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Cited by 772Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchDevelopmental Biology and Gene Regulation

Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons

Open access
Lim, Lynette, Mi, Da, Llorca, Alfredo, Marín, Oscar·2018·Neuron
DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.009PMC PMC6290988
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Abstract

In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons have evolved as a highly heterogeneous collection of cell types that are characterized by their unique spatial and temporal capabilities to influence neuronal circuits. Current estimates suggest that up to 50 different types of GABAergic neurons may populate the cerebral cortex, all derived from progenitor cells in the subpallium, the ventral aspect of the embryonic telencephalon. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the generation of the distinct types of interneuron and their integration in cortical circuits. Interneuron diversity seems to emerge through the implementation of cell-intrinsic genetic programs in progenitor cells, which unfold over a protracted period of time until interneurons acquire mature characteristics. The developmental trajectory of interneurons is also modulated by activity-dependent, non-cell autonomous mechanisms that influence their ability to integrate in nascent circuits and sculpt their final distribution in the adult cerebral cortex.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes how cortical GABAergic interneurons arise from subpallial progenitors and diversify into many cell types through early transcriptional programs plus later activity-dependent refinement. It argues that class and some type identities are established embryonically, while postnatal circuit interactions shape distribution, connectivity, survival, and dynamic adult features.

Key findings

  • Interneuron diversity is extensive: transcriptomic estimates distinguish up to about 50 inhibitory signatures in cortex, while more than 20 inhibitory neuron types have been described in neocortex and hippocampus at multidimensional resolution. Major classes include PV+, SST+, and 5HT3aR+ groups such as VIP+, CCK+, neurogliaform, and others.
  • Subpallial origins are regionally biased: MGE/POA produce SST+ and PV+ classes, CGE produces VIP+ and CCK+ interneurons plus other less abundant types, and the preoptic region contributes neurogliaform and NPY+ multipolar cells. Spatial progenitor domains and temporal competence sequences expand fate diversity.
  • Postnatal activity shapes final organization: more than 30% of embryonically generated interneurons are eliminated by programmed cell death between the first and second postnatal weeks, with activity levels, pyramidal-cell inputs, and PTEN/AKT signaling influencing survival. Transient interneuron circuits in barrel cortex help refine sensory maps before canonical PV+ feedforward inhibition matures.
  • Adult interneuron features are dynamically tuned: activity-dependent transcription, such as Npas4 in SST+ cells and Etv1/Kv1.1 in PV+ basket cells, and the perineuronal net protein Brevican modulate synapses and excitability.

Methods

  • Narrative review using the mouse as the primary model, synthesizing developmental, genetic fate-mapping, migration, transcriptomic, electrophysiological, and activity-manipulation literature.
  • No new experimental data are presented; the focus is mainly isocortex/neocortex, with the note that similar principles may apply to allocortical and mesocortical regions.
  • Evidence discussed includes single-cell RNA sequencing, lineage tracing, transplantation, DREADDs, calcium imaging, and circuit-level manipulations.

Limitations

  • The authors state that many mechanisms remain unclear, including how the same progenitors generate distinct SST+ versus PV+ types, how diversity arises within the CGE, and whether all defining features are specified embryonically.
  • They note conflicting scRNA-seq evidence about early specification, limited genetic tools for labeling interneuron types, and that most knowledge comes from mice despite important human–mouse differences in morphology, gene expression, laminar distribution, and cell-type proportions.
  • Evident from the text: as a review, it provides no primary data or systematic meta-analysis, so conclusions depend on the cited literature and model-organism findings.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.009

Cites

193 of 193 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 238 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Over 20 inhibitory neuron types have been described in the neocortex and hippocampus at a multidimensional resolution.

    “Over 20 different types of inhibitory neuron have been described in the neocortex and hippocampus with that level of resolution”
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    • cites Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008 source

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    • cites Tremblay et al., 2016 source

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  • Premisecitation

    A substantial fraction of mouse chandelier cells does not contain detectable levels of PV.

    “A substantial fraction of chandelier cells in the mouse does not contain detectable levels of PV”
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    • cites Taniguchi et al., 2013 source

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  • Interpretationcitation

    At least the major interneuron types existed in the common ancestor of reptiles and mammals.

    “which suggest that at least these types of interneuron existed in the ancestor of reptiles and mammals”
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    • cites Tosches et al., 2018 source

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  • Interpretationreasoning

    Interneuron diversity can be understood as the outcome of combinatorial selection of different transcriptional modules during development.

    “interneuron diversity can be understood as the outcome of the combinatorial selection of different transcriptional modules during development”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    There is no evidence for further diversification among GABAergic interneurons in the reptilian cortex.

    “there is no evidence for further diversification among GABAergic interneurons in the reptilian cortex”
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    • cites Tosches et al., 2018 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

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    Premisecitation

    Cortical GABAergic neurons are generated in the embryonic subpallium and migrate tangentially to the cortex.

