The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 16 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain
Open accessAbstract
Age-related loss of brain tissue has been inferred from cross-sectional neuroimaging studies, but direct measurements of gray and white matter changes from longitudinal studies are lacking. We quantified longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 92 nondemented older adults (age 59-85 years at baseline) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging to determine the rates and regional distribution of gray and white matter tissue loss in older adults. Using images from baseline, 2 year, and 4 year follow-up, we found significant age changes in gray (p < 0.001) and white (p < 0.001) volumes even in a subgroup of 24 very healthy elderly. Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 +/- 0.3, 2.4 +/- 0.4, and 3.1 +/- 0.4 cm3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 +/- 0.1 cm3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm3, respectively, in very healthy). Frontal and parietal, compared with temporal and occipital, lobar regions showed greater decline. Gray matter loss was most pronounced for orbital and inferior frontal, cingulate, insular, inferior parietal, and to a lesser extent mesial temporal regions, whereas white matter changes were widespread. In this first study of gray and white matter volume changes, we demonstrate significant longitudinal tissue loss for both gray and white matter even in very healthy older adults. These data provide essential information on the rate and regional pattern of age-associated changes against which pathology can be evaluated and suggest slower rates of brain atrophy in individuals who remain medically and cognitively healthy.
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51 Own result · 14 Not checked yet · 12 Own interpretation · 5 Own method · 2 No basis given
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“The magnitudes of longitudinal changes in the lobar regions were not significantly influenced by age and sex.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“analysis of lobar regions and voxel-based comparisons of local changes revealed regional patterns of vulnerability to agerelated tissue loss.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
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In the paper
“Although the magnitude of decline in brain volume appears relatively consistent across subjects, there is a tendency for greater V-CSF increases in individuals with larger baseline volumes.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Stability over time
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In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
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In the paper
“As indicated by the significant effects of time, longitudinal brain changes reached statistical significance for all regions examined.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
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“Cross-sectional effects of age and sex on brain and ventricular volumes were consistent with our previous report of baseline and 1 year follow-up assessments (Resnick et al., 2000).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Resnick et al., 2000
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“our observations of modest longitudinal volume loss in mesial temporal structures is contrary to their report of relative preservation of tissue in these regions.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Good and colleagues (2001)
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In the paper
“Although there was a trend for greater longitudinal tissue loss in white compared with gray matter, this difference was not statistically significant.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
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In the paper
“There appears to be a lateralized pattern to the gray matter volume loss, with greater change for the right compared with left hemisphere in many regions.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on local gray and white matter tissue volumes
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In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plaindirectn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As described above, the apparent trend toward greater decline in rates of change for white compared with gray matter volume was not statistically significant when compared directly using repeated-measures MANOVA.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, cross-sectional effects of age did not reach significance in the very healthy group, highlighting the greater sensitivity of intra-individual measurements of longitudinal change.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, the rates of increase in ventricular volume, reflecting central brain atrophy, were significantly greater in older compared with younger individuals.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Longitudinal tissue loss was greater for frontal and parietal lobes than temporal and occipital lobes (Fig. 2).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, there were no significant differences between gray and white matter in the magnitude of tissue loss.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Exclusion of the four participants with mild cognitive impairment yielded nearly identical rates of change for the global measures.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Local analysis of white matter tissue loss reveals widespread changes throughout the brain.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on local gray and white matter tissue volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“trends toward sex differences in rates of V-CSF enlargement did not reach significance when adjusted for baseline ventricular volume.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the overall loss of brain tissue over time was highly significant: F (2,88) ϭ 146.0; p Ͻ 0.0001.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consistently, our present longitudinal results from serial MRI evaluations show 4 year tissue loss for both gray and white matter even in the very healthy subgroup of older adults.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Frontal and parietal brain volumes show greater relative tissue loss compared with temporal and occipital regions.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Frontal and parietal brain volumes show greater relative tissue loss compared with temporal and occipital regions.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
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In the paper
“analysis of the magnitudes of longitudinal tissue loss for frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions revealed significant differences among regions (time ϫ region: F (6,84) ϭ 4.73; p Ͻ 0.001).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For ventricular volume and VBR, there was a significant age by time interaction, revealing a faster rate of change in both measures with advancing age.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Rates of change in brain and ventricular volumes did not differ significantly for men and women.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“our findings indicate that most older adults show some tissue loss over time”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the current approach identified substantial magnitudes of age-related tissue loss.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was a notable hemispheric asymmetry in white matter volume loss in the temporal lobe, with greater left compared with right tissue loss.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“of V-CSF increase were 1.4 cm 3 (4% per year)”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Longitudinal declines in local white matter volumes were more widespread throughout the brain”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“there is substantial variability in the magnitude of this change.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Annual rates of cerebral tissue loss were 5.4 cm 3 (0.5% per year)”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“suggest slower rates of brain atrophy in individuals who remain medically and cognitively healthy.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Estimates of age effects based on such designs are confounded by secular changes in nutrition, medical care, and other factors.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Corsellis, 1977
