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The structural integrity of an amygdala-prefrontal pathway predicts trait anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and showed that the strength of an axonal pathway identified between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex predicted individual differences in trait anxiety. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional localizer that has been shown to produce reliable amygdala activation was collected in 20 psychiatrically healthy subjects. Voxelwise regression analyses using this fMRI amygdala reactivity as a regressor were performed on fractional anisotropy images derived from DTI. This analysis identified a white matter pathway between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Individual differences in the structural integrity of this putative amygdala–prefrontal pathway were inversely correlated with trait anxiety levels (i.e., higher pathway strength predicted lower anxiety). More generally, this study illustrates a strategy for combining fMRI and DTI to identify individual differences in structural pathways that predict behavioral outcomes.
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“Importantly, projections to the nuclei of the amygdala reported in Ebeling and von Cramon (1992) refers to the entorhinal cortex and should not be mistaken for the amygdala proper as is often done (Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006; Kim and Whalen, 2009).”
From Cortical Terminations of the Inferior Fronto-Occipital and Uncinate Fasciculi: Anatomical Stem-Based Virtual Dissection (2016) · cites this paper as Kim and Whalen, 2009
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“These discrepancies may be due to the existence of adjacent tracts, such as the amygdalo-temporo or amygdala-prefrontal pathways (Klinger and Gloor, 1960; Kim and Whalen, 2009) which may have been sometimes misattributed to the UF.”
From Cortical Terminations of the Inferior Fronto-Occipital and Uncinate Fasciculi: Anatomical Stem-Based Virtual Dissection (2016) · cites this paper as Kim and Whalen, 2009
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, individual differences in amygdala responsivity have been associated with integrity of white matter fibers, including the uncinate fasciculus in healthy control subjects (24), suggesting a relation between frontolimbic activity and structural connectivity.”
From Relation Between Structural and Functional Connectivity in Major Depressive Disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Connectivity analyses within anterior mPFC have revealed a ventrally mediated viscerolimbic affective and self-relevance network (with connections to amygdala, insula, and nucleus accumbens) and a dorsally mediated cognitive network (with connections to dorsolateral PFC and hippocampus) (Kim & Whalen, 2009; Price, Carmichael, & Drevets, 1996; Schmitz & Johnson, 2006).”
From A Meta-analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Self- and Other Judgments Reveals a Spatial Gradient for Mentalizing in Medial Prefrontal Cortex (2012) · cites this paper as Kim & Whalen, 2009
In the citing paper
“Structural abnormalities, such as reduced grey matter volume in the mPFC and weaker integrity of the uncinate fasciculus, have been reported in adults with anxious temperament and anxiety disorders24–28.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Notably, weaker structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus has been found in populations with anxious temperament24–27,32, suggesting that this tract may play a crucial role in anxiety aetiology.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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“To generate spatially normalized individual FA images, each individual image was aligned into Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI)-152 standard space using nonlinear registration (Rueckert et al., 1999).”
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BackgroundEtkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391 · cited 2×
“Second, other studies showing an inverse relationship between the amygdala and vmPFC involved clinically pathological groups (Rauch et al., 2000; Shin et al., 2005; Etkin and Wager, 2007).”
Background
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The beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus.
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“The tract between the AM and the ventral AC is a white matter tract (Kim and Whalen, 2009), allowing for rapid transmission.”
BackgroundDamme, K. S. F., Young, C. B., & Nusslock, R. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx017 · Cited by 35
“…structural connectivity within the uncinate fasciculus is associated with poor emotion regulation capacity of negative affect, and elevated symptoms of general distress in both unipolar depression (Tayloret al., 2007; Aghajani et al., 2014) and anxiety (Kim and Whalen, 2009; Phan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSpielberg, J. M., Schwarz, J. M., & Matyi, M. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100791 · Cited by 37
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“Notably, these brain regions all play a prevailing role in processing threat and anxiety [63] and belong to the limbic system where subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex [78].”
InfluentialOpposing amygdala and ventral striatum connectivity during emotion identification
Satterthwaite, T. D., Wolf, D. H., Pinkham, A. E., Ruparel, K., Elliott, M. A., Valdez, J. N., Overton, E. E., Seubert, J., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., et al. (2011) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.04.005 · Cited by 34
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Shiba, Y., Santangelo, A. M., Braesicke, K., Agustín‐Pavón, C., Cockcroft, G. J., Haggard, M. P., & Roberts, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00137 · Cited by 31
“, 2011) and structural connectivity between the two (Kim and Whalen, 2009), features common with a variety of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (Shin et al.”
BackgroundPoggi, G., Albiez, J., & Pryce, C. R. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100451 · Cited by 31
“Human MRI and post-mortem histological studies provide some evidence for changes in OL lineage and myelination status in ACC, AMY and the ACC-AMY network in patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders (Drevets, 2001; Harrison, 2002; Hughes and Shin, 2011; Kim and Whalen, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodMean diffusivity in the amygdala correlates with anxiety in pediatric TBI
Juranek, J. J., Johnson, C. P., Prasad, M. R., Kramer, L. A., Saunders, A. E., Filipek, P. A., Swank, P. R., Cox, C. S., & Ewing‐Cobbs, L. (2011) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-011-9140-5 · Cited by 33
“Although anxiety or mood symptoms may reflect alteration in other GM regions or the disruption of white matter pathways connecting MTL GM with prefrontal cortical regions (Campbell-Sills et al. 2011; Johansen-Berg et al. 2008; Kim and Whalen 2009), the present study limited its investigation to the amygdala and hippoc…”
Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood
Morriss, J., Christakou, A., & van Reekum, C. M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44150-1 · Cited by 32
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“In terms of connectivity across neural regions, reduced structural connectivity within the uncinate fasciculus tract that connects the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala 26 has been associated with poor regulation of negative emotions and elevated depression 27,28 and anxiety 29,30 .”
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The role of anxiety in stuttering: Evidence from functional connectivity
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“Previous research in healthy subjects has found negative correlations between trait anxiety levels and FA values in the amygdala and prefrontal areas [38].”
BackgroundPredicting Brain Functional Connectivity Using Mobile Sensing
Obuchi, M., Huckins, J. F., Wang, W., daSilva, A., Rogers, C., Murphy, E., Hedlund, E., Holtzheimer, P., Mirjafari, S., & Campbell, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3381001 · Cited by 29
“Researchers have shown that the vmPFC and amygdala play a particularly important role in human anxiety [21, 29, 31, 50–52].”
BackgroundMethodCoombs, G., Loggia, M. L., Greve, D. N., & Holt, D. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097466 · Cited by 29
“Also, Kim and Whalen used diffusion tensor imaging to show that anxiety levels are inversely correlated with the structural integrity of a white matter pathway overlapping with the expected trajectory of the uncinate fasciculus [18], a fiber tract containing projections between the amygdala and the subgenual cingulate…”
BackgroundVaseghi, S., Zarrabian, S., & Haghparast, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104516 · Cited by 29
Kim, M. J., Brown, A. C., Mattek, A. M., Chavez, S., Taylor, J. M., Palmer, A. L., Wu, Y., & Whalen, P. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00093 · Cited by 30
“In addition to supporting the findings of our previous report (Kim and Whalen, 2009), the present study used separate subject-specific ROI and probabilistic tractography methods on diffusion images collected across multiple independent datasets to delineate two separable pathways and tested their…”
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Functional brain abnormalities associated with comorbid anxiety in autism spectrum disorder
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“…markers related to arousal, such as task-evoked activation of regions within the salience network (e.g., amygdala; Touroutoglou et al., 2014) or the structural integrity of regions within the salience network (e.g., amygdala and medial pFC; Holmes et al., 2012; Kim & Whalen, 2009).”
Brain Networks Reorganization During Maturation and Healthy Aging-Emphases for Resilience
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Anxiety and Brain Networks of Attentional Control
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“Additionally, the dlPFC is responsible for managing anxious thoughts, and its dysfunction is associated with impaired emotional regulation [43, 44].”
What drives prioritized visual processing? A motivational relevance account
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Stress impacts corticoamygdalar connectivity in an age-dependent manner
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“Another white matter tract that is implicated in the pathophysiology of PTSD is the uncinate fasciculus (UF), a tract which connects the temporal cortices involved in memory formation and the frontal cortices involved in emotion regulation.(16,41