    “cortical γ-aminobutyric acid-containing (GABAergic) neurons are born in the same embryonic region of the telencephalon that generates the basal ganglia, the subpallium, from where they migrate tangentially to reach their final destination”
    • Also stated in: § Emergence of cortical interneuron diversity · plain
      “The embryonic subpallium generates all GABAergic neurons in the telencephalon.”
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    • cites Anderson et al., 1997a

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    Premisecitation

    Up to 50 distinct transcriptional signatures can be distinguished among inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex, though the final number may change with sequencing depth and analytical methods.

    “Current estimates suggest that up to 50 different types of GABAergic neurons may populate the cerebral cortex”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · hedged
      “Currently available transcriptomic data suggests that up to 50 distinct transcriptional signatures (final number may vary as sequencing depth and analytical methods improve) can be distinguished among inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex”
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    Premisecitation

    NPY+ multipolar interneurons and Meis2+ interstitial GABAergic neurons express 5HT3aR; NPY+ multipolar cells have irregular spiking and are abundant at the layer 1/2 boundary, while Meis2+ neurons reside in white matter and extend axons to deep cortex and striatum.

    “Two additional types of interneuron express 5HT3aR: NPY+ multipolar cells and Meis2+ interstitial GABAergic neurons. NPY+ multipolar interneurons exhibit irregular spiking properties and are particularly abundant at the boundary between layers 1 and 2”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “Meis2+ neurons reside in the white matter and extend axons to deep layers of the cortex and striatum”
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    • cites Gelman et al., 2009 source

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    Premisecitation

    SST+ Martinotti cells are transcriptionally heterogeneous and have an ascending axon that arborizes profusely in layer 1.

    “SST+ Martinotti cells constitute a transcriptionally heterogeneous group of interneurons characterized by an ascending axon that arborizes profusely in layer 1”
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    Premisecitation

    Multipolar VIP+ cells are transcriptionally very different from bipolar VIP+ interneurons and are CCK-expressing basket cells more similar to other CCK+ basket cells lacking VIP.

    “Multipolar VIP+ cells are transcriptionally very different from bipolar interneurons. Indeed, they are basket cells that co-express the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) and so they are transcriptionally more similar to other CCK+ basket cells that lack the expression of VIP”
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    Premisecitation

    CCK+ basket cells co-expressing VIP have small somata and are abundant in supragranular layers, whereas CCK+ basket cells lacking VIP are enriched in layers 5 and 6.

    “CCK+ basket cells that co-express VIP have a small soma and are particularly abundant in supragranular layers of the cortex, whereas CCK+ basket cells lacking VIP are enriched in layers 5 and 6”
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    • cites He et al., 2016

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    Premisecitation

    PV+ basket cells are the most abundant interneuron type in the neocortex and form synapses on the soma and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells and other interneurons.

    “PV+ basket cells are the most abundant type of interneuron in the neocortex. They have highly torturous axons that form synapses on the soma and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells and other interneurons”
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    • cites Hu et al., 2014

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    Premisecitation

    VIP+ interneurons are one of the largest subclasses of the 5HT3aR class and are mainly disinhibitory because they preferentially target SST+ and PV+ interneurons.

    “interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are one of the largest subclasses. They are mainly disinhibitory because they preferentially target SST+ and PV+ interneurons”
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    Premisecitation

    Both VIP-positive and VIP-negative CCK+ basket cells express 5HT3aR and form synapses on the soma of pyramidal cells and other interneurons, with regular or burst spiking.

    “Both types of CCK+ interneurons express 5HT3aR”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “CCK+ basket cells make synapses on the soma of pyramidal cells and other interneurons and exhibit regular or burst spiking firing”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    PV+ basket cells are distributed through layers 2 to 6 and across all cortical regions.

    “They are distributed through layers 2 to 6 in the neocortex and across all cortical regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    SST+ non-Martinotti cells are found throughout layers 2 to 6, lack axons in layer 1, and have lower resting membrane potential and higher firing frequency than Martinotti cells but lower than PV+ basket cells.

    “SST+ non-Martinotti cells are found throughout layers 2 to 6 and characteristically lack axons in layer 1. They exhibit lower resting membrane potential and higher firing frequency than Martinotti cells but lower than PV+ basket cells”
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    • cites Nigro et al., 2018 source

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    Premisecitation

    The neocortex contains long-range GABAergic projection neurons that express SST, are most abundant in deep layers, project to other neocortical regions, have adapting and irregular spiking, frequently co-express NOS, Chodl, and NPY, and are active during sleep.

    “the neocortex contains a population of long-range GABAergic projection neuron that express SST. These cells are most abundant in deep layers and project to other regions of the neocortex.”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “They have adapting and irregular spiking firing properties, frequently co-express nitric oxide synthase (NOS), chondrolectin (Chodl) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)”
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    Premisecitation

    The most characteristic VIP+ interneurons are bipolar cells with vertically oriented axons, enriched in layers 2 and 3, often with continuous adapting firing and co-expression of calretinin.