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Four year stabilities for brain and ventricular volumes (Fig. 1, top and bottom, respectively) illustrate the high stability in the face of changing absolute volumes.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Stability over time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Extracranial tissue, the cerebellum, and brainstem structures inferior to the mammillary bodies are removed by a single, highly experienced, imageprocessing technician using a semi-automated procedure, with high inter-rater and test-retest reliability (Goldszal et al., 1998).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Image analysis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goldszal et al., 1998
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“yielding stabilities over 1 year between 0.86 and 0.97 (Resnick et al., 2000).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Image analysis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Resnick et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rates of brain changes can only be determined from longitudinal investigations.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, we provide the first quantitative data of the rates and regional distribution of local gray and white matter tissue loss in older adult men and women.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This report provides the first evidence of substantial longitudinal declines in both gray and white matter brain volumes in older adults ranging in age from 59 to 85 years at baseline.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 92 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“All participants remained free of dementia at year 5 follow-up, using diagnostic procedures described previously (Kawas et al., 2000).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Subjects.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kawas et al., 2000
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“may predict other cognitive and functional impairments in elderly individuals.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, our data provide normative values against which potential pathological increases in rates of change can be evaluated.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The observed brain tissue loss is not entirely attributable to preclinical dementia in all participants.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample is representative of normal older adults without dementia.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“most likely reflecting demyelinating changes in older individuals (Wiggins et al., 1988;Svennerholm et al., 1997).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wiggins et al., 1988
- Not checked yetcites Svennerholm et al., 1997
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The trend toward reduced volume loss in the very healthy subsample suggests that brain atrophy may be reduced in individuals who remain medically and cognitively healthy.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This volume loss cannot be explained by disproportionate changes in a limited number of individuals.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the neurotoxic consequences of amyloid may contribute to our observations of a regional pattern of gray matter tissue loss.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“there is greater sensitivity for detection of age effects in regions with more accurate stereotaxic transformation.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent longitudinal investigations of older adults show small but significant tissue loss with age (Jack et al., 1998;Mueller et al., 1998).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jack et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Mueller et al., 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Because amyloid deposition increases as a function of age”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braak and Braak (1997)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longitudinal changes remained significant excluding the four individuals with mild cognitive impairment and for the analyses based on 24 individuals free of medical problems and even very mild cognitive change.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plainn = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the presence of this interaction, the main effect of time for V-CSF did not reach significance, although significant longitudinal increases were evident when the interaction was omitted from the model.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“These scatterplots show declines in brain volumes and increases in V-CSF for the majority of individuals.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Stability over time
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is some asymmetry in the white matter tissue loss, this asymmetry appears limited to the temporal lobe, with greater loss of left than right temporal white matter.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on local gray and white matter tissue volumes
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The right greater than left asymmetry is most pronounced in inferior frontal and anterior temporal regions, but shows a reversed pattern in the inferior parietal region.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on local gray and white matter tissue volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Voxel-based analyses of local regions provided complementary information and indicated that cingulate, insular, orbital, and inferior frontal cortex, and, to a lesser extent, mesial temporal regions showed longitudinal changes in gray matter.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Gray matter volume loss in the insula (right Ͼ left; inferior and coronal views), orbital frontal cortex (inferior and sagittal views), and cingulate cortex (sagittal and coronal views) are highlighted.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gray matter loss was most pronounced for orbital and inferior frontal, cingulate, insular, inferior parietal, and to a lesser extent mesial temporal regions, whereas white matter changes were widespread.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MANOVA restricted to the very healthy subsample showed significant longitudinal changes that did not differ as a function of tissue type or lobar brain region.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found significant age changes in gray ( p Ͻ 0.001) and white ( p Ͻ 0.001) volumes even in a subgroup of 24 very healthy elderly.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 92 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates of tissue loss were similar in men and women and in older and younger adults.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found significant age changes in gray ( p Ͻ 0.001) and white ( p Ͻ 0.001) volumes even in a subgroup of 24 very healthy elderly.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plaindirectn = 92 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Annual rates of tissue loss were 5.4 Ϯ 0.3, 2.4 Ϯ 0.4, and 3.1 Ϯ 0.4 cm 3 per year for total brain, gray, and white volumes, respectively, and ventricles increased by 1.4 Ϯ 0.1 cm 3 per year (3.7, 1.3, 2.4, and 1.2 cm 3 , respectively, in very healthy).