Regional Brain Changes in Aging Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers
Open accessAbstract
Brain aging research relies mostly on cross-sectional studies, which infer true changes from age differences. We present longitudinal measures of five-year change in the regional brain volumes in healthy adults. Average and individual differences in volume changes and the effects of age, sex and hypertension were assessed with latent difference score modeling. The caudate, the cerebellum, the hippocampus and the association cortices shrunk substantially. There was minimal change in the entorhinal and none in the primary visual cortex. Longitudinal measures of shrinkage exceeded cross-sectional estimates. All regions except the inferior parietal lobule showed individual differences in change. Shrinkage of the cerebellum decreased from young to middle adulthood, and increased from middle adulthood to old age. Shrinkage of the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortices, the inferior temporal cortex and the prefrontal white matter increased with age. Moreover, shrinkage in the hippocampus and the cerebellum accelerated with age. In the hippocampus, both linear and quadratic trends in incremental age-related shrinkage were limited to the hypertensive participants. Individual differences in shrinkage correlated across some regions, suggesting common causes. No sex differences in age trends except for the caudate were observed. We found no evidence of neuroprotective effects of larger brain size or educational attainment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
At some level, the burden of pathology becomes great enough to overcome the protective mechanism of reserve, resulting in rapid cognitive decline.
“Possibly, at some level, the burden of pathology becomes great enough to overcome this protective mechanism, resulting in rapid cognitive decline31,53.”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [53]
The Discussion says the study found no support for the brain reserve hypothesis, while noting that its cognitive measures were too narrow to settle the question. It discusses pathology and brain shrinkage, but does not address whether a threshold of pathology overcomes reserve and causes rapid cognitive decline (searched: pathology burden, reserve, protective mechanism, rapid cognitive decline). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLongitudinal work indicates that posterior association areas, including inferior parietal lobule, are as vulnerable to aging as prefrontal areas.
“Because longitudinal studies show that posterior association regions, e.g., inferior parietal lobule, are just as sensitive to aging as prefrontal regions (Raz et al., 2005)”
From Aging white matter and cognition: Differential effects of regional variations in diffusion properties on memory, executive functions, and speed (2009) · cites this paper as Raz et al., 2005
Longitudinal studies have mostly revealed prominent gray matter loss in prefrontal regions, with smaller but significant decline in other regions, notably mesial temporal areas.
“Most have revealed prominent GM loss in prefrontal regions [40,59,65,71,76] with smaller but significant decline in other regions, notably in mesial temporal areas.”
From Voxel-based mapping of brain gray matter volume and glucose metabolism profiles in normal aging (2009) · cites this paper as [65]
The advantage of a longitudinal PET-MR combined study relative to cross-sectional designs has been occasionally but not consistently shown.
“Although a longitudinal PET-MR combined study would obviously be of considerable interest, the advantage of this approach relative to cross-sectional designs has been occasionally [40,65], but not consistently [27,75], shown.”
From Voxel-based mapping of brain gray matter volume and glucose metabolism profiles in normal aging (2009) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900 · see citing works
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 23,433 · see citing works
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,347 · see citing works
Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041 · Cited by 8,527 · see citing works
"General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412107 · Cited by 6,207 · see citing works
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552 · see citing works
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.114.512.797 · Cited by 4,117 · see citing works
How we should measure "change": Or should we?
Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. (1970) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0029382 · Cited by 2,456 · see citing works
Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience
Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1323 · Cited by 2,223 · see citing works
Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Older Adults: A Shrinking Brain
Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Davatzikos, C. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-08-03295.2003 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Raz, N. (1997) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/7.3.268 · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
Self-citationCourchesne, E., Chisum, H. J., Townsend, J., Cowles, A., Covington, J., Egaas, B., Harwood, M., Hinds, S., & Press, G. A. (2000) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00au37672 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Age-related myelin breakdown: a developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease
Bartzokis, G. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.03.001 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Effects of age on tissues and regions of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Jernigan, T., Archibald, S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Gamst, A., Stout, J. C., Bonner, J. C., & Hesselink, J. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00217-2 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Scahill, R. I., Frost, C. D., Jenkins, R., Whitwell, J. L., Rossor, M. N., & Fox, N. C. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.7.989 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Satz, P. (1993) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.7.3.273 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Raz, N., Gunning‐Dixon, F. M., Head, D. M., Rodrigue, K. M., Williamson, A. L., & Acker, J. D. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00118-0 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Self-citationLife-span Developmental Psychology: Introduction To Research Methods
Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1977) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Head, D. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh003 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Self-citationAntemortem MRI findings correlate with hippocampal neuropathology in typical aging and dementia
Jack, C. R., Dickson, D. W., Parisi, J. E., Xu, Y. C., Cha, R. H., O’Brien, P. C., Edland, S. D., Smith, G. E., Boeve, B. F., Tangalos, E. G., et al. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.5.750 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Understanding Correlates of Change by Modeling Individual Differences in Growth
Rogosa, D., & Willett, J. B. (1985) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294247 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Dependent Development of Human Frontal Cortex
Piao, X., Hill, R. S., Bodell, A., Chang, B. S., Basel-Vanagaite, L., Straussberg, R., Dobyns, W. B., Qasrawi, B., Winter, R. M., Innes, A. M., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092780 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Environmental Influences on Cognitive and Brain Plasticity During Aging
Kramer, A. F., Bherer, L., Colcombe, S. J., Dong, W., & Greenough, W. T. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.9.m940 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Inverse relationship between education and parietotemporal perfusion deficit in Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y., Alexander, G. E., Prohovnik, I., & Mayeux, R. (1992) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410320311 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging.
Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Head, D., Dupuis, J. H., & Acker, J. D. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.1.95 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential aging of the medial temporal lobe
Raz, N., Rodrigue, K., Head, D., Kennedy, K. M., & Acker, J. D. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000106466.09835.46 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Differences in Brain Aging
Coffey, C. E., Lucke, J. F., Saxton, J. A., Ratcliff, G. G., Unitas, L. J., Billig, B. K., & Bryan, R. N. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.2.169 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
White Matter Structural Integrity in Healthy Aging Adults and Patients With Alzheimer Disease
Bartzokis, G., Cummings, J. L., Sultzer, D. L., Henderson, V. W., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Mintz, J. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.3.393 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Rosenbloom, M. J., Mathalon, D. H., & Lim, K. O. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.905 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Bartzokis, G., Sultzer, D., Lu, P. H., Nuechterlein, K. H., Mintz, J., & Cummings, J. L. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.09.005 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Hippocampal volume as an index of Alzheimer neuropathology
Gosche, K. M., Mortimer, J. A., Smith, C. D., Markesbery, W. R., & Snowdon, D. A. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.10.1476 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Age-induced white matter changes in the human brain: a stereological investigation.
Tang, Y., Nyengaard, J., Pakkenberg, B., & Gundersen, H. (1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00155-3 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Meredith, W. H. (1964) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289699 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Hypertension and the Brain: Vulnerability of the Prefrontal Regions and Executive Functions.
Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., & Acker, J. D. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1169 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential aging of the human striatum: longitudinal evidence.
Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D. M., Gunning‐Dixon, F. M., & Acker, J. D. (2003) · PubMed Central · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationShrinkage of the Entorhinal Cortex over Five Years Predicts Memory Performance in Healthy Adults
Rodrigue, K. M., & Raz, N. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4166-03.2004 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationTisserand, D. J. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh057 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Raz, N., Gunning‐Dixon, F. M., Head, D. M., Williamson, A. L., & Acker, J. D. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Multivariate Data to Structure Developmental Change
McArdle, J. J., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2019) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315792712-10 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed.
Sliwinski, M. J., & Herman Buschke, L. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.14.1.18 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed.
Sliwinski, M. J., & Buschke, H. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.1.18 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Longitudinal change in hippocampal volume as a function of apolipoprotein E genotype
Moffat, S. D., Szekely, C. A., Zonderman, A. B., Kabani, N. J., & Resnick, S. M. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.1.134 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Aging Brain Observed in Vivo: Differential Changes and Their Modifiers.