    “The most characteristic VIP+ interneurons are bipolar cells with vertically oriented axons. They are highly enriched in layers 2 and 3, and often display continuous adapting firing properties”
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    • cites Pronneke et al., 2015 source

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    Premisecitation

    Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 5 and common in layers 2 and 3, where they represent approximately 60% of SST+ neurons.

    “Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 5, but they are also common in layers 2 and 3. These cells represent approximately 60% of the SST+ neurons in these layers”
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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neuronal diversity is organized hierarchically, and relationships among neuronal types can be considered analogous to species relationships.

    “Transcriptional analysis of individual cells from different regions of the brain suggests that neuronal diversity is organized hierarchically, which has led to the suggestion that the relationships that exist among different neuronal types can be considered, in practical terms, analogous to those of species”
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    Premisecitation

    Single bouquet cells are abundant in layer 1, transcriptionally similar to neurogliaform cells, but have axonal ramifications extending to deep cortical layers, and express 5HT3aR and reelin.

    “Single bouquet cells are also abundant in layer 1 and are transcriptionally similar to neurogliaform cells”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “but in contrast to these they have axonal ramifications that extend to deep layers of the cortex”
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    Premisecitation

    PV+ translaminar interneurons are relatively rare fast-spiking interneurons that are particularly abundant in layers 5 and 6 and target pyramidal cells across several layers.

    “PV+ translaminar interneurons constitute a relatively rare type of fast-spiking interneurons that is particularly abundant in layers 5 and 6”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “these interneurons target pyramidal cells across several layers”
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    Premisecitation

    Different interneuron types establish stereotyped connections and express specific channel combinations that give them unique electrophysiological properties.

    “the different types of interneurons establish stereotyped connections and express specific combinations of channels that endow them with unique electrophysiological properties”
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    • cites Ascoli et al., 2008 source

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    Premisecitation

    Martinotti cells have relatively heterogeneous firing patterns but often mediate disynaptic inhibition.

    “Martinotti cells have relatively heterogenous firing patterns but they often mediate disynaptic inhibition”
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    • cites Silberberg and Markram, 2007 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Most of the described neocortical and hippocampal inhibitory neuron types probably represent equivalent cell types.

    “most of which probably represent equivalent cell types”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The largest class of cortical interneurons is characterized by PV expression.

    “The largest class of cortical interneuron is characterized by the expression of PV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neurogliaform cells are the most abundant interneuron type in layer 1, are sparsely distributed in other layers, have a dense axonal arbor and late spiking, and express 5HT3aR often with reelin and NPY.

    “Neurogliaform cells are the most abundant type of interneuron in layer 1, although they are also sparsely distributed through other layers. They have a very dense and characteristic axonal arbor and late spiking firing properties.”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “Neurogliaform cells express 5HT3aR and very often co-express reelin and NPY”
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    • cites Lee et al., 2010 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    PV+ interneurons comprise three major subclasses-chandelier cells, basket cells, and translaminar interneurons-all with fast-spiking firing properties.

    “Three major subclasses of PV+ interneurons can be distinguished, all of which exhibit characteristic fast-spiking firing properties: chandelier cells, basket cells and translaminar interneurons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Chandelier cells are particularly abundant at the border between layers 1 and 2 and in layer 6, and their regional distribution is very heterogeneous.

    “They are particularly abundant at the border between layers 1 and 2 and in layer 6”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “their regional distribution is very heterogeneous”
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    • cites Inda et al., 2009 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cortical interneurons can be organized into major classes based on transcriptional similarities and selective marker expression, and some classes can be divided into subclasses.

    “Cortical interneurons can be organized into several major classes based on their transcriptional similarities and the expression of selective markers”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Non-Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 4, where they primarily target PV+ basket cells.

    “Non-Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 4”
    • Also stated in: § A simplified account of the interneuron universe · plain
      “where they primarily target PV+ basket cells”
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    • cites Ma et al., 2006

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    • cites Xu et al., 2013

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The POH lacks Nkx2-1 expression and exhibits molecular similarities with the CGE.

    “The POH, the most caudal progenitor domain in the preoptic region, lacks expression of Nkx2-1 and exhibit molecular similarities with the CGE”
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    • cites Flames et al., 2007 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The LGE and CGE share many molecular markers, but Nr2f2 expression gives CGE progenitors the ability to generate interneurons that migrate to the cerebral cortex.

    “The LGE and CGE share many molecular markers, but the specific expression of transcription factors such as Nr2f2 bestow CGE progenitors with the ability to generate interneurons that migrate to the cerebral cortex”
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    Premisecitation

    Nkx6-2+ progenitors produce several SST+ neuron types along with some PV+ basket cells and chandelier cells, and Etv1+ progenitors also produce a mixed SST+/PV+ progeny.

    “Nkx6-2+ progenitor cells produce several types of SST+ neurons along with some PV+ basket cells and chandelier cells, and a mixed progeny of interneurons from the SST+ and PV+ classes has also been described for Etv1+ progenitor cells”
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    • cites He et al., 2016

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    Premisereasoning

    SST+ interneurons are more abundant in infragranular than supragranular layers, while PV+ basket cells are found throughout all layers except layer 1.

