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Differential Sensitivity of Human Visual Cortex to Faces, Letterstrings, and Textures: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Open accessAbstract
Twelve normal subjects viewed alternating sequences of unfamiliar faces, unpronounceable nonword letterstrings, and textures while echoplanar functional magnetic resonance images were acquired in seven slices extending from the posterior margin of the splenium to near the occipital pole. These stimuli were chosen to elicit initial category-specific processing in extrastriate cortex while minimizing semantic processing. Overall, faces evoked more activation than did letterstrings. Comparing hemispheres, faces evoked greater activation in the right than the left hemisphere, whereas letterstrings evoked greater activation in the left than the right hemisphere. Faces primarily activated the fusiform gyrus bilaterally, and also activated the right occipitotemporal and inferior occipital sulci and a region of lateral cortex centered in the middle temporal gyrus. Letterstrings primarily activated the left occipitotemporal and inferior occipital sulci. Textures primarily activated portions of the collateral sulcus. In the left hemisphere, 9 of the 12 subjects showed a characteristic pattern in which faces activated a discrete region of the lateral fusiform gyrus, whereas letterstrings activated a nearby region of cortex within the occipitotemporal and inferior occipital sulci. These results suggest that different regions of ventral extrastriate cortex are specialized for processing the perceptual features of faces and letterstrings, and that these regions are intermediate between earlier processing in striate and peristriate cortex, and later lexical, semantic, and associative processing in downstream cortical regions.
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“Puce et al. (1996) report single-subject activations during passive presentation of visual words, faces, and textures. Nine out of twelve subjects showed greater activation to words than to faces in the left occipitotemporal sulcus, although a neighboring but slightly more mesial site conversely showed preferential activation to faces than to words.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Puce et al. (1996)
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“The region that activates to visual words is well delimited and occupies a fixed location relative to other regions that preferentially respond to faces, houses, or objects (Hasson et al., 2002, 2003; Puce et al., 1996).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Puce et al., 1996
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Cortical topographic motifs emerge in a self-organized map of object space
Doshi, F. R., & Konkle, T. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade8187 · Cited by 51
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“…and pseudowords (Cohen et al., 2000; Peterson et al., 1990; Pugh et al., 1996) but also for letterstrings (Peterson et al., 1990; Polk & Farah, 1998; Puce et al., 1996), and even for single letters (Flowers et al., 2004; James et al., 2005; Longcamp, Anton, Roth, & Velay, 2003; Wong et al., 2006).”
BackgroundTest‐retest reliability of effective connectivity in the face perception network
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“…account is at odds with the laterality effects observed in experiment 1. fMRI activation patterns to faces, whether visually presented or imagined, are almost always larger in the right hemisphere compared to the left hemisphere (Puce et al., 1995, 1996; Bentin et al., 1996; Dien, 2009).”
BackgroundThe Neural Circuitry of Autism
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“…the FG in processing social stimuli such as faces (Allison et al 1994; Kanwisher et al 1997; Kanwisher and Yovel 2006; McCarthy and Gazzaniga 1999; McCarthy et al 1997; Puce et al 1996; Puce et al 1999) and individual facial features such as the eyes (Haxby et al 2000; McCarthy and Gazzaniga 1999).”
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“Self-injurers who reported not caring about or attending to their feelings showed attenuated neural activity to masked happy faces and heightened activity to masked fear faces in regions involved in visual attention and processing (Bush et al., 2000; Hampshire et al., 2010; Puce et al., 1996) and self-awareness (Cavan…”
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“The locations of these channels are consistent with fMRI evidence of face and scene selective brain regions in the STS and TOS, respectively (Dilks et al., 2013; Grill- Spector, 2003; Haxby et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1996), and thus may reflect true functional differences despite the low protection against type I erro…”
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BackgroundSulcal morphology of ventral temporal cortex is shared between humans and other hominoids
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“Although this is consistent with the findings of the lateralized semantic word-processing experiments, it seems inconsistent with previous research, which has suggested that the LH is capable of face processing and recognition, albeit with less efficiency than the RH (e.g., Damasio et al., 1982; Dubois et al., 1999; M…”
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“Puce et al. (1996) used Fourier analysis to investigate categorizing processes in the ventral visual cortex, however, the paradigm used was different from phase-encoded mapping.”