Raz, N. (2005) · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationHaug, H., Kühl, S., Mecke, E., Nl, S., & Wasner, K. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Diffusion tensor imaging in normal aging and neuropsychiatric disorders
Sullivan, E. V., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2003) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(02)00313-3 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Lindenberger, U., Singer, T., & Baltes, P. B. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.6.p474 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationMcArdle, J. J., Hamgami, F., Jones, K., Jolesz, F. A., Kikinis, R., Spiro, A., & Albert, M. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/59.6.p294 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Methodological considerations for measuring rates of brain atrophy
Gunter, J. L., Shiung, M. M., Manduca, A., & Jack, C. R. (2003) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.10325 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Raz, N., Briggs, S. D., Marks, W., & Acker, J. D. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.436 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationSculpting the Developing Brain
Johnston, M. V., Nishimura, A., Harum, K. H., Pekar, J. J., & Blue, M. E. (2001) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0065-3101(23)00072-5 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kril, J. J., Hodges, J. R., & Halliday, G. M. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Differential age-related changes in the regional metencephalic volumes in humans: a 5-year follow-up
Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Dahle, C. L., Head, D. M., & Acker, J. D. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00820-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite matter mapping is needed
Jernigan, T. L., & Fennema‐Notestine, C. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.06.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Modeling longitudinal changes in old age: From covariance structures to dynamic systems
Lindenberger, U., & Ghisletta, P. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.003.0010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-Related Changes in Frontal and Temporal Lobe Volumes in Men: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Bartzokis, G., Beckson, M., Lu, P. H., Nuechterlein, K. H., Edwards, N., & Mintz, J. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.461 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Friedman (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [18]18. Hedges L, Olkin I (1985) Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855 · see citing works
The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding
Park, D. C., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656 · Cited by 2,790 · see citing works
When does age-related cognitive decline begin?
Salthouse, T. A. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Miranda, M., Morici, J. F., Zanoni, M. B., & Bekinschtein, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00363 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Distinct Genetic Influences on Cortical Surface Area and Cortical Thickness
Panizzon, M. S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Eyler, L. T., Jernigan, T. L., Prom-Wormley, E., Neale, M., Jacobson, K., Lyons, M. J., Grant, M. D., Franz, C. E., et al. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp026 · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., Lindenberger, U., Nyberg, L., Park, D. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Self-citationSinger, T. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions
Alexander-Bloch, A., Giedd, J. N., & Bullmore, E. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3465 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition
Kanai, R., & Rees, G. (2011) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3000 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans
Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Hu, L., Morris, K. S., White, S. M., Wójcicki, T. R., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20547 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
Life-Span Changes of the Human Brain White Matter: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Volumetry
Westlye, L. T., Walhovd, K. B., Dale, A. M., Bjornerud, A., Due-Tonnessen, P., Engvig, A., Grydeland, H., Tamnes, C. K., Ostby, Y., & Fjell, A. M. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp280 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
A theoretical framework for the study of adult cognitive plasticity
Lövdén, M., Bäckman, L., Lindenberger, U., Schaefer, S., & Schmiedek, F. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020080 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise, cognition, and the aging brain
Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., & Colcombe, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00500.2006 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Kan, E., Woods, R. P., Yoshii, J., Bansal, R., Xu, D., Zhu, H., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl066 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
One-Year Brain Atrophy Evident in Healthy Aging
Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Fennema-Notestine, C., McEvoy, L. K., Hagler, D. J., Holland, D., Brewer, J. B., & Dale, A. M. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3252-09.2009 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume
Erickson, K. I., Leckie, R. L., & Weinstein, A. M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with age-related decline in hippocampal volume.
Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Heo, S., McLaren, M., Pence, B. D., Martin, S. A., Vieira, V. J., Woods, J. A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6251-09.2010 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Structural covariance in the human cortex
Mechelli, A., Friston, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Price, C. J. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0357-05.2005 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Yassa, M. A., Lacy, J. W., Stark, S. M., Albert, M. S., Gallagher, M., & Stark, C. E. L. (2011) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20808 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age.