    “SST+ interneurons are more abundant in infragranular than in supragranular layers of the neocortex, while PV+ basket cells – which constitute the majority of PV+ interneurons – are found throughout all layers with the exception of layer 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    The MGE can be subdivided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventrocaudal domains, although subpallial progenitor pools do not segregate as sharply as in the spinal cord.

    “the MGE can be further subdivided into dorsal, intermediate and ventrocaudal domains”
    • Also stated in: § Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells · hedged
      “although progenitor pools in the subpallium do not seem to segregate as sharply as in the spinal cord”
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    • cites Jessell, 2000 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Most, perhaps all, MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells have the potential to generate distinct interneuron types within the limits of molecular specification, implying temporal control of interneuron fate.

    “These observations suggest that most (perhaps all) progenitor cells in the VZ of the MGE have the potential to generate distinct types of interneuron – within the limits imposed by the molecular specification of this region –, implying a temporal control of interneuron cell fate that is still poorly understood”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationreasoning

    The preoptic region consists of two adjacent progenitor domains, POA and POH, which are molecularly similar to the MGE and CGE, respectively.

    “Thus, the preoptic region consists of two adjacent progenitor domains – POA and POH – that exhibit molecular similarities with the MGE and CGE, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Chandelier cells are most frequent in layers 2 and 6 although they are preferentially generated toward the end of neurogenesis.

    “chandelier cells are most frequent in layers 2 and 6 of neocortex although they are preferentially generated toward the end of neurogenesis”
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    • cites Inan et al., 2012 source

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    Premisecitation

    Neurogliaform cells and multipolar NPY+ interneurons are born in the preoptic region.

    “Neurogliaform cells and multipolar NPY+ interneurons are born in the preoptic region”
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    • cites Gelman et al., 2009 source

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    Premisecitation

    The dorsal MGE has a strong bias toward generating SST+ interneurons, whereas ventrocaudal domains produce a larger fraction of PV+ neurons.

    “the dorsal MGE has a strong bias toward the generation of SST+ interneurons, whereas the ventrocaudal domains produce a larger fraction of PV+ neurons”
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    • cites Flames et al., 2007 source

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    Premisecitation

    MGE progenitors generate most SST+ interneurons during the first half of the neurogenic period, whereas PV+ interneurons are produced at an almost constant rate throughout neurogenesis.

    “MGE progenitors generate most SST+ interneurons during the first half of the neurogenic period, whereas PV+ interneurons are produced at an almost constant rate throughout neurogenesis”
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    • cites Inan et al., 2012 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The dorsal MGE is enriched in Nkx6-2+ progenitors, whereas Etv1+ progenitors are most abundant in the intermediate and ventrocaudal domains.

    “The dorsal MGE is enriched in progenitor cells that express the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx6-2, whereas progenitor cells expressing the ETS transcription factor Etv1 are most abundant in the intermediate and ventrocaudal domains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The intermediate MGE produces both PV+ and SST+ interneurons with a rostral PV+ to caudal SST+ bias.

    “The intermediate MGE produces both PV+ and SST+ interneurons with a rostral (PV+) to caudal (SST+) bias”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hu et al., 2017a

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The regional identity of the MGE and POA is specified by Nkx2-1, which is induced in the ventral subpallium before neurogenesis and confers properties distinguishing these regions from LGE, CGE, and POH.

    “The regional identity of the MGE and POA is specified by the homeobox transcription factor Nkx2-1, which is induced in the ventral subpallium prior to the onset of neurogenesis in this region. Expression of Nkx2-1 confers progenitor cells in the MGE and POA with unique properties that distinguish them from the adjacent LGE, CGE and POH regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Generation of cortical interneurons is largely limited to the dorsal and intermediate MGE domains, while the ventrocaudal domain specializes in producing PV+ projection neurons for the globus pallidus.

    “the generation of cortical interneurons is largely limited to the dorsal and intermediate domains of the MGE, whereas the ventrocaudal domain specializes in the production of PV+ projection neurons for the globus pallidus”
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    • cites Flandin et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Nóbrega-Pereira et al., 2010 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Most neurogliaform cells and multipolar NPY+ interneurons do not derive from Nkx2-1-expressing progenitors and most likely originate from the POH domain.

    “Most of these cells do not derive from Nkx2-1-expressing progenitor cells”
    • Also stated in: § Spatial specification of interneuron progenitor cells · hedged
      “and so their most likely origin is the POH domain within the preoptic region”
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    • cites Niquille et al., 2018 source

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    • cites Torigoe et al., 2016 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Generation of interneuron diversity in the embryonic subpallium involves two patterning mechanisms: spatial patterning of progenitor identities distinguishing MGE, CGE, POA, and POH, and temporal patterning of progenitor lineages at least in the MGE and CGE.

