Response Element in 6-Hydroxydopamine-treated Neuronal Cells
Chalovich, E. M., Zhu, J.-H., Caltagarone, J., Bowser, R., & Chu, C. T. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m602632200 · Cited by 1,385
Role of NMDA Receptor Subtypes in Governing the Direction of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
Liu, L., Wong, T. P., Pozza, M. F., Lingenhoehl, K., Wang, Y., Sheng, M., Auberson, Y. P., & Wang, Y. T. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1096615 · Cited by 1,131
Self-citationThe changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms
Lee, J.-M., Zipfel, G. J., & Choi, D. W. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/399a007 · Cited by 1,102
Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation
Coffer, P. J., Jin, J., & Woodgett, J. R. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3350001 · Cited by 1,064
Xiong, Z., Zhu, X., Chu, X., Minami, M., Hey, J. G., Wei, W., MacDonald, J. F., Wemmie, J. A., Price, M. P., Welsh, M. J., et al. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.026 · Cited by 1,037
Treatment of Ischemic Brain Damage by Perturbing NMDA Receptor- PSD-95 Protein Interactions
Aarts, M. M., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Besshoh, S., Arundine, M., Gurd, J. W., Wang, Y.-T., Salter, M. W., & Tymianski, M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072873 · Cited by 998
Self-citationN-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor structure and function
McBain, C. J., & Mayer, M. L. (1994) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.3.723 · Cited by 976
Lu, W.-Y., Man, H., Ju, W. H., Trimble, W. S., MacDonald, J. F., & Wang, Y. T. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00194-5 · Cited by 935
Self-citationReduced hippocampal LTP and spatial learning in mice lacking NMDA receptor ε1 subunit
Sakimura, K., Kutsuwada, T., Ito, I., Manabe, T., Takayama, C., Kushiya, E., Yagi, T., Aizawa, S., Inoue, Y., Sugiyama, H., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373151a0 · Cited by 865
Role of Distinct NMDA Receptor Subtypes at Central Synapses
Cull-Candy, S. G., & Leszkiewicz, D. N. (2004) · Science s STKE · doi:10.1126/stke.2552004re16 · Cited by 796
A Key Role for TRPM7 Channels in Anoxic Neuronal Death
Aarts, M. M., Iihara, K., Wei, W.-L., Xiong, Z.-G., Arundine, M., Cerwinski, W., MacDonald, J. F., & Tymianski, M. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)01017-1 · Cited by 784
Self-citationTovar, K. R., & Westbrook, G. L. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-10-04180.1999 · Cited by 777
Huettner, J. E., & Bean, B. P. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.4.1307 · Cited by 751
Why did NMDA receptor antagonists fail clinical trials for stroke and traumatic brain injury?
Ikonomidou, C., & Turski, L. (2002) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00164-3 · Cited by 740
Massey, P. V., Johnson, B. E., Moult, P. R., Auberson, Y. P., Brown, M. W., Molnár, E., Collingridge, G. L., & Bashir, Z. I. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1697-04.2004 · Cited by 712
Goldberg, M. P., & Choi, D. W. (1993) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-08-03510.1993 · Cited by 693
Molecular mechanisms of glutamate-dependent neurodegeneration in ischemia and traumatic brain injury
Arundine, M., & Tymianski, M. (2004) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS) · doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3319-x · Cited by 647
Self-citationGladstone, D. J., Black, S. E., & Hakim, A. M. (2002) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000025518.34157.51 · Cited by 629
Heyer, N. J., BITTNERJR, A., Echeverria, D., & WOODS, J. (2006) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.11.011 · Cited by 593
Chalecka-Franaszek, E., & Chuang, D. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8745 · Cited by 546
Lee, F. J. S., Xue, S., Pei, L., Vukusic, B., Chéry, N., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. T., Niznik, H. B., Yu, X.-M., & Liu, F. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00962-5 · Cited by 542
Self-citationKutsuwada, T., Sakimura, K., Manabe, T., Takayama, C., Katakura, N., Kushiya, E., Natsume, R., Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y., Yagi, T., et al. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80051-3 · Cited by 498
Kim, M. J., Dunah, A. W., Wang, Y. T., & Sheng, M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.031 · Cited by 494
Self-citationFischer, G., Mutel, V., Trube, G., Malherbe, P., Kew, J. N. C., MOHACSI, E., Heitz, M., & Kemp, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37138-1 · Cited by 480
NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets
Kemp, J. A., & McKernan, R. M. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn936 · Cited by 479
Mobile NMDA Receptors at Hippocampal Synapses