Ferguson, H. J., Brunsdon, V. E. A., & Bradford, E. E. F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80866-1 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Aging of cerebral white matter: a review of MRI findings
Gunning‐Dixon, F. M., Brickman, A. M., Cheng, J. C., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2087 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Storsve, A. B., Fjell, A. M., Tamnes, C. K., Westlye, L. T., Overbye, K., Aasland, H. W., & Walhovd, K. B. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0391-14.2014 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Developmental cognitive neuroscience using latent change score models: A tutorial and applications
Kievit, R. A., Brandmaier, A. M., Ziegler, G., van Harmelen, A.-L., de Mooij, S. M. M., Moutoussis, M., Goodyer, I. M., Bullmore, E., Jones, P. B., Fonagy, P., et al. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.11.007 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Self-citationLorenzetti, V., Allen, N. B., Fornito, A., & Yücel, M. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.021 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Voss, M. W., Heo, S., Prakash, R. S., Erickson, K. I., Alves, H., Chaddock, L., Szabo, A. N., Mailey, E. L., Wójcicki, T. R., White, S. M., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22119 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Lee, S., Viqar, F., Zimmerman, M. E., Narkhede, A., Tosto, G., Benzinger, T. L. S., Marcus, D. S., Fagan, A. M., Goate, A., Fox, N. C., et al. (2016) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24647 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F., Lagopoulos, J., Rosenbaum, S., & Ward, P. B. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Erickson, K. I., Raji, C. A., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Rosano, C., Newman, A. B., Gach, H. M., Thompson, P. M., Ho, A. J., & Kuller, L. H. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f88359 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Consistent neuroanatomical age-related volume differences across multiple samples
Walhovd, K. B., Westlye, L. T., Amlien, I., Espeseth, T., Reinvang, I., Raz, N., Agartz, I., Salat, D. H., Greve, D. N., Fischl, B., et al. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.013 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationKennedy, K. M., & Raz, N. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.001 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure–function correlates of cognitive decline in aging
Persson, J., Nyberg, L., Lind, J., Larsson, A., Nilsson, L.-G., Ingvar, M., & Buckner, R. L. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj036 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Kühn, S., Gleich, T., Lorenz, R. C., Lindenberger, U., & Gallinat, J. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.120 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationNetworks of anatomical covariance
Evans, A. C. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.054 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Human cognitive aging: <i>Corriger la fortune?</i>
Lindenberger, U. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254403 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citationEpisodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies
Tromp, D., Dufour, A., Lithfous, S., Pebayle, T., & Després, O. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.08.006 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Effects of Healthy Aging on Hippocampal and Rhinal Memory Functions: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Daselaar, S. M., Fleck, M. S., Dobbins, I. G., Madden, D. J., & Cabeza, R. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj112 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Schlichting, M. L., Mumford, J. A., & Preston, A. R. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9151 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Voxel-based mapping of brain gray matter volume and glucose metabolism profiles in normal aging
Kalpouzos, G., Chételat, G., Baron, J.-C., Landeau, B., Mevel, K., Godeau, C., Barré, L., Constans, J.-M., Viader, F., Eustache, F., et al. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.019 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Uematsu, A., Matsui, M., Tanaka, C., Takahashi, T., Noguchi, K., Suzuki, M., & Nishijo, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046970 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Cognitive Reserve and the Prevention of Dementia: the Role of Physical and Cognitive Activities
Cheng, S.-T. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0721-2 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Cognitive Vitality
Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015249 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Working memory plasticity in old age: practice gain, transfer, and maintenance
Li, S.-C., Schmiedek, F., Huxhold, O., Röcke, C., Smith, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014343 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationHerold, F., Törpel, A., Schega, L., & Müller, N. G. (2019) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Forming beliefs: Why valence matters
Sharot, T., & Garrett, N. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.11.002 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
A common brain network links development, aging, and vulnerability to disease
Douaud, G., Groves, A. R., Tamnes, C. K., Westlye, L. T., Duff, E. P., Engvig, A., Walhovd, K. B., James, A., Gass, A., Monsch, A. U., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1410378111 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Exercise effects on depression: Possible neural mechanisms
Gujral, S., Aizenstein, H., Reynolds, C. F., Butters, M. A., & Erickson, K. I. (2017) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.012 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Brain morphology links systemic inflammation to cognitive function in midlife adults
Marsland, A. L., Gianaros, P. J., Kuan, D. C.-H., Sheu, L. K., Krajina, K., & Manuck, S. B. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.015 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Prospective reports of chronic life stress predict decreased grey matter volume in the hippocampus
Gianaros, P. J., Jennings, J. R., Sheu, L. K., Greer, P. J., Kuller, L. H., & Matthews, K. A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.045 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Thalamic structures and associated cognitive functions: Relations with age and aging
Fama, R., & Sullivan, E. V. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.008 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Longitudinal evidence for diminished frontal cortex function in aging
Nyberg, L., Salami, A., Andersson, M., Eriksson, J., Kalpouzos, G., Kauppi, K., Lind, J., Pudas, S., Persson, J., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1012651108 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Jacobs, H. I. L., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Jolles, J., Verhey, F. R. J., & Uylings, H. B. M. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.009 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease.
Márquez, F., & Yassa, M. A. (2019) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0325-5 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Cerebral White Matter Integrity Mediates Adult Age Differences in Cognitive Performance
Madden, D. J., Spaniol, J., Costello, M. C., Bucur, B., White, L. E., Cabeza, R., Davis, S. W., Dennis, N. A., Provenzale, J. M., & Huettel, S. A. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21047 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Grandy, T. H., Werkle‐Bergner, M., Chicherio, C., Schmiedek, F., Lövdén, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12043 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal association between hippocampus atrophy and episodic-memory decline
Gorbach, T., Pudas, S., Lundquist, A., Orädd, G., Josefsson, M., Salami, A., de Luna, X., & Nyberg, L. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.002 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, A., Rohlfing, T., Rosenbloom, M. J., Chu, W., Colrain, I. M., & Sullivan, E. V. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.008 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity and cognitive aging: The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition
Goh, J. O., & Park, D. C. (2009) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2009-0493 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Sexually divergent induction of microglial-associated neuroinflammation with hippocampal aging
Mangold, C. A., Wronowski, B., Du, M., Masser, D. R., Hadad, N., Bixler, G. V., Brucklacher, R. M., Ford, M. M., Sonntag, W. E., & Freeman, W. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0920-8 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Aging, stress and the hippocampus
Miller, D. B., & O’Callaghan, J. P. (2005) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2005.03.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Functional implications of hippocampal volume and diffusivity in mild cognitive impairment
Müller, M. J., Greverus, D., Dellani, P. R., Weibrich, C., Wille, P. R., Scheurich, A., Stoeter, P., & Fellgiebel, A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.029 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Best, J. R., Chiu, B. K., Liang Hsu, C., Nagamatsu, L. S., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000673 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Microglial activation and tau burden predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Malpetti, M., Kievit, R. A., Passamonti, L., Jones, P. S., Tsvetanov, K. A., Rittman, T., Mak, E., Nicastro, N., Bevan-Jones, W. R., Su, L., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa088 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Opposing Brain Differences in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers
Qureshi, A. Y., Mueller, S., Snyder, A. Z., Mukherjee, P., Berman, J. I., Roberts, T. P. L., Nagarajan, S. S., Spiro, J. E., Chung, W. K., Sherr, E. H., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1366-14.2014 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Ballesteros, S., Prieto, A., Mayas, J., Toril, P., Pita, C., Ponce de León, L., Reales, J. M., & Waterworth, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00277 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Longitudinal Structure-Function Correlates in Elderly Reveal MTL Dysfunction with Cognitive Decline
Persson, J., Pudas, S., Lind, J., Kauppi, K., Nilsson, L.-G., & Nyberg, L. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr306 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Noack, H., Lövdén, M., Schmiedek, F., & Lindenberger, U. (2009) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2009-0496 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationRelating imaging indices of white matter integrity and volume in healthy older adults
Hugenschmidt, C. E., Peiffer, A. M., Kraft, R. A., Casanova, R., Deibler, A. R., Burdette, J. H., Maldjian, J. A., & Laurienti, P. J. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm080 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Changes in Cortical Plasticity Across the Lifespan
Freitas, C., Perez, J., Knobel, M., Tormos, J. M., Oberman, L., Eldaief, M., Bashir, S., Vernet, M., Peña-Gómez, C., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2011.00005 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Trajectory of risky decision making for potential gains and losses from ages 5 to 85
Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., & Denburg, N. L. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.690 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Schlichting, M. L., Guarino, K. F., Schapiro, A. C., Turk-Browne, N. B., & Preston, A. R. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01028 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
False memories with age: neural and cognitive underpinnings
Devitt, A. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.030 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Lupien, S. J., Evans, A., Lord, C., Miles, J., Pruessner, M., Pike, B., & Pruessner, J. C. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.041 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Regional white matter and neuropsychological functioning across the adult lifespan.
Brickman, A. M., Zimmerman, M. E., Paul, R. H., Grieve, S. M., Tate, D. F., Cohen, R. A., Williams, L. M., Clark, C. R., & Gordon, E. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.011 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Voss, M. W., Carr, L. J., Clark, R., & Weng, T. (2014) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.01.001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Slowing down: age-related neurobiological predictors of processing speed
Eckert, M. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00025 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
White matter integrity in physically fit older adults.
Tseng, B. Y., Gundapuneedi, T., Khan, M. A., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Levine, B. D., Lu, H., Huang, H., & Zhang, R. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.011 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The role of the hippocampus in memory and mental construction
Sheldon, S., & Levine, B. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13006 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A review of cardiorespiratory fitness-related neuroplasticity in the aging brain
Hayes, S. M., Hayes, J. P., Cadden, M., & Verfaellie, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00031 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Age-related differences in brain activity during true and false memory retrieval
Dennis, N. A., Kim, H., & Cabeza, R. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20096 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The brain matures with stronger functional connectivity and decreased randomness of its network
Smit, D. J. A., Boersma, M., Schnack, H. G., Micheloyannis, S., Boomsma, D. I., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Stam, C. J., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036896 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Burzynska, A. Z., Jiao, Y., Knecht, A. M., Fanning, J., Awick, E. A., Chen, T., Gothe, N., Voss, M. W., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00059 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Brain training in progress: a review of trainability in healthy seniors
Buitenweg, J. I. V., Murre, J. M. J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00183 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ghisletta, P., Rabbitt, P., Lunn, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.02.008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Network Modularity Predicts Exercise-Related Executive Function Gains in Older Adults
Baniqued, P. L., Gallen, C. L., Voss, M. W., Burzynska, A. Z., Wong, C. N., Cooke, G. E., Duffy, K., Fanning, J., Ehlers, D. K., Salerno, E. A., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00426 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
DNA damage in the oligodendrocyte lineage and its role in brain aging
Tse, K.-H., & Herrup, K. (2017) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.006 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and frequency of forgetting in older adults.
Szabo, A. N., McAuley, E., Erickson, K. I., Voss, M., Prakash, R. S., Mailey, E. L., Wójcicki, T. R., White, S. M., Gothe, N., Olson, E. A., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0022733 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Structural brain correlates of loneliness among older adults
Düzel, S., Drewelies, J., Gerstorf, D., Demuth, I., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Lindenberger, U., & Kühn, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49888-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationTanaka, C., Matsui, M., Uematsu, A., Noguchi, K., & Miyawaki, T. (2012) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000345152 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Episodic and semantic content of memory and imagination: a multilevel analysis
Devitt, A. L., Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0716-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kleemeyer, M. M., Kühn, S., Prindle, J., Bodammer, N. C., Brechtel, L., Garthe, A., Kempermann, G., Schaefer, S., & Lindenberger, U. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.026 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomerase and telomeres in aging theory and chronographic aging theory (Review)
Razgonova, M., Zakharenko, A., Golokhvast, K., Thanasoula, M., Sarandi, E., Nikolouzakis, K., Fragkiadaki, P., Tsoukalas, D., Spandidos, D., & Tsatsakis, A. (2020) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11274 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
At least eighty percent of brain grey matter is modifiable by physical activity: A review study
Batouli, S. A. H., & Saba, V. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Patir, A., Shih, B., McColl, B. W., & Freeman, T. C. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23572 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
exercise influence on hippocampal function: possible involvement of orexin-A
Chieffi, S., Messina, G., Villano, I., Messina, A., Esposito, M., Monda, V., Valenzano, A., Moscatelli, F., Esposito, T., Carotenuto, M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00085 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease: The Downside of a Highly Evolved Parietal Lobe?
Bruner, E., & Jacobs, H. I. L. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-122299 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
ROSENBERGER, G., KUBICKI, M., NESTOR, P., CONNOR, E., BUSHELL, G., MARKANT, D., NIZNIKIEWICZ, M., WESTIN, C., KIKINIS, R., & JSAYKIN, A. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.019 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Roestorf, A., Bowler, D. M., Deserno, M. K., Howlin, P., Klinger, L., McConachie, H., Parr, J. R., Powell, P., Van Heijst, B. F. C., & Geurts, H. M. (2019) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.08.007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Oxytocin and socioemotional aging: current knowledge and future trends
Ebner, N. C., Maura, G. M., MacDonald, K., Westberg, L., & Fischer, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00487 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The impact of age-related changes on working memory functional activity
Steffener, J., Brickman, A. M., Rakitin, B. C., Gazes, Y., & Stern, Y. (2009) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-008-9056-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with white matter integrity in aging
Hayes, S. M., Salat, D. H., Forman, D. E., Sperling, R. A., & Verfaellie, M. (2015) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.204 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
- Authors
- Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Williamson, A., Dahle, C., Gerstorf, D., & Acker, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- Baptist Memorial Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raz, Naftali
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-02-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1676-1689
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2103069600
- Cited by
- 2,875
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 198 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 188 · 2018: 170 · 2017: 192 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 172 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 139
- FWCI
- 35.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wayne State University
- National Institute on Aging (AG-11230)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- brain aging, individual differences, hippocampus, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, entorhinal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, hypertension, sex differences, educational attainment, neuroprotection, healthy older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Constitution, Brain, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
