HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES SOCIAL INFORMATION: Searching for the Social Brain

Insel, Thomas R.; Fernald, Russell D.

doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144148

Cited by 556Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorFace Recognition and PerceptionPrimate Behavior and Ecology

HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES SOCIAL INFORMATION: Searching for the Social Brain

Insel, Thomas R., Fernald, Russell D.·2004·Annual Review of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144148

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Abstract

▪ Abstract Because information about gender, kin, and social status are essential for reproduction and survival, it seems likely that specialized neural mechanisms have evolved to process social information. This review describes recent studies of four aspects of social information processing: (a) perception of social signals via the vomeronasal system, (b) formation of social memory via long-term filial imprinting and short-term recognition, (c) motivation for parental behavior and pair bonding, and (d) the neural consequences of social experience. Results from these studies and some recent functional imaging studies in human subjects begin to define the circuitry of a “social brain.” Such neurodevelopmental disorders as autism and schizophrenia are characterized by abnormal social cognition and corresponding deficits in social behavior; thus social neuroscience offers an important opportunity for translational research with an impact on public health.

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Specialized mechanisms have evolved to process socio-emotional cues when needed because information about gender and social status are essential for reproduction and survival.
“Because information about gender and social status are essential for reproduction and survival of a species, it seems plausible that specialized mechanisms have evolved to process socio-emotional cues when needed (Fernald, 2004; Finlay, 2007; Insel and Fernald, 2004).”
From Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it? (2010) · cites this paper as Insel and Fernald, 2004
The regulation of social behaviours and social interaction is thought to be controlled by several brain regions and circuits.
“The regulation of social behaviours and social interaction is thought to be controlled by several brain regions and circuits37.”
From Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction (2011) · cites this paper as [37]
Research has repeatedly implicated OT as one of the key hormones involved in parent-infant bonding in mammals, as well as in a range of social and affiliative behaviors.
“Research has repeatedly implicated the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) as one of the key hormones involved in parent-infant bonding in mammals, as well as in a range of social and affiliative behaviors (3–7).”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [6]
Analogous models of social behavior apply to other species, including non-human primates, birds, bees, hyenas, and fish.
“Analogous models of social behavior apply to other species: non-human primates (Brent et al., 2013), birds (Fernald and Scharff, 2010), bees (Insel and Fernald, 2004), hyenas (Fernald, 2014), and fish (Fernald and Maruska, 2012).”
From A map for social navigation in the human brain (2015) · cites this paper as Insel and Fernald, 2004
Oxytocin has a well-established role in social behaviors and social recognition.
“and the well-established role of oxytocin in social behaviors and social recognition (13, 21, 34; 39-44).”
From Social Interaction Elicits Activity in Glutamatergic Neurons in the Posterior Intralaminar Complex of the Thalamus (2024) · cites this paper as [34]

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A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking
Steinberg, L. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 · Cited by 3,644 · see citing works
Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress
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Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction
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Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder
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Autistic-like behaviour and cerebellar dysfunction in Purkinje cell Tsc1 mutant mice
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The Teenage Brain: Peer Influences on Adolescent Decision Making
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CD38 is critical for social behaviour by regulating oxytocin secretion
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The Peptide That Binds: A Systematic Review of Oxytocin and its Prosocial Effects in Humans
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Ventral pallidum roles in reward and motivation
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A map for social navigation in the human brain
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Skuse, D. H., & Gallagher, L. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.09.007 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Social context-induced song variation affects female behavior and gene expression
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Insular cortex mediates approach and avoidance responses to social affective stimuli
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Inhaled oxytocin amplifies both vicarious reinforcement and self reinforcement in rhesus macaques ( <i>Macaca mulatta</i> )
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Neurocognitive and electrophysiological evidence of altered face processing in parents of children with autism: implications for a model of abnormal development of social brain circuitry in autism
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Automated long-term tracking and social behavioural phenotyping of animal colonies within a semi-natural environment
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Neural circuitry underlying affective response to peer feedback in adolescence
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Sex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala
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Probing the neural correlates of anticipated peer evaluation in adolescence
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High-order social interactions in groups of mice
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Atypically diffuse functional connectivity between caudate nuclei and cerebral cortex in autism
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The effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on fear recognition
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Microparticle-based delivery of oxytocin receptor antisense DNA in the medial amygdala blocks social recognition in female mice
Choleris, E., Little, S. R., Mong, J. A., Puram, S. V., Langer, R., & Pfaff, D. W. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700670104 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Two genetic variants of CD38 in subjects with autism spectrum disorder and controls
Munesue, T., Yokoyama, S., Nakamura, K., Anitha, A., Yamada, K., Hayashi, K., Asaka, T., Liu, H.-X., Jin, D., Koizumi, K., et al. (2010) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.03.004 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Conditional deletion of hippocampal CA2/CA3a oxytocin receptors impairs the persistence of long-term social recognition memory in mice
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Social allostasis: anticipatory regulation of the internal milieu
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Selective blockade of dopamine D3 receptors enhances while D2 receptor antagonism impairs social novelty discrimination and novel object recognition in rats: a key role for the prefrontal cortex
Watson, D. J., Loiseau, F., Ingallinesi, M., Millan, M. J., Marsden, C. A., & Fone, K. C. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.254 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
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“The neuroscience of attachment has also been progressively developed (Insel and Young, 2001; Insel and Fernald, 2004; Montague and Lohrenz, 2007; Coan, 2008; Neumann, 2008; Coan, 2010; Panksepp, 2011; Gillath, 2015; Feldman, 2017).”
Background
Social Interaction Elicits Activity in Glutamatergic Neurons in the Posterior Intralaminar Complex of the Thalamus
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Oxytocin and Autism
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Authors: Insel, T. R., & Fernald, R. D.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Insel, Thomas R.
Fernald, Russell D.
Venue: Annual Review of Neuroscience
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2004-07-21
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 697-722
ISSN: 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
1545-4126
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144148
OpenAlex: W2101014059
Cited by: 556
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 2.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Eye Institute (EY05051, R01EY005051)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 34950)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: social brain, social information processing, social cognition, vomeronasal system, social signals, filial imprinting, social memory, recognition memory, parental behavior, pair bonding, social experience, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, neural circuits
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Imprinting, Psychological, Memory, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Socialization, Parenting, Vomeronasal Organ

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HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES SOCIAL INFORMATION: Searching for the Social Brain

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