Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.
Open accessAbstract
To develop a simple, relatively noninvasive small-animal model of reversible regional cerebral ischemia, we tested various methods of inducing infarction in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) by extracranial vascular occlusion in rats. In preliminary studies, 60 rats were anesthetized with ketamine and different combinations of vessels were occluded; blood pressure and arterial blood gases were monitored. Neurologic deficit, mortality rate, gross pathology, and in some instances, electroencephalogram and histochemical staining results were evaluated in all surviving rats. The principal procedure consisted of introducing a 4-0 nylon intraluminal suture into the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) and advancing it intracranially to block blood flow into the MCA; collateral blood flow was reduced by interrupting all branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and all extracranial branches of the ICA. In some groups of rats, bilateral vertebral or contralateral carotid artery occlusion was also performed. India ink perfusion studies in 20 rats documented blockage of MCA blood flow in 14 rats subjected to permanent occlusion and the restoration of blood flow to the MCA territory in six rats after withdrawal of the suture from the ICA. The best method of MCA occlusion was then selected for further confirmatory studies, including histologic examination, in five additional groups of rats anesthetized with halothane. Seven of eight rats that underwent permanent occlusion of the MCA had resolving moderately severe neurologic deficits (Grade 2 of 4) and unilateral infarcts averaging 37.6 +/- 5.5% of the coronal sectional area at 72 hours after the onset of occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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The filament model in mice allows non-invasive induction of focal cerebral ischemia and leads to reproducible infarction in the middle cerebral artery territory, enabling robust quantifications on cellular reactions.
“Thereby, the filament model in mice (Longa et al., 1989) allowed non-invasive induction of focal cerebral ischemia and led to reproducible infarction in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (Longa et al., 1989; Durukan and Tatlisumak, 2007; Engel et al., 2011), enabling robust quantifications on cellular reactions.”
From Damaged Neocortical Perineuronal Nets Due to Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats and Sheep (2017) · cites this paper as Longa et al., 1989
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- Authors
- Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., & Cummins, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- ORCID
- Weinstein, P R
- Venue
- Stroke
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-91
- ISSN
- 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4628
- OpenAlex
- W2112505121
- Cited by
- 7,463
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 268 · 2025: 353 · 2024: 373 · 2023: 341 · 2022: 394 · 2021: 390 · 2020: 373 · 2019: 337 · 2018: 312 · 2017: 345 · 2016: 305 · 2015: 334 · 2014: 312 · 2013: 307 · 2012: 312
- FWCI
- 13.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stroke (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
- Keywords
- middle cerebral artery occlusion, reversible cerebral ischemia, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery occlusion, collateral circulation, cerebral infarction, neurological deficit, rat model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arterial Occlusive Diseases, Brain, Cerebral Arteries, Craniotomy, Disease Models, Animal, Electroencephalography, Male, Nervous System, Rats, Inbred Strains, Suture Techniques, Time Factors, Rats
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