Arx is a direct target of Dlx2 and thereby contributes to the tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons
Open accessAbstract
The Arx transcription factor is expressed in the developing ventral telencephalon and subsets of its derivatives. Mutation of human ARX ortholog causes neurological disorders including epilepsy, lissencephaly, and mental retardation. We have isolated the mouse Arx endogenous enhancer modules that control its tightly compartmentalized forebrain expression. Interestingly, they are scattered downstream of its coding region and partially included within the introns of the downstream PolA1 gene. These enhancers are ultraconserved noncoding sequences that are highly conserved throughout the vertebrate phylum. Functional characterization of the Arx GABAergic enhancer element revealed its strict dependence on the activity of Dlx transcription factors. Dlx overexpression induces ectopic expression of endogenous Arx and its isolated enhancer, whereas loss of Dlx expression results in reduced Arx expression, suggesting that Arx is a key mediator of Dlx function. To further elucidate the mechanisms involved, a combination of gain-of-function studies in mutant Arx or Dlx tissues was pursued. This analysis provided evidence that, although Arx is necessary for the Dlx-dependent promotion of interneuron migration, it is not required for the GABAergic cell fate commitment mediated by Dlx factors. Although Arx has additional functions independent of the Dlx pathway, we have established a direct genetic relationship that controls critical steps in the development of telencephalic GABAergic neurons. These findings contribute elucidating the genetic hierarchy that likely underlies the etiology of a variety of human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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The Arx locus contains 8 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) that are perfectly conserved among human, mouse, and rat.
“The Arx locus harbors 8 ultraconserved elements (UCEs)—long stretches of sequence showing perfect conservation among human, mouse, and rat (Bejerano et al., 2004; Colasante et al., 2008).”
From Single-Cell Multi-omic Integration Compares and Contrasts Features of Brain Cell Identity (2019) · cites this paper as Colasante et al., 2008
Several distal regulatory elements, including some within neighboring UCEs, have been demonstrated to regulate Arx expression.
“Several distal regulatory elements, including some located within neighboring UCEs, have recently been demonstrated to regulate Arx expression (Colasante et al., 2008; Dickel et al., 2018).”
From Single-Cell Multi-omic Integration Compares and Contrasts Features of Brain Cell Identity (2019) · cites this paper as Colasante et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Colasante, G., Collombat, P., Raimondi, V., Bonanomi, D., Ferrai, C., Maira, M., Yoshikawa, K., Mansouri, A., Valtorta, F., Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Broccoli, V.
- Affiliations
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Institute for Protein Research, The University of Osaka (JP)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-10-15
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 10674-10686
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3844830
- OpenAlex
- W2002091962
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- National Institutes of Health (5u19dk072495-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH49128-01, K05MH065670, R01MH049428)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U19 DK 072495-01, U19-DK072495)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- Dlx2, GABAergic interneurons, tangential migration, ventral telencephalon, POLA1, neurodevelopmental disorders, lissencephaly, epilepsy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Movement, Cells, Cultured, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Hippocampus, Interneurons, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Molecular Sequence Data, Organ Culture Techniques, Transcription Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Gene Targeting, Homeodomain Proteins, Mice, Rats
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