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“The magnitude of brain tissue loss was somewhat reduced in the very healthy elderly, but these individuals still showed significant volume change.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Age effects on global and lobar volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All values are significant at p Ͻ 0.001 except gray (NS) and white (p Ͻ 0.05) in the healthy group.Note that the nonsignificant trend for gray matter tissue loss in the healthy subgroup is significant in the more sensitive mixed-effects regression analysis (see Results).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our sample is composed of relatively healthy individuals, and they have shown, on average, little cognitive change over this initial 4 year interval.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Inspection of Figure 1, top and bottom, indicates that, against a background of highly stable measurement, longitudinal decreases in brain tissue volume and increases in V-CSF occur across almost all individuals in this age range.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Against a background of highly stable measurement, brain volumes decrease and ventricular volumes increase over the 4 year interval.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with changes over the 4-year interval of 21.6 and 5.6 cm 3 , respectively.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Bottom, Views of the right and left hemispheres highlight tissue loss in inferior frontal, insular, and posterior temporal regions (right Ͼ left) and the inferior parietal (left Ͼ right) region.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“All measurements were highly stable over both 2 and 4 year intervals, with test-retest correlations ranging from 0.94 to 0.99.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Stability over time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These data provide essential information on the rate and regional pattern of age-associated changes against which pathology can be evaluated”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stabilities over 1 year for these measures are all Ͼ0.95.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Image analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Differences in age distributions for the two samples may account in part for these discrepancies.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Quantitative analysis of MR volumes is accomplished using a semi-automated approach, with demonstrated validity and high reliability (Goldszal et al., 1998).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Image analysis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goldszal et al., 1998
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the magnitude and age at which sex differences appear remain unclear.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaye et al., 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There have been few longitudinal neuroimaging studies, and none have examined global and regional changes in both gray and white matter using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is already substantial evidence that loss of mesial temporal lobe tissue, particularly in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, is associated with memory impairment and the development of Alzheimer's disease (Convit et al., 1997;Petersen et al., 2000).”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Convit et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2000
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the uniformity of our findings across individuals argues against this interpretation unless all are in a preclinical stage of dementia.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The observed brain tissue loss is not entirely attributable to preclinical dementia in all participants.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Registration errors limit our ability to detect change in voxel-based analyses, and these difficulties will be most pronounced in regions of high cortical variability.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Initial pathology appears in the basal neocortex, including perirhinal and orbital cortex, and next spreads into adjacent neocortical association areas and the hippocampal formation, followed finally by its appearance in primary neocortical areas.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braak and Braak (1997)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our findings from in vivo MRI studies can help direct more focused neuropathological studies of specific brain regions.”
§ Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 92 BLSA participants are representative of nondemented older adults aged 59–85, so the estimated rates and regional patterns generalize to that population.
“This report provides the first evidence of substantial longitudinal declines in both gray and white matter brain volumes in older adults ranging in age from 59 to 85 years at baseline.”
“this community-dwelling sample of older adults shows an average loss of 5.4 cm 3 of brain volume and increase of 1.4 cm 3 in ventricular volume each year.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed 4-year longitudinal changes reflect aging rather than secular or cohort effects.
“rates of brain changes can only be determined from longitudinal investigations.”
“we found significant age changes in gray ( p Ͻ 0.001) and white ( p Ͻ 0.001) volumes even in a subgroup of 24 very healthy elderly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed brain tissue loss is not entirely attributable to preclinical dementia in all participants.
“Although some argue that any tissue loss reflects pathological changes associated with preclinical dementia rather than normal aging, the uniformity of our findings across individuals argues against this interpretation unless all are in a preclinical stage of dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increases in ventricular volume reflect central brain atrophy.
“the rates of increase in ventricular volume, reflecting central brain atrophy”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample is representative of normal older adults without dementia.
“Our sample is composed of relatively healthy individuals, and they have shown, on average, little cognitive change over this initial 4 year interval.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Executive planning and organizational skills appear to be important to maintaining functional independence (4–7) and appear to be particularly vulnerable to declines at later ages (8–10) along with the prefrontal cortical regions of the brain that support them (11–14).”
From Evidence for Neurocognitive Plasticity in At-Risk Older Adults: The Experience Corps Program (2009) · cites this paper as [12]
Citations
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Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
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Metadata
- Authors
- Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Davatzikos, C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2003-04-15
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3295-3301
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6742337
- OpenAlex
- W1929729372
- Semantic Scholar
- bfeb3d16a48b60458c19697495bc7dd17277f1e3
- Cited by
- 1,425
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 19.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- brain atrophy, gray matter loss, white matter loss, brain volume changes, aging, older adults, ventriculomegaly, healthy older adults, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Ventricles, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Baltimore
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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