Neural Networks of Colored Sequence Synesthesia
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“, 2005), pseudographemes (Puce et al., 1996; Garrett et al., 2000; van Leeuwen et al., 2010), faces (Haxby et al.”
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Neural systems for social cognition in Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY): evidence from fMRI
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“Between group analyses, i.e. a two-sample t-test, not only showed significantly more activation in the fusiform gyrus (17 voxels, tmax¼ 4.7; x, y, z¼ 30, 33, 24), including the fusiform face area (FFA, see Grill-Spector et al., 2004 for coordinates), but also in the amygdala (12 voxels, tmax¼ 4.77; x, y, z¼ 21, 3, 18)…”
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“We also recorded an activation of the fusiform gyrus that is usually associated with the identification of objects (Puce et al., 1996; Tarkiainen et al., 2002).”
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Hemispheric differences in processing handwritten cursive☆
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Semantic Categorization in the Human Brain
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“These core face-selective regions include the occipital face area (OFA/IOG-faces(8)) and the pair of face patches on the fusiform gyrus (pFus and mFus)(9), which are often collectively referred to as the fusiform face area (FFA)(10).”
BackgroundDevelopment of ventral stream representations for single letters
Turkeltaub, P. E., Flowers, D. L., Lyon, L. G., & Eden, G. F. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1416.026 · Cited by 34
“Visual and orthographic processing of letter strings has been studied frequently in adults (Polk & Farah, 1998, 2002; Puce et al., 1996; Pugh et al., 1996), but these results are not likely to generalize to single-letter recognition given previous evidence for differential activation to single letters and strings (Jam…”
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II. Temporal patterns of longitudinal change in aging brain function
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“, 2005), indicating its role in processing the orthographic structure of well-learned visual word forms (Cohen et al., 2000; Kuo et al., 2004; Binder et al., 2006; Kronbichler et al., 2004; Puce et al., 1996).”
BackgroundThe covert priming effect of faces in prosopagnosia
Barton, J. J. S., Cherkasova, M. V., & Hefter, R. L. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000145772.77040.24 · Cited by 32
Progress Report in Neuroscience and Education: Experiment of Four Neuropedagogical Methods
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“This action is important not only because it is essential for survival, but also because it allows the collection of new data about the environment and thus amplifies the effects of perception [49].”
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“1982), but it wasn’t until the advent of functional neuroimaging that it became clear that these neurons cluster together forming highly selective cortical regions in both human (Downing et al. 2001; Kanwisher et al. 1997; McCarthy et al. 1997; Puce et al. 1996) and non-human primates, including chimpanzees, marmosets…”
BackgroundAsymmetries of Brain Function in Alcoholism: Relationship to Aging
Oscar‐Berman, M., & Schendan, H. E. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-46898-0_14 · Cited by 31
“Since cognitive neuroscientific evidence, however, implicates the right posterior ventral region in face perception (Puce et al., 1996), and there is a dearth of evidence for alcoholic brain damage specific to this region, impaired performance by alcoholics is unlikely on tasks that primarily tap early perceptual proc…”
BackgroundEstrogen therapy affects right hemisphere functioning in postmenopausal women
Bayer, U., & Hausmann, M. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.009 · Cited by 31
“For example, age-related changes have been found in parietooccipital brain regions which are known to be involved in visuoperceptual tasks (e.g., Puce et al., 1996).”
BackgroundModulation of V1 Activity by Shape: Image-Statistics or Shape-Based Perception?
Dumoulin, S. O., & Hess, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01156.2005 · Cited by 32
“These regions respond strongly to objects but not to textures, noise or highly scrambled versions (Malach et al., 1995; Puce et al., 1996; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Malach et al., 2002; Grill-Spector, 2003).”
