Stress and Dominance in a Social Fish
Open accessAbstract
Many aspects of reproductive physiology are subject to regulation by social interactions. These include changes in neural and physiological substrates of reproduction. How can social behavior produce such changes? In experiments reported here, we manipulated the social settings of teleost fish and measured the effect (1) on stress response as reflected in cortisol production, (2) on reproductive potential as measured in production of the signaling peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and (3) on reproductive function measured in gonad size. Our results reveal that the level of the stress hormone cortisol depends critically on both the social and reproductive status of an individual fish and on the stability of its social situation. Moreover, the reproductive capacity of an individual fish depends on these same variables. These results show that social encounters within particular social contexts have a profound effect on the stress levels as well as on reproductive competence. Social behavior may lead to changes in reproductive state through integration of cortisol changes in time. Thus, information available from the stress pathway may provide socially relevant signals to produce neural change.
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Plasma glucocorticoid levels across vertebrates are higher in dominant animals during periods of particularly intense competitive interactions between dominant animals such as during high reproductive competition or food shortage.
“studies that have demonstrated that plasma glucocorticoid levels across vertebrates are higher in dominant animals during periods of particularly intense competitive interactions between dominant animals such as during high reproductive competition or food shortage [7,38–43].”
From Rapid changes in plasma corticosterone and medial amygdala transcriptome profiles during social status change reveal molecular pathways associated with a major life history transition in mouse dominance hierarchies (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
The Discussion (page not available) acknowledges that some species have higher basal glucocorticoid levels in dominant animals. It does not link that pattern to intense competition, reproductive competition, or food shortage. In the fish studied here, dominant and subordinate males had similar cortisol levels during early social instability, and dominant males had lower levels as the hierarchy stabilized. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Fox, H. E., White, S. A., Kao, M. H. F., & Fernald, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1997-08-15
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 6463-6469
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6568347
- OpenAlex
- W2117556137
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NS 34950)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 34950)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- social dominance, stress response, cortisol, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, reproductive physiology, social environment, gonad size, teleosts, social behavior, reproductive competence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Hydrocortisone, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Organ Size, Pair Bond, Perches, Reproduction, Social Dominance, Stress, Physiological, Testis
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