Tovar, K. R., & Westbrook, G. L. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00658-x · Cited by 448
Increased contribution of NR2A subunit to synaptic NMDA receptors in developing rat cortical neurons
Stocca, G., & Vicini, S. (1998) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.013bu.x · Cited by 365
Ryck, M. D., Reempts, J. V., Borgers, M. J., Wauquier, A., & Janssen, P. A. J. (1989) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.20.10.1383 · Cited by 352
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Interactions with Cytoskeletal and Signaling Proteins
Sheng, M., & Pak, D. T. S. (2000) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.755 · Cited by 349
Calcium and Excitotoxic Neuronal Injury
Choi, D. W. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44407.x · Cited by 346
Clements, J. D., & Westbrook, G. L. (1991) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90373-8 · Cited by 340
Man, H.-Y., Wang, Q., Lu, W.-Y., Ju, W., Ahmadian, G., Liu, L., D'Souza, S., Wong, T. P., Taghibiglou, C., Lu, J., et al. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00228-9 · Cited by 307
Self-citationLack of NMDA Receptor Subtype Selectivity for Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation
Berberich, S., Punnakkal, P., Jensen, V., Pawlak, V., Seeburg, P. H., Hvalby, Ø., & Köhr, G. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1905-05.2005 · Cited by 304
Synaptic and Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptor NR2 Subunits in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
Thomas, C. G., Miller, A., & Westbrook, G. L. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00771.2005 · Cited by 286
Mitochondrial and extramitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways in cerebrocortical neurons
Budd, S. L., Tenneti, L., Lishnak, T., & Lipton, S. A. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.100121097 · Cited by 284
The problem of assessing effective neuroprotection in experimental cerebral ischemia
Corbett, D. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00078-6 · Cited by 275
Modulation of Triheteromeric NMDA Receptors by N-Terminal Domain Ligands
Hatton, C. J., & Paoletti, P. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.005 · Cited by 237
Rap2-JNK Removes Synaptic AMPA Receptors during Depotentiation
Zhu, Y., Pak, D. T. S., Qin, Y., McCormack, S. G., Kim, M. J., Baumgart, J. P., Velamoor, V., Auberson, Y. P., Osten, P., Aelst, L. V., et al. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.037 · Cited by 204
A Pilot Study of d-Cycloserine in Subjects With Autistic Disorder
Posey, D. J., Kem, D. L., Swiezy, N. B., Sweeten, T. L., Wiegand, R. E., & McDougle, C. J. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2115 · Cited by 199
Zhou, M., & Baudry, M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4299-05.2006 · Cited by 196
Li, S., Tian, X.-J., Hartley, D., & Feig, L. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3990-05.2006 · Cited by 195
Calcium, free radicals and excitotoxins in neuronal apoptosis
Lipton, S. A., & Nicotera, P. (1998) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/s0143-4160(98)90115-4 · Cited by 189
Köhr, G., Jensen, V., Koester, H. J., Mihaljević, A. L., Utvik, J. K., Kvello, A., Ottersen, O. P., Seeburg, P. H., Sprengel, R., & Hvalby, Ø. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-34-10791.2003 · Cited by 183
Delayed Treatment with AMPA, but Not NMDA, Antagonists Reduces Neocortical Infarction
Xue, D., Huang, Z., Barnes, K., Lesiuk, H. J., Smith, K. E., & Buchan, A. M. (1994) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1994.32 · Cited by 177
Mutel, V., Buchy, D., Klingelschmidt, A., Messer, J., Bleuel, Z., Kemp, J. A., & Richards, J. G. (1998) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70052147.x · Cited by 171
Weitlauf, C., Honse, Y., Auberson, Y. P., Mishina, M., Lovinger, D. M., & Winder, D. G. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2388-05.2005 · Cited by 170
Neuroprotective Signal Transduction: Relevance to Stroke
Mattson, M. P. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00010-3 · Cited by 144
Okamoto, S., Li, Z., Ju, C., Schölzke, M. N., Mathews, E. A., Cui, J., Salvesen, G. S., Bossy‐Wetzel, E., & Lipton, S. A. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.022036399 · Cited by 138
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Induced Neurotoxicity: Roles for the NMDA Receptor Subtypes
O’Donnell, L. A., Agrawal, A., Jordan‐Sciutto, K. L., Dichter, M. A., Lynch, D. R., & Kolson, D. L. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4617-05.2006 · Cited by 104
Löschmann, P. A., de Groote, C., Smith, L. A., Wüllner, U., Fischer, G., Kemp, J. A., Jenner, P. G., & Klockgether, T. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.01.018 · Cited by 103
Short Therapeutic Window for MK-801 in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Normotensive Rats