BackgroundMass and Count nouns activate different brain regions: An ERP study on early components
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“1999), hands (Puce et al. 1996), and chairs (Ishai et al.”
BackgroundFunctional MRI changes before and after onset of reported emotions
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“The FG, located in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, has been implicated in face detection (identifying a face as a face) and face recognition (identifying one’s friend versus a stranger; e.g., Kanwisher et al. 1997; Puce et al. 1996).”
Fine-grained stimulus representations in body selective areas of human occipito-temporal cortex
Caspari, N., Popivanov, I. D., Mazière, P. D., Vanduffel, W., Vogels, R., Orban, G. A., & Jastorff, J. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.066 · Cited by 29
“…different from the one inside the patches, we also defined the 400most visually driven voxels in OTCwhen excluding the category selective voxels responding to bodies, faces and objects (i.e. EBA, FBA, OFA (Haxby et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1996), FFA (Kanwisher et al., 1997) and LOC), labeled OTCex.”
MethodInfluentialEffects of spatial frequency and location of fearful faces on human amygdala activity
Morawetz, C., Baudewig, J., Treue, S., & Dechent, P. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.110 · Cited by 32
“…numerous imaging studies demonstrating greater activity to faces than to nonsense or non-face stimuli (Kanwisher et al., 1997; McCarthy et al., 1997; Halgren et al., 1999; Haxby et al., 1994; Haxby et al., 1999; Hoffman and Haxby, 2000; Ishai et al., 1999; Sergent et al., 1992; Puce et al., 1996).”
BackgroundA need for more information uptake but not focused attention to access basic-level representations
Poncet, M., Reddy, L., & Fabre‐Thorpe, M. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.1.15 · Cited by 30
Perceptual asymmetry for chimeric stimuli in children with early unilateral brain damage
Bava, S., Ballantyne, A. O., May, S. J., & Trauner, D. A. (2005) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.03.004 · Cited by 30
Is the N400 category-specific? A face and language processing study
Caldara, R., Jermann, F., López‐Arango, G., & der Linden, M. V. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200412030-00006 · Cited by 30
“For words, a unilateral source of activation in the left part of the occipito-temporal cortex was observed [11,20].”
Inferior temporal stream for word processing with integrated mnemonic function
Fernández, G., Heitkemper, P., Grünwald, T., Roost, D. V., Urbach, H., Pezer, N., Lehnertz, K., & Elger, C. E. (2001) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.1057 · Cited by 31
“…semantics seems to exist for word processing in humans [i.e., Allison et al., 1994; Breier et al., 1999; Cohen et al., 2000; Hagoort et al., 1999; Indefrey et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1996; Ricci et al., 1999; Tarkiainen et al., 1999; Vandenberghe et al., 1996] and it might be reflected by the ITP.”
BackgroundThe Social Perception of Faces
Todorov, A. T. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n6 · Cited by 29
“Pitcher and his colleagues used TMS to transiently disrupt the activity of the right OFA (it is not possible to target the FFA) and found that this affected performance on face perception tasks, providing evidence for the causal significance of the OFA in face processing.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe neural dynamics underlying prioritisation of task-relevant information
Grootswagers, T., Robinson, A. K., Shatek, S. M., & Carlson, T. A. (2021) · Neurons Behavior Data analysis and Theory · doi:10.51628/001c.21174 · Cited by 29
A domain-relevant framework for the development of face processing
Scott, L. S., & Arcaro, M. J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00152-5 · Cited by 33
Dujardin, T., Etienne, Y., Contentin, C., Bernard, C., Largy, P., Mellier, D., Lalonde, R., & Rebai, M. A. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.10.006 · Cited by 29
Brain responses for the subconscious recognition of faces
Hoshiyama, M., Kakigi, R., Watanabe, S., Miki, K., & Takeshima, Y. (2003) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00121-4 · Cited by 29
“There are many reports concerning the ‘specific’ perception of faces in monkeys (Perrett et al., 1987; Oram and Perrett, 1992) and humans (Sergent et al., 1992; Puce et al., 1996, 1998; Sams et al., 1997; Puce et al., 1998; Watanabe et al., 1999a,b, 2001, 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundDissociating object familiarity from linguistic properties in mirror word reading
Proverbio, A. M., Wiedemann, F., Adorni, R., Rossi, V., Zotto, M. D., & Zani, A. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-43 · Cited by 29
Gros-Dagnac, H., Boulanouar, K., Viallard, G., Cassol, E., & Celsis, P. (2001) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200111000-00009 · Cited by 29
“Greater activation in the left than in the right occipitotemporal cortex has been reported with letter strings (Price et al., 1996; Puce et al., 1996) and also with single Kanji characters (Uchida et al.”
