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Anatomical Evidence of Multimodal Integration in Primate Striate Cortex
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The primary visual cortex (area 17 or V1) is not thought to receive input from nonvisual extrastriate cortical areas. However, this has yet to be shown to be the case using sensitive tracers in the part of area 17 subserving the peripheral visual field. Here we show using retrograde tracers that peripheral area 17 subserving the visual field at an eccentricity of 10-20 degrees receives projections from the core and parabelt areas of the auditory cortex as well as from the polysensory area of the temporal lobe (STP). The relative strength of these projections was calculated for each injection by computing the proportions of retrogradely labeled neurons located in the auditory and STP areas with respect to number of labeled neurons constituting the established projection from the superior temporal sulci (STS) motion complex (middle temporal area, medial superior temporal, fundus of the superior temporal area). In peripheral area V1 the projection from auditory cortex corresponds to 9.5% of that of the STS motion complex and STP to 35% of that from the STS motion complex. Compared to peripheral area 17, central and paracentral area 17 showed considerably weaker inputs from auditory cortex (0.2-0.8%) but slightly more from STP cortex (3.5-6.1%). The present results show that the connectivity of area 17 is eccentricity dependent. Direct projections from auditory and STP cortex to peripheral area 17 have important consequences for higher visual functions of area 17, including multimodal integration at early stages of the visual cortical pathway.
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“This is well documented for the peripheral versus central representations of V1, V2, and V4 (Falchier et al. 2002) and the body representation of F2 (Johnson et al. 1996; Matelli et al. 1998; Tanne-Gariepy et al. 2002; Luppino et al. 2003).”
From A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity Matrix for Macaque Cerebral Cortex (2014) · cites this paper as Falchier et al. 2002
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“Many cortical areas show major internal heterogeneity in their connectivity patterns that exceeds the variability reported here for repeat injections that were localized to a particular areal subregion.”
From A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity Matrix for Macaque Cerebral Cortex (2014) · cites this paper as Falchier et al. 2002
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“However, subsequent studies have revealed numerous connections between functional systems, for example, between early auditory and visual areas (Falchier et al. 2002).”
From A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity Matrix for Macaque Cerebral Cortex (2014) · cites this paper as Falchier et al. 2002
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“Macaque V1 receives input from auditory (Falchier et al., 2002; Rockland and Ojima, 2003) and parietal association areas (Borra and Rockland, 2011), particularly in the representation of the peripheral visual field.”
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Cross‐modal modulation of cell activity by sound in first‐order visual thalamic nucleus
Kimura, A. (2020) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24865 · Cited by 5
“…study (Brang et al., 2015), suggesting that thalamic nuclei (Cappe, Rouiller, & Barone, 2009; Henschke et al., 2015) as well as cortical areas (Falchier et al., 2002; Ibrahim et al., 2016; lurilli et al., 2012; Majka et al., 2018; Rockland & Ojima, 2003) mediate auditory influence on the…”
BackgroundHow does the Visual Cortex of the Blind Acquire Auditory Responsiveness?
Wong, M., & Bhattacharjee, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00052 · Cited by 5
“The results of tracing studies have revealed connections from A1 to V1 in sighted animals (macaque monkeys: Falchier et al., 2002; opossums: Kahn et al., 2000; Karlen et al., 2006; cats: Innocenti et al., 1988).”
Neurodegeneration: RNA Turns Number One Suspect in Polyglutamine Diseases
Birman, S. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.023 · Cited by 5
Toward the end of a “principled” era in multisensory science
Foxe, J. J. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.037 · Cited by 5
“It is one thing to find that area V1 has direct connections with early auditory cortices (Falchier et al., 2002; Rockland and Ojima, 2003) but quite another to understand what function these sorts of direct cross-sensory connections serve, although fascinating results that go directly to this issue…”
MethodAudiovisual Integration in Nonhuman Primates
Kajikawa, Y., Falchier, A., Musacchia, G., Lakatos, P., & Schroeder, C. E. (2011) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781439812174-8 · Cited by 5
Li, Q., Yu, H., Wu, Y. X., & Gao, N. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.003 · Cited by 5
“This hypothesis has been supported by evidence in monkeys [23-24].”