Margaill, I., Parmentier, S., Callebert, J., Allix, M., Boulu, R. G., & Plotkine, M. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199601000-00013 · Cited by 88
Mielke, J. G., & Wang, Y. T. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02841.x · Cited by 87
Self-citationDeRidder, M. N., Simon, M. J., Siman, R., Auberson, Y. P., Raghupathi, R., & Meaney, D. F. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.10.011 · Cited by 87
Waxman, E. A., & Lynch, D. R. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m502080200 · Cited by 78
Fast NMDA Receptor–Mediated Synaptic Currents in Neurons From Mice Lacking the ε2 (NR2B) Subunit
Tovar, K. R., Sprouffske, K., & Westbrook, G. L. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.616 · Cited by 70
Sarro, G. D., Siniscalchi, A., Ferreri, G., Gallelli, L., & Sarro, A. D. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00709-3 · Cited by 51
Mallon, A. P., Auberson, Y. P., & Stone, T. W. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2193-6 · Cited by 51
Wang, Y., Ju, W. H., Liu, L., Fam, S. R., D'Souza, S., Taghibiglou, C., Salter, M. W., & Wang, Y. T. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c400199200 · Cited by 49
Self-citationControlling the Ups and Downs of Synaptic Strength
Bliss, T., & Schoepfer, R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098805 · Cited by 41
Clements, J. D., & Westbrook, G. L. (1994) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1994.71.6.2566 · Cited by 38
Tigaret, C. M., Thalhammer, A., Rast, G. F., Specht, C. G., Auberson, Y. P., Stewart, M. G., & Schoepfer, R. (2006) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.105.018580 · Cited by 37
Albensi, B. C., Igoechi, C., Janigro, D., & Ilkanich, E. V. (2004) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/153331750401900502 · Cited by 31
Zoghbi, H. Y., Gage, F. H., & Choi, D. W. (2000) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00135-5 · Cited by 30
Chazot, P. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Wong, T. P., Liu, L., Sheng, M., & Wang, Y. T. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102399 · Cited by 21
Self-citationSignaling Events in NMDA Receptor‐Induced Apoptosis in Cerebrocortical Cultures
Budd, S. L., & Lipton, S. A. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07832.x · Cited by 16
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 77 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
NMDA receptor subunit diversity: impact on receptor properties, synaptic plasticity and disease
Paoletti, P., Bellone, C., & Zhou, Q. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3504 · Cited by 2,523
Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders
Hardingham, G. E., & Bading, H. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2911 · Cited by 1,644
Functional Repression of cAMP Response Element in 6-Hydroxydopamine-treated Neuronal Cells
Chalovich, E. M., Zhu, J.-H., Caltagarone, J., Bowser, R., & Chu, C. T. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m602632200 · Cited by 1,385
Apoptotic Mechanisms After Cerebral Ischemia
Broughton, B. R. S., Reutens, D. C., & Sobey, C. G. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.531632 · Cited by 1,269
Excitotoxicity and stroke: Identifying novel targets for neuroprotection
Lai, T. W., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. T. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.006 · Cited by 1,106
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Wong, T. P., Aarts, M., Rooyakkers, A., Liu, L., Lai, T. W., Wu, D. C., Lu, J., Tymianski, M., Craig, A. M., & Wang, Y. T.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Toronto Western Hospital (CA)
- University of British Columbia Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Yu Tian
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-03-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2846-2857
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6672582
- OpenAlex
- W2097095684
- Cited by
- 773
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 18.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia and Yukon
- Canadian Stroke Network
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Novartis Pharma
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Keywords
- NMDA receptor subunits, NR2A, NR2B, excitotoxicity, ischemic stroke, neuronal apoptosis, neuroprotection, glycine, extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, synaptic NMDA receptors, infarct size, cortical cultures, focal cerebral ischemia, NMDA receptor antagonists
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Brain Ischemia, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Neurons, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Cell Death, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Protein Subunits, Mice, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review