    “the generation of interneuron diversity in the embryonic subpallium seems to involve two patterning mechanisms: the spatial patterning of progenitor identities, which distinguishes VZ progenitor cells in the MGE, CGE, POA and POH, and the temporal patterning of progenitor lineages – at least in the MGE and CGE – to further expand neural diversity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Experimentally reducing the number of SST+ neurons migrating through their normal route does not affect the ratio between Martinotti and non-Martinotti cells in the mature cortex, although it affects specific features of these cells.

    “experimentally reducing the number of SST+ neurons migrating through their normal route does not affect the ratio between Martinotti and non-Martinotti cells in the mature cortex (although it affects specific features of these cells)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lim et al., 2018 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nkx2-1 represses Nrp1 and Nrp2, and whether Nkx2-1 is on or off in postmitotic MGE interneurons determines whether they target the striatum or the cortex.

    “Interestingly, the expression of these receptors (Nrp1 and Nrp2) is repressed by Nkx2-1, and so the expression (Nkx2-1ON) or downregulation (Nkx2-1OFF) of this transcription factor in postmitotic interneurons born in the MGE determine whether they are targeted to the striatum or the cerebral cortex, respectively (Nóbrega-Pereira et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nóbrega-Pereira et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Specification of at least Martinotti and non-Martinotti SST+ interneuron types is independent of and prior to selection of a migratory route.

    “which suggests that the specification of at least these two types of SST+ interneuron is independent of – and prior to – the selection of a migratory route”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lim et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ventricular zone progenitors in the dorsal MGE are already generating supragranular interneurons at E13.5, while intermediate MGE lineages at the same stage produce infragranular layer interneurons.

    “VZ progenitor cells in the dorsal MGE are already generating supragranular interneurons at E13.5, while at the same stage lineages in the intermediate MGE are producing infragranular layer interneurons”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites He et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interneurons spread through the developing cortex by two main streams, a superficial marginal zone route and a deep subventricular zone route, with a smaller subplate route.

    “Interneurons disperse throughout the developing cortex via two large migratory streams, a superficial route that courses through the marginal zone (MZ), and a deep route that largely overlaps with the pallial subventricular zone (SVZ) (Lavdas et al., 1999; Wichterle et al., 2001). A smaller fraction of interneurons migrates through the subplate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lavdas et al., 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wichterle et al., 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Loss of Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 in the MGE leads to an abnormal increase in PV+ projection neurons and interneurons at the expense of SST+ neurons, suggesting these factors normally promote SST+ interneuron fates.

    “Loss of Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 in the MGE leads to an abnormal increase in the number of PV+ projection neurons and interneurons at the expense of SST+ neurons, which suggests that these transcription factors normally promote SST+ interneuron cell fates within the temporal sequence of these lineages”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hu et al., 2017a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cell type-specific genetic programs seem to be established by the time interneurons become postmitotic, or at least by the time they reach the developing cortex.

    “In sum, cell type-specific genetic programs seem to be established by the time interneurons become postmitotic, or at least by the time they reach the developing cortex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Cortical interneurons are already fated to become Martinotti or non-Martinotti cells in the embryonic subpallium before entering the cortex, and the choice of migratory route is part of the intrinsic developmental program.

    “This suggests that cortical interneurons are already fated to become Martinotti or non-Martinotti cells in the embryonic subpallium prior to entering the cortex, and that the choice of a particular migratory route is part of the intrinsic program controlling the development of interneurons.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lim et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Work in the LGE indicates that direct neurogenesis is important at early stages but relatively rare after E12.5, when proliferative divisions expanding intermediate progenitors are most characteristic.

    “Work in the LGE indicates that direct neurogenesis might be particularly important at early stages of neurogenesis”
    • Also stated in: § An integrated model of interneuron generation · plain
      “but it is relatively rare after E12.5, when rapid proliferative divisions expanding the pool of intermediate progenitor cells are most characteristic”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anderson et al., 1997b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kelly et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sheth and Bhide, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous work suggested that SST+ interneurons are preferentially generated from ventricular zone progenitors through direct neurogenesis.

    “previous work suggesting that SST+ interneurons are preferentially generated from VZ progenitors through direct neurogenesis”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Petros et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The proposed model implies that neuronal specification occurs primarily at the level of intermediate progenitor cells for all neurons generated in the MGE and CGE.

    “the proposed model implies that neuronal specification occurs primarily at the level of intermediate progenitor cells for all neurons generated in the MGE and CGE”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells undergo progressive intrinsic changes in their competence to produce interneuron cell fates following a defined sequence.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells divide to generate intermediate progenitor cells that are committed to specific cell fates, with globus pallidus projection neurons generated before interneurons and SST+ fates before PV+ fates.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The molecular specification of the ventricular zone endows progenitor cells with a probability of generating more or fewer neurons during each sequential competence state, thereby biasing their output toward pallidal neurons, PV+ interneurons, and SST+ interneurons.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ErbB4 is restricted to specific interneuron types in the adult cortex but is present in most cortical interneurons around birth.

