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Cited by 1,303Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala

McDonald, Alexander J.·1998·Progress in Neurobiology
DOI 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00003-3
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Abstract

The amygdaloid nuclear complex is critical for producing appropriate emotional and behavioral responses to biologically relevant sensory stimuli. It constitutes an essential link between sensory and limbic areas of the cerebral cortex and subcortical brain regions, such as the hypothalamus, brainstem, and striatum, that are responsible for eliciting emotional and motivational responses. This review summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cortical pathways to the amygdala in the rat, cat and monkey. Although the basic anatomy of these systems in the cat and monkey was largely delineated in studies conducted during the 1970s and 1980s, detailed information regarding the cortico-amygdalar pathways in the rat was only obtained in the past several years. The purpose of this review is to describe the results of recent studies in the rat and to compare the organization of cortico-amygdalar projections in this species with that seen in the cat and monkey. In all three species visual, auditory, and somatosensory information is transmitted to the amygdala by a series of modality-specific cortico-cortical pathways ("cascades") that originate in the primary sensory cortices and flow toward higher order association areas. The cortical areas in the more distal portions of these cascades have stronger and more extensive projections to the amygdala than the more proximal areas. In all three species olfactory and gustatory/visceral information has access to the amygdala at an earlier stage of cortical processing than visual, auditory and somatosensory information. There are also important polysensory cortical inputs to the mammalian amygdala from the prefrontal and hippocampal regions. Whereas the overall organization of cortical pathways is basically similar in all mammalian species, there is anatomical evidence which suggests that there are important differences in the extent of convergence of cortical projections in the primate versus the nonprimate amygdala.

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  • The basolateral amygdala receives excitatory afferents regarding sensory stimuli from the thalamus and sensory cortices.

    “As the main input nucleus in the amygdala, the basolateral amygdala (BLA, containing the lateral, basal and basomedial sections) receives excitatory afferents regarding sensory stimuli from the thalamus and sensory cortices55.”

    From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [55]

  • Targeted photostimulation of BLA inputs to CeL is anxiolytic, presumably via enhanced inhibitory influence over CeM projection neurons.

    “Targeted photostimulation of BLA inputs to CeL, by contrast, is anxiolytic, presumably via enhanced inhibitory influence over CeM projection neurons55.”

    From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [55]

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Authors
McDonald, A. J.
Affiliations
University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author
McDonald, Alexander J.
ORCID
McDonald, Alexander J.
Venue
Progress in Neurobiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1998-06
Volume
55
Issue
3
Pages
257-332
ISSN
0301-0082 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00003-3
OpenAlex
W2026720425
Semantic Scholar
9d117e6aebb4597f7132fabd6d1c7de1c8098af6
Cited by
1,303
References
337
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 54
FWCI
13.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Progress in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01ns019733-10)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS19733)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
amygdala, primary sensory cortices, association cortex, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, species comparison, rats, cats, monkeys
MeSH terms
Amygdala, Animals, Cats, Cerebral Cortex, Neural Pathways, Synaptic Transmission, Primates, Rats

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