Amygdala EphB2 signaling regulates glutamatergic neuron maturation and innate fear
Open accessAbstract
The amygdala serves as emotional center to mediate innate fear behaviors that are reflected through neuronal responses to environmental aversive cues. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the initial neuron responses is poorly understood. In this study, we monitored the innate defensive responses to aversive stimuli of either elevated plus maze or predator odor in juvenile mice and found that glutamatergic neurons were activated in amygdala. Loss of EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in amygdala neurons, suppressed the reactions and led to defects in spine morphogenesis and fear behaviors. We further found a coupling of spinogenesis with these threat cues induced neuron activation in developing amygdala that was controlled by EphB2. A constitutively active form of EphB2 was sufficient to rescue the behavioral and morphological defects caused by ablation of ephrin-B3, a brain-enriched ligand to EphB2. These data suggest that kinase-dependent EphB2 intracellular signaling plays a major role for innate fear responses during the critical developing period, in which spinogenesis in amygdala glutamatergic neurons was involved. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Generation of innate fear responses to threat as an evolutionally conserved brain feature relies on development of functional neural circuit in amygdala, but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. We here identify that EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, which is specifically expressed in glutamatergic neurons, is required for the innate fear responses in the neonatal brain. We further reveal that EphB2 mediates coordination of spinogenesis and neuron activation in amygdala during the critical period for the innate fear. EphB2 catalytic activity plays a major role for the behavior upon EphB–ephrin-B3 binding and transnucleus neuronal connections. Our work thus indicates an essential synaptic molecular signaling within amygdala that controls synapse development and helps bring about innate fear emotions in the postnatal developing brain.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
EphB receptors are critical for the development of innate fear in mice, whereby loss of EphB receptors disrupted normal axonal innervation in the amygdala.
“Recently, EphB receptors were shown to be critical for the development of innate fear in mice, whereby loss of EphB receptors disrupted normal axonal innervation in the amygdala (40).”
From Reelin: Neurodevelopmental Architect and Homeostatic Regulator of Excitatory Synapses (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203 · see citing works
Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father’s age to disease risk
Kong, A., Frigge, M. L., Masson, G., Besenbacher, S., Sulem, P., Magnusson, G., Gudjonsson, S. A., Sigurdsson, A., Jonasdottir, A., Jonasdottir, A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11396 · Cited by 2,134 · see citing works
De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism
Sanders, S. J., Murtha, M. T., Gupta, A. R., Murdoch, J. D., Raubeson, M. J., Willsey, A. J., Ercan-Sencicek, A. G., DiLullo, N. M., Parikshak, N. N., Stein, J. L., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10945 · Cited by 2,084 · see citing works
Neuronal Diversity and Temporal Dynamics: The Unity of Hippocampal Circuit Operations
Klausberger, T., & Somogyi, P. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1149381 · Cited by 2,050 · see citing works
The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amygdala
LeDoux, J. (2003) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1023/a:1025048802629 · Cited by 1,818 · see citing works
The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology
SAH, P., FABER, E. S. L., LOPEZ DE ARMENTIA, M., & POWER, J. (2003) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2003 · Cited by 1,745 · see citing works
Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala
McDonald, A. J. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00003-3 · Cited by 1,303 · see citing works
Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety
Tye, K. M., Prakash, R., Kim, S.-Y., Fenno, L. E., Grosenick, L., Zarabi, H., Thompson, K. R., Gradinaru, V., Ramakrishnan, C., & Deisseroth, K. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09820 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Pitkänen, A., Pikkarainen, M., Nurminen, N., & Ylinen, A. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06738.x · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits
Herry, C., Ciocchi, S., Senn, V., Demmou, L., Müller, C., & Lüthi, A. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07166 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
Ciocchi, S., Herry, C., Grenier, F., Wolff, S. B. E., Letzkus, J. J., Vlachos, I., Ehrlich, I., Sprengel, R., Deisseroth, K., Stadler, M. B., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09559 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Genetic dissection of an amygdala microcircuit that gates conditioned fear
Haubensak, W., Kunwar, P. S., Cai, H., Ciocchi, S., Wall, N. R., Ponnusamy, R., Biag, J., Dong, H.-W., Deisseroth, K., Callaway, E. M., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09553 · Cited by 840 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…physiological roles of some specific neurons of the amygdala in fear and extinction behaviors (Yamada et al., 1999; Herry et al., 2008; Likhtik et al., 2008; Ciocchi et al., 2010; Haubensak et al., 2010), and most of them indicate that GABAergic neurons play a major role in emotional regulation.”
BackgroundEphB Receptors Interact with NMDA Receptors and Regulate Excitatory Synapse Formation
Dalva, M. B., Takasu, M. A., Lin, M. Z., Shamah, S. M., Hu, L. S., Gale, N. W., & Greenberg, M. E. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00197-5 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Innate versus learned odour processing in the mouse olfactory bulb
Kobayakawa, K., Kobayakawa, R., Matsumoto, H., Oka, Y., Imai, T., Ikawa, M., Okabe, M., Ikeda, T., Itohara, S., Kikusui, T., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06281 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Mechanisms of ephrin–Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease
Kania, A., & Klein, R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2015.16 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Gross, C. T., & Canteras, N. S. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3301 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Rodriguez, A., Ehlenberger, D. B., Dickstein, D. L., Hof, P. R., & Wearne, S. L. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001997 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Nuk Controls Pathfinding of Commissural Axons in the Mammalian Central Nervous System
Henkemeyer, M. J., Orioli, D., Henderson, J. T., Saxton, T. M., Roder, J., Pawson, T. J., & Klein, R. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80075-6 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-range connectivity defines behavioral specificity of amygdala neurons
Senn, V., Wolff, S. B. E., Herry, C., Grenier, F., Ehrlich, I., Gründemann, J., Fadok, J. P., Müller, C., Letzkus, J. J., & Lüthi, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.006 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction
Likhtik, E., Popa, D., Apergis-Schoute, J., Fidacaro, G. A., & Paré, D. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07167 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Penzes, P., Beeser, A., Chernoff, J., Schiller, M. R., Eipper, B. A., Mains, R. E., & Huganir, R. L. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01168-6 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Reversing EphB2 depletion rescues cognitive functions in Alzheimer model
Cissé, M., Halabisky, B., Harris, J., Devidze, N., Dubal, D. B., Sun, B., Orr, A., Lotz, G., Kim, D. H., Hamto, P., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09635 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Bidirectional modulation of synaptic functions by Eph/ephrin signaling
Klein, R. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2231 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Neurons of the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei: A golgi study in the rat
McDonald, A. J. (1982) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902120307 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Neuronal Diversity in GABAergic Long-Range Projections from the Hippocampus
Jinno, S., Klausberger, T., Marton, L. F., Dalezios, Y., Roberts, J. D. B., Fuentealba, P., Bushong, E. A., Henze, D., Buzsáki, G., & Somogyi, P. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1847-07.2007 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Neural correlates of genetically abnormal social cognition in Williams syndrome
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Hariri, A. R., Munoz, K. E., Mervis, C. B., Mattay, V. S., Morris, C. A., & Berman, K. F. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1494 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 Mediate Retinal Axon Divergence at the Optic Chiasm
Williams, S. E., Mann, F., Erskine, L., Sakurai, T., Wei, S., Rossi, D. J., Gale, N. W., Holt, C. E., Mason, C. A., & Henkemeyer, M. J. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2003.08.017 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationCytoarchitecture of the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat
McDonald, A. J. (1982) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902080409 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB2 Regulates NMDA-Dependent Synaptic Function
Henderson, J. T., Georgiou, J., Jia, Z., Robertson, J. V., Elowe, S., Roder, J., & Pawson, T. J. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00553-0 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
EphB Receptors Coordinate Migration and Proliferation in the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche
Holmberg, J., Genander, M., Halford, M. M., Annerén, C., Sondell, M., Chumley, M. J., Silvany, R. E., Henkemeyer, M. J., & Frisén, J. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.030 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationEphB/syndecan-2 signaling in dendritic spine morphogenesis
Ethell, I. M., Irie, F., Kalo, M. S., Couchman, J. R., Pasquale, E. B., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00440-8 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Hindges, R., McLaughlin, T., Genoud, N., Henkemeyer, M. J., & O’Leary, D. D. M. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00799-7 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple EphB receptor tyrosine kinases shape dendritic spines in the hippocampus
Henkemeyer, M. J., Itkis, O. S., Ngo, M., Hickmott, P. W., & Ethell, I. M. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200306033 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, S., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Александровна, П. Е., Xu, N., Feske, S., White, C. L., & Борисович, Б. И. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.019 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationMargolis, S. S., Salogiannis, J., Lipton, D. M., Mandel-Brehm, C., Wills, Z. P., Mardinly, A. R., Hu, L., Greer, P. L., Bikoff, J. B., Ho, H.-Y. H., et al. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.038 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
GRIP1 controls dendrite morphogenesis by regulating EphB receptor trafficking
Hoogenraad, C. C., Milstein, A. D., Ethell, I. M., Henkemeyer, M. J., & Sheng, M. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1487 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationIntracellular and Trans-Synaptic Regulation of Glutamatergic Synaptogenesis by EphB Receptors
Kayser, M. S., McClelland, A. C., Hughes, E. G., & Dalva, M. B. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3072-06.2006 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Yokoyama, N., Romero‐Ortega, M. I., Cowan, C. A., et al. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00182-9 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
EphB Receptors Couple Dendritic Filopodia Motility to Synapse Formation
Kayser, M. S., Nolt, M. J., & Dalva, M. B. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.007 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Interneurons in the basolateral amygdala
Spampanato, J. G., Polepalli, J. S., & Sah, P. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.006 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Tolias, K. F., Bikoff, J. B., Kane, C. G., Tolias, C. S., Hu, L. S., & Greenberg, M. E. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702044104 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Neuropsin cleaves EphB2 in the amygdala to control anxiety
Attwood, B. K., Bourgognon, J.-M., Patel, S., Mucha, M. W., Schiavon, E., Skrzypiec, A. E., Young, K. W., Shiosaka, S., Korostyński, M., Piechota, M., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09938 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Shamir, A., Kwon, O., Karavanova, I. D., Vullhorst, D., Leiva‐Salcedo, E., Janssen, M. J., & Buonanno, A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1899-11.2012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
EphB Controls NMDA Receptor Function and Synaptic Targeting in a Subunit-Specific Manner
Nolt, M. J., Lin, Y., Hruska, M., Murphy, J. A., Sheffler-Collins, S. I., Kayser, M. S., Passer, J. Z., Bennett, M. V. L., Zukin, R. S., & Dalva, M. B. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0282-11.2011 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Current status of brain imaging in anxiety disorders
Damsa, C., Kosel, M., & Moussally, J. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328319bd10 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Eph receptors in the adult brain
Yamaguchi, Y., & Pasquale, E. B. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.04.003 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Gold, P. E., Hankins, L. L., Edwards, R. M., Chester, J., & McGaugh, J. L. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90905-1 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Fendt, M., & Endres, T. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Rosen, J. B., Pagani, J. H., Rolla, K. L. G., & Davis, C. L. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The amygdala and the relevance detection theory of autism: an evolutionary perspective
Zalla, T., & Sperduti, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00894 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Morrow, B. A., Elsworth, J. D., & Roth, R. H. (2002) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10109 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
GABAergic cell type diversity in the basolateral amygdala
Capogna, M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ephrin signalling in the developing nervous system
Klein, R., & Kania, A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Xu, N., Sun, S., Gibson, J. R., & Henkemeyer, M. J. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2931 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationYamada, J. (1999) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00126-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
EphBs: an integral link between synaptic function and synaptopathies
Sheffler-Collins, S. I., & Dalva, M. B. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.03.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Age-related brain trajectories in schizophrenia: A systematic review of structural MRI studies
Chiapponi, C., Piras, F., Fagioli, S., Piras, F., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.05.003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mascagni, F., & McDonald, A. J. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.077 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Robichaux, M. A., Chenaux, G., Ho, H. H., Soskis, M. J., Dravis, C., Kwan, K. Y., Šestan, N., Greenberg, M. E., Henkemeyer, M. J., & Cowan, C. W. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1324215111 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationYounossi‐Hartenstein, A., Ehlers, U., & Hartenstein, V. (2000) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000124)416:4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ephrin-B3 coordinates timed axon targeting and amygdala spinogenesis for innate fear behaviour
Zhu, X.-N., Liu, X.-D., Sun, S., Zhuang, H., Yang, J., Henkemeyer, M. J., & Xu, N. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11096 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal Hippocampal Axon Bundling in EphB Receptor Mutant Mice
Chen, Z.-Y., Sun, C., Reuhl, K. R., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4711-03.2004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Using novel control groups to dissect the amygdala's role in Williams syndrome
Thornton‐Wells, T. A., Avery, S. N., & Blackford, J. U. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.03.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stimulation of the basolateral amygdala improves the acquisition of a motor skill
Bergado, J. A., Rojas-Reyes, Y., Capdevila, V., González, O., & Almaguer‐Melian, W. (2006) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2006-00338 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Infralimbic EphB2 Modulates Fear Extinction in Adolescent Rats
Cruz, E., Soler‐Cedeño, O., Negron, G., Criado‐Marrero, M., Chompré, G., & Porter, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4254-14.2015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The roles of Eph receptors in contextual fear conditioning memory formation
Dines, M., Grinberg, S., Vassiliev, M., Ram, A., Tamir, T., & Lamprecht, R. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reelin: Neurodevelopmental Architect and Homeostatic Regulator of Excitatory Synapses
Wasser, C. R., & Herz, J. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r116.766782 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Recently, EphB receptors were shown to be critical for the development of innate fear in mice, whereby loss of EphB receptors disrupted normal axonal innervation in the amygdala (40).”
BackgroundCell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse
Hillen, A. E. J., Burbach, J. P. H., & Hol, E. M. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhu, X.-N., Liu, X.-D., Zhuang, H., Henkemeyer, M., Yang, J.-Y., & Xu, N.-J.
- Affiliations
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-09-28
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 10151-10162
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5039259
- OpenAlex
- W2527561626
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (Program 973, 2014CB965002)
- Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066332)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
- Keywords
- EphB2, ephrin-B3, amygdala, innate fear, glutamatergic neurons, dendritic spine morphogenesis, synaptic development, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, predator odor, elevated plus maze, neonatal brain development
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Amygdala, Animals, Defense Mechanisms, Fear, Glutamates, Instinct, Mice, Transgenic, Neurons, Signal Transduction, Mice, Knockout, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Receptor, EphB2, Mice, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