    “Although the expression of ErbB4 is confined to specific types of interneuron in the adult cortex (Fazzari et al., 2010; Neddens and Buonanno, 2010; Vullhorst et al., 2009), ErbB4 is expressed in the majority of cortical interneurons at perinatal stages (Bean et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fazzari et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bean et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interneurons born in the MGE, CGE and preoptic region use largely the same cellular mechanisms to move to the cortex and show strong transcriptional similarity at that stage.

    “Interneurons from the MGE, CGE and preoptic region use essentially the same cellular mechanisms to translocate to the cortex (Marín et al., 2006; Martini et al., 2009; Yanagida et al., 2012), and it is therefore perhaps not surprising that they exhibit great transcriptional similarity at this stage (Mayer et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Marín et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Martini et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Yanagida et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Integration of interneurons into specific neocortical layers exposes them to different influences that shape their final features through activity-dependent mechanisms.

    “the integration of these cells in specific layers of the neocortex would expose them to different influences, which would shape their final features, through activity-dependent mechanisms”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wamsley and Fishell, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    MGE lineages might become exhausted after generating a certain number of cortical interneurons, with laminar distribution depending on their time of neurogenesis.

    “This would suggest that lineages might get exhausted after generating a certain number of cortical interneurons, whose laminar distribution would depend on their time of neurogenesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interneurons undergo a protracted period of migration before reaching their final position in the cortex, and only then do different cortical interneuron types become distinguishable.

    “Interneurons undergo a protracted period of migration before they reach their final position within the cortex”
    • Also stated in: § Timing of interneuron cell specification · plain
      “it is only at this point that the different types of cortical interneuron become distinguishable from each other”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bartolini et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Marín and Rubenstein, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 influence neuronal specification by regulating cell cycle dynamics, which may explain why cell cycle factors have been implicated in interneuron diversity.

    “Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 influence neuronal specification by regulating cell cycle dynamics”
    • Also stated in: § An integrated model of interneuron generation · hedged
      “which may explain why factors involved in the regulation of the cell cycle have also been involved in the regulation of interneuron diversity”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Naka et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Glickstein et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Petros et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nrg1 acts through ErbB4, the main neuregulin receptor expressed by interneurons.

    “The function of Nrg1 is mediated by the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4, the main neuregulin receptor expressed by interneurons (Flames et al., 2004; Yau et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Flames et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Yau et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pyramidal cells in the cortical plate express Nrg3, which facilitates laminar dispersion of cortical interneurons.

    “In addition, recent work suggests that pyramidal cells in the cortical plate express a different member of the neuregulin family, Nrg3, and this molecule facilitates the dispersion of cortical interneurons in the laminar dimension of the cortex (Bartolini et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bartolini et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SST+ Martinotti and PV+ translaminar interneurons preferentially migrate through the marginal zone, whereas non-Martinotti cells disperse through the subventricular zone.

    “Recent work has added further support to this idea by showing that SST+ Martinotti and PV+ translaminar interneurons migrate preferentially through the MZ, while non-Martinotti cells disperse via the SVZ (Lim et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lim et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Interactions with marginal zone components at early neonatal stages facilitate layer 1 axon development in SST+ Martinotti cells, showing that the cortical microenvironment is crucial for specific features of specific interneuron types.

    “This indicates that the development of layer 1 axons by SST+ Martinotti cells is facilitated by their interactions with components of the MZ at early neonatal stages, which demonstrates that the cortical microenvironment is crucial for the acquisition of specific features in specific types of interneuron.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The end of interneuron migration is linked to KCC2 upregulation, which reduces spontaneous intracellular calcium transients in response to GABA and stops motility.

    “The termination of cortical interneuron migration is linked to the upregulation of the potassium/chloride exchanger KCC2 in interneurons, which halts the motility of interneurons by reducing the frequency of spontaneous intracellular calcium transients in response to GABA (Bortone and Polleux, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bortone and Polleux, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because not all interneurons migrating through the marginal zone become SST+ Martinotti cells, those features are likely intrinsically encoded but need the correct local environment to develop properly.

    “The fact that not all interneurons migrating through the MZ acquire the morphology of SST+ Martinotti cells reinforces the idea that these features are intrinsically-encoded, although they require the correct local environment – in this case, the MZ – to unfold appropriately.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Earlier work concluded that clonally related interneurons tend to cluster in the mouse neocortex.

    “These studies seem to contradict earlier work, which concluded that clonally-related interneurons have a strong tendency to cluster in the mouse neocortex (Brown et al., 2011; Ciceri et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Brown et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ciceri et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Layer 4 receives most thalamocortical input and has a prominent role in initial sensory processing.

    “Layer 4 receives the vast majority of thalamocortical input, and so it plays a prominent role in the initial processing of sensory information (Douglas and Martin, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Douglas and Martin, 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Layer 5 SST+ interneurons receive dense transient thalamic inputs during the first postnatal week and innervate layer 4 excitatory neurons, layer 5 pyramidal cells and immature PV+ interneurons.

    “Interestingly, layer 5 SST+ interneurons receive dense transient thalamic inputs during the first week of postnatal development and innervate both layer 4 excitatory neurons and layer 5 pyramidal cells and immature PV+ interneurons (Marques-Smith et al., 2016; Tuncdemir et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Marques-Smith et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Tuncdemir et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Connections between PV+ basket cells and layer 4 excitatory neurons remain relatively weak until the second postnatal week, when PV+ basket cells begin receiving direct thalamic inputs.

    “However, the connectivity between these interneurons and excitatory neurons in layer 4 remains relatively weak until the second postnatal week, when PV+ basket cells begin receiving direct inputs from thalamic neurons (Chittajallu and Isaac, 2010; Daw et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chittajallu and Isaac, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Daw et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    At least some parts of the transcriptional program controlling cortical interneuron migration are not universal, although certain types such as SST+ Martinotti and PV+ translaminar interneurons may share them.

    “These findings suggest that at least some components of the transcriptional module controlling the migration of cortical interneurons are not universal, although they might be shared by certain types (e.g., SST+ Martinotti cells and PV+ translaminar interneurons).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Feedforward inhibition is critical in initial sensory processing, sharpening receptive fields and regulating temporal integration and timing.

    “Feedforward inhibition is critical in this process, as it sharpens receptive fields and regulates temporal integration and timing (Gabernet et al., 2005; Wehr and Zador, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gabernet et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wehr and Zador, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Interneurons need excitatory inputs to mature normally during the first postnatal week, and their ability to integrate into functional circuits affects their probability of survival.

    “These observations indicate that interneurons require excitatory inputs to mature normally during the first week of postnatal development, and that their ability to integrate into functional circuits influence their probability of survival.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Columnar refinement begins at the end of the first postnatal week and requires thalamocortical inputs.

    “Columnar refinement begins at the end of the first postnatal week and requires thalamocortical inputs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shepherd et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increasing or decreasing pyramidal cell excitability with DREADDs during the interneuron programmed cell death period respectively enhances or diminishes interneuron survival.

    “Consistent with this idea, increasing or decreasing the excitability of pyramidal cells using DREADDs during the period of interneuron programmed cell death respectively enhances or diminishes the survival of cortical interneurons (Wong et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wong et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Inhibition is likely stronger on weakly activated layer 2/3 pyramidal cells above septa than above barrels, which would help form barrel columns tuned to individual whiskers.

    “Inhibition is likely more prominent on weakly activated layer 2/3 pyramidal cells immediately above septal regions than in layer 2/3 pyramidal cells above the barrels (where VPM axons concentrate), which would contribute to the formation of barrel columns tuned to individual whiskers (Che et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Che et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory synapses contributes to maturation of neuronal circuits in superficial cortical layers.

    “While experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory synapses is known to contribute to the maturation of neuronal circuits in superficial layers of the cortex (Bender et al., 2006), recent work suggests that a specific population of interneurons is also involved in this process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bender et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In sensory-deprived mice, layer 2/3 neurons receive stronger inputs from layer 4 neurons in septal regions, suggesting that normal columnar maturation requires competitive interactions among layer 4 neurons.

    “In sensory deprived mice, layer 2/3 neurons receive stronger inputs from layer 4 neurons in septal regions altered, which suggests that the normal maturation of the columnar organization requires competitive interactions among layer 4 neurons (Shepherd et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shepherd et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PV+ basket cells dynamically oscillate between different states in response to neuronal activity, a process required for learning and memory in the adult brain.

    “For example, PV+ basket cells seem to dynamically oscillate between different “states” in response to neuronal activity, a process that is required for learning and memory in the adult brain (Donato et al., 2013; Lagler et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Donato et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lagler et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GABA influences neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex, interneuron settlement in the cortical plate, inhibitory synapse formation, and may influence pyramidal cell neurogenesis.

    “GABA has been shown to influence neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex (Behar et al., 2000; López-Bendito et al., 2003), the settlement of interneurons in the cortical plate (Bortone and Polleux, 2009), and the formation on inhibitory synapses (Oh et al., 2016), and may also influence the neurogenesis of pyramidal cells (Silva et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Behar et al., 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bortone and Polleux, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Oh et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The cellular organization of interneuron diversity is remarkably similar between mouse and human, but there are important differences in morphology, gene expression, laminar distribution and proportions of certain interneuron types.

    “The cellular organization of interneuron diversity is remarkably similar between mouse and human, but there are important differences in the morphology, gene expression, laminar distribution and proportions of certain types of interneurons (Boldog et al., 2018; DeFelipe, 1997; Hodge et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Boldog et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites DeFelipe, 1997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hodge et al., 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neuronal activity induces a different transcriptional response in VIP+ interneurons, promoting inhibitory synapse formation on these cells.

    “In contrast, neuronal activity induces a completely different transcriptional response in VIP+ interneurons, promoting the formation of inhibitory synapses on these cells (Mardinly et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mardinly et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inhibitory circuits share general organization principles across cortical areas, but the abundance of specific inhibitory connectivity motifs varies between regions, probably reflecting different computational requirements.