The visual mismatch negativity elicited with visual speech stimuli
Files, B. T., Auer, E. T., & Bernstein, L. E. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00371 · Cited by 27
Voxelwise Bayesian lesion-deficit analysis
Chen, R., Hillis, A. E., Pawlak, M. A., & Herskovits, E. H. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.014 · Cited by 28
“, 2005), as evidenced by activation in response to written words in a functional-MR study (Puce et al., 1996).”
Selective alexia and agraphia sparing numbers—a case study
Starrfelt, R. (2006) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.09.005 · Cited by 28
Magnetoencephalographic study of occipitotemporal activity elicited by viewing mouth movements
Miki, K., Watanabe, S., Kakigi, R., & Puce, A. (2004) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.02.013 · Cited by 28
Rosen, D., Oh, Y., Chesebrough, C., Zhang, F., & Kounios, J. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108824 · Cited by 32
“The right inferior-occipital sulcus has been implicated in visual processing (Puce et al., 1996).”
Rossion, B. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108279 · Cited by 35
Voxel-based Bayesian lesion-symptom mapping
Chen, R., & Herskovits, E. H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.061 · Cited by 27
“, 2005), as evidenced by activation in response to written words as assessed by functional MR (Puce et al., 1996).”
Taylor, M. J., Robertson, A., Keller, A. E., Sato, J., Urbain, C. M., & Pang, E. W. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24048 · Cited by 25
Willinger, D., Karipidis, I. I., Beltrani, S., Pietro, S. V. D., Sladky, R., Walitza, S., Stämpfli, P., & Brem, S. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0079-19.2019 · Cited by 29
“We restricted our analysis to the right hemisphere, as previous studies suggested that it preferentially engages in processing of nonverbal emotional cues, such as emotional faces (Puce et al., 1996; Kanwisher et al., 1997; Anderson et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2004; Fairhall and Ishai, 2007; Sladky et al., 2015a).”
MethodNeural networks for internal reading and visual imagery of reading: a PET study
Gulyás, B. Z. (2001) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00441-x · Cited by 27
Investigation of an emotion perception test using functional magnetic resonance imaging
Bae, S., Kang, K. D., Kim, S. W., Shin, Y., Nam, J. J., & Han, D. H. (2019) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.104994 · Cited by 26
Rapid acquisition of novel written word-forms: ERP evidence
Margaretto, B. B., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., Beltrán, D., Cuetos, F., & Domı́nguez, A. (2020) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-020-00173-7 · Cited by 30
Rossion, B., Jacques, C., & Jonas, J. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020354 · Cited by 33
“These original studies appeared at about the same time as metabolic neuroimaging studies reporting face-selective activity, first with positron emission tomography (PET; [74]) and then with fMRI [67,75–77].”