Auditory‐visual integration modulates location‐specific repetition suppression of auditory responses
Shrem, T., Murray, M. M., & Deouell, L. Y. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12955 · Cited by 5
Bayesian Modeling of Sensory Cue Combinations
Beierholm, U. (2007) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/k89b-xw75 · Cited by 5
Sound improves neuronal encoding of visual stimuli in mouse primary visual cortexPreprint
Williams, A. M., Angeloni, C., & Geffen, M. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454738 · Cited by 12
Auditory cortex learns to discriminate audiovisual cues through selective multisensory enhancementPreprint
Chang, S., Zheng, B., Keniston, L., Xu, J., & Yu, L. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.102926 · Cited by 4
“Anatomical investigations reveal reciprocal nerve projections between auditory and visual cortices ( Bizley et al., 2007 ; Stehberg et al., 2014 ; Falchier et al., 2002 ; Cappe and Barone, 2005 ; Campi et al., 2010 ; Banks et al., 2011 ), highlighting the interconnected nature of these sensory…”
Peripersonal space : a multisensory interface for body-objects interactions
Brozzoli, C. (2009) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/076b34fezd0d1z4b1czb627zed5a1652e4fa · Cited by 53
Influence of duration and visual feedback on the perception of tactile illusions of motion
Remache-Vinueza, B., Guijarro-Molina, I., & Trujillo-León, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95527-4 · Cited by 5
Cross-modal Involvement of Visual Cortex in Tactile Perception
Sathian, K., & Lacey, S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71978-8_8 · Cited by 4
“Multisensory inputs have been demonstrated in early sensory cortical areas that are generally considered to be unisensory, including V1 ( Falchier et al., 2002; Rockland and Ojima, 2003) and auditory association cortex (Schroeder et al., 2001, 2003; Schroeder and Foxe, 2002).”
BackgroundDifferences in eccentricity for sound-induced flash illusion in four visual fields
Chang, C., Wang, E., Yang, J., Luan, X., Wang, A., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Perception · doi:10.1177/03010066221136670 · Cited by 4
“A possible explanation for the discrepancy between the frequency of the illusion in the central and peripheral fields is due to a decrease in the reliability of visual stimuli with increasing eccentricity and/or possibly a more extensive projection from the auditory cortex and multisensory cortical areas in peripheral…”
BackgroundSourav, S., Kekunnaya, R., Bottari, D., Shareef, I., Pitchaimuthu, K., & Röder, B. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05749-3 · Cited by 4
“This idea has been supported by evidence for the existence of fast, direct cortico-cortical connections between primary sensory areas in typically developing mammals which could provide an anatomical pathway for crossmodal activation of the visual cortex in blindness 23,24 .”
BackgroundStructural Basis of Multisensory Processing
Clemo, H. R., Keniston, L., & Meredith, M. A. (2011) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781439812174-3 · Cited by 4
Position of acoustic stimulus modulates visual α activity
Młynarski, W. F., Freigang, C., Bennemann, J., Stöhr, M., & Rübsamen, R. (2014) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000188 · Cited by 4
Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
Rockland, K. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801942-9.00001-x · Cited by 5
Cross-modality modulation of auditory midbrain processing of intensity information
Cheng, L., Guo, Z., & Qu, Y.-L. (2020) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2020.108042 · Cited by 4
Tang-Wright, K., Smith, J. E. T., Bridge, H., Miller, K. L., Dyrby, T. B., Ahmed, B., Reislev, N. L., Sallet, J., Parker, A. J., & Krug, K. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab364 · Cited by 4
“This ordered representation allows for efficient encoding of highly correlated information across nearby neurons and is the substrate for information transfer between brain areas (Sperry 1961; Barlow 1986; Falchier et al. 2002; Jbabdi, Sotiropoulos, et al. 2013).”
Interplay between Primary Cortical Areas and Crossmodal Plasticity
Xerri, C., & Zennou‐Azogui, Y. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.95450 · Cited by 3
“Direct corticocortical connections between A1, V1 and S1 have been identified [1, 7] (macaque; cat).”
BackgroundMultisensory Influences on Auditory Processing
Kayser, C., Petkov, C. I., Remedios, R., & Logothetis, N. K. (2011) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781439812174-9 · Cited by 16
Hanganu‐Opatz, I. L., Rowland, B. A., Bieler, M., & Sieben, K. (2015) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002477 · Cited by 5
Visual Deprivation Effects on Somatosensory and Visual Systems: Behavioral and Cortical Changes
Burton, H., & McLaren, D. G. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00389-3 · Cited by 4
Fatima, Z., & McIntosh, A. R. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2745-5 · Cited by 4
“target information. To elaborate, previous neuroanatomical research on macaque monkeys has segregated unidirectional auditory cortical projections to visual cortices (Rockland and Van Hoesen 1994; Falchier et al. 2002; Rockland and Ojima 2003) with anterograde and retrograde tracers.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Falchier, A., Clavagnier, S., Barone, P., & Kennedy, H.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002-07-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5749-5759
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6758216
- OpenAlex
- W2134188685
- Cited by
- 892
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 34.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- primary visual cortex, area 17, multimodal integration, extrastriate cortex, retrograde tracing, primate visual cortex, auditory-visual interaction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Auditory Cortex, Coloring Agents, Injections, Macaca fascicularis, Neurons, Species Specificity, Temporal Lobe, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Pathways
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