    “Inhibitory circuits share general organization principles across cortical areas, but increasing evidence suggests that the abundance of specific inhibitory connectivity motifs varies between regions (Katzel et al., 2011), probably reflecting different computational requirements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Katzel et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In supragranular PV+ basket cells, neuronal activity modulates expression and subcellular location of Etv1, which induces Kv1.1.

    “In supragranular PV+ basket cells, neuronal activity modulates the expression and subcellular location (cytoplasmic or nuclear) of the transcription factor Etv1 (Dehorter et al., 2015), which in turn induces the expression of Kv1.1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dehorter et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because genomic variation linked to neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia affects the developing brain, relevant transcriptional information for analyses would likely need to be developmental.

    “However, since genomic variation associated to neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia affects the developing brain, the relevant transcriptional information for this type of analyses would likely need to be developmental.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
85 of 85

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells undergo progressive intrinsic changes in their competence to produce interneuron cell fates following a defined sequence.

    “progenitor cells in the MGE would undergo progressive intrinsic changes in their competence to produce interneuron cell fates following a defined sequence”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    MGE ventricular zone progenitor cells divide to generate intermediate progenitor cells that are committed to specific cell fates, with globus pallidus projection neurons generated before interneurons and SST+ fates before PV+ fates.

    “VZ progenitor cells in the MGE would divide to generate intermediate progenitor cells which would be committed to specific cell fates, with globus pallidus projection neurons generated before interneurons and, within the latter group, SST+ cell fates generated earlier than PV+ cell fates”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The molecular specification of the ventricular zone endows progenitor cells with a probability of generating more or fewer neurons during each sequential competence state, thereby biasing their output toward pallidal neurons, PV+ interneurons, and SST+ interneurons.

    “The molecular specification of the VZ would endow progenitor cells with a certain probability to generate more or less neurons during each of the sequential competence states, therefore biasing their output toward the generation of pallidal neurons, PV+ and SST+ interneurons.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Interneurons are generated from progenitors located in the ventral forebrain in transient structures called ganglionic eminences and migrate tangentially to the cortex through different migratory streams.

    “Interneurons are generated from progenitors located in the ventral forebrain in transient structures called ganglionic eminences and migrate tangentially to the cortex through different migratory streams85–87.”

    From Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [86]

    The Introduction says cortical interneurons arise from progenitors in the embryonic subpallium and migrate tangentially via several streams. The sections on spatial specification and tangential migration support ganglionic-eminence origins and distinct routes, but also identify the preoptic region—separate from the ganglionic eminences—as a source of cortical interneurons. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • After becoming postmitotic, interneurons migrate tangentially toward cortical areas and then radially into predetermined cortical layers.

    “Once postmitotic, cells migrate tangentially toward cortical areas and then radially into predetermined cortical layers (Fig. 2, steps 1a, 1b, and 2), [129, 130].”

    From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [130]

  • The taxonomy is also consistent with the large body of literature on cortical GABAergic interneurons and with the authors' Patch-seq study, with MET types corresponding well with the supertypes defined here.

    “It is also consistent with the large body of literature on cortical GABAergic interneurons (Lim et al., 2018; Pelkey et al., 2017; Tremblay et al., 2016), and our Patch-seq study (Gouwens et al., 2020) with MET types defined in that study corresponding well with the supertypes defined here”

    From A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation (2021) · cites this paper as Lim et al., 2018

  • Decades of developmental studies established a clear division of transcription programmes between interneurons derived from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence.

    “For example, decades of developmental studies have established a clear division of transcription programmes between the interneurons derived from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence (MGE and CGE, respectively)9,31,32,33.”

    From The diversity of GABAergic neurons and neural communication elements (2019) · cites this paper as [33]

  • The E16.5 Stereo-seq map identified expression of interneuron progenitor markers (Dlx1+, Dlx2+, Lhx6+, Nkx2-1+) within the medial ganglionic eminence and the migratory trajectory of interneurons into the cerebral cortex.

    “Our E16.5 Stereo-seq map clearly identified the expression of interneuron progenitor markers ( Dlx1 + , Dlx2 + , Lhx6 + , Nkx2-1 + ) (Lim et al., 2018) within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the migratory trajectory of interneurons into the cerebral cortex (Figures 4D and S6D).”

    From Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays (2022) · cites this paper as Lim et al., 2018

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Related

Authors
Lim, L., Mi, D., Llorca, A., & Marín, O.
Affiliations
King's College London (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Neuron
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-10
Volume
100
Issue
2
Pages
294-313
ISSN
0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.009
PMC
PMC6290988
OpenAlex
W2898560358
Semantic Scholar
7f18f411f4de10f934d3f9f0d20221083d824049
Cited by
714
References
197
Citations by year
2026: 80 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 1
FWCI
7.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neuron (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • European Research Council (ERC-2017-AdG 787355)
  • Wellcome Trust (103714MA)
  • EMBO
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Keywords
cortical interneurons, GABAergic neurons, interneuron diversity, telencephalon, interneuron development, cerebral cortex
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Interneurons, Cell Lineage, Neurogenesis, Neural Stem Cells, GABAergic Neurons

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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