BackgroundDiverting Attention Suppresses Human Amygdala Responses to Faces
Morawetz, C., Baudewig, J., Treue, S., & Dechent, P. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00226 · Cited by 27
Alternating Zones Selective to Faces and Written Words in the Human Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex
Matsuo, T., Kawasaki, K., Kawai, K., Majima, K., Masuda, H., Murakami, H., Kunii, N., Kamitani, Y., Kameyama, S., Saito, N., et al. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht319 · Cited by 27
“Despite hemispheric dominance, activation was often bilaterally observed for both categories (Puce et al. 1996; Kanwisher et al. 1997; Cohen et al. 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSize-invariant representation of face in infant brain
Kobayashi, M. S., Otsuka, Y., Kanazawa, S., Yamaguchi, M. K., & Kakigi, R. (2012) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835a4b86 · Cited by 26
Aligning Linguistic and Brain Views on Language Comprehension
Federmeier, K. D., Kluender, R., & Marta Kutas, A. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012775421-5/50008-x · Cited by 26
“, 1994) and the occipitotemporal and inferior occipital sulci (Puce et al., 1996).”
BackgroundCortical activity related to cue-invariant shape perception in humans
Okusa, T., Kakigi, R., & Osaka, N. (2000) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00172-x · Cited by 26
Skrdlantová, L., Horáček, J., Dockery, C. A., Lukavský, J., Kopeček, M., Preiss, M., Novák, T., & Höschl, C. (2005) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.930667 · Cited by 26
“It was shown that the fusiform gyrus shows a greater response to faces than to other stimuli (Puce et al. 1995, 1996, Kanwisher et al. 1996, 1997).”
Functional Neuroanatomy of Impaired Reading in Dyslexia
Salmelin, R. H., & Helenius, P. (2004) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0803_5 · Cited by 26
Shultz, S., & McCarthy, G. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr180 · Cited by 25
“The patterns of activation in the fusiform gyrus and pSTS for static face perception and biological motion perception are strikingly similar (e.g., cf. the results of Puce et al. (1996) and Bonda et al. (1996)).”
BackgroundMa, H., Huang, X., Liu, M., Ma, H., & Zhang, D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34706-y · Cited by 25
Differential sustained and transient temporal processing across visual streams
Anthony Stigliani, A., Jeska, B., & Kalanit Grill-spector, A. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007011 · Cited by 25
“However, different than prior theories that have implicated these regions in processing biological motion (27-29, 38), our data suggest that there is a more”
BackgroundSliwinska, M. W., Bearpark, C., Corkhill, J., McPhillips, A., & Pitcher, D. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.033 · Cited by 25
Kamada, K., Kober, H., Saguer, M., Möller, M., Kaltenhäuser, M., & Vieth, J. B. (1998) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00016-0 · Cited by 25
Whiting, W. L., Madden, D. J., Langley, L. K., Denny, L. L., Turkington, T. G., Provenzale, J. M., Hawk, T. C., & Coleman, R. E. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321593171 · Cited by 24
“More generally, both our findings and those of Spieler and Balota demonstrate the value of combining analyses at the item level with those at the participant level (Andrews & Heathcote, 2001). Despite the general similarities between our findings and those of Spieler and Balota (2000), the pattern of age effects in th…”
Result(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300369.001.0001 · Cited by 25
Harris, J. A., Ku, S., & Woldorff, M. G. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.023 · Cited by 25
Harrison, M. T., & Strother, L. (2019) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01896-0 · Cited by 23
Hemispheric differences for identification of words and nonwords in urdu-English bilinguals.
Adamson, M. M., & Hellige, J. B. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.232 · Cited by 23
The functional consequences of social distraction: Attention and memory for complex scenes
Doherty, B. R., Patai, E. Z., Duta, M. D., Nobre, A. C., & Scerif, G. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.015 · Cited by 23
Vinci‐Booher, S., & James, K. H. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12965 · Cited by 23
Does Thompson's Thatcher Effect Reflect a Face-Specific Mechanism?
Wong, Y. K., Twedt, E., Sheinberg, D. L., & Gauthier, L. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6659 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Puce, A., Allison, T., Asgari, M., Gore, J. C., & McCarthy, G.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1996-08-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 5205-5215
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6579313
- OpenAlex
- W2172253232
- Cited by
- 987
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 16.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-05 286, R01MH005286)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- face processing, texture processing, fusiform gyrus, extrastriate cortex, hemispheric lateralization, right hemisphere, collateral sulcus, middle temporal gyrus, ventral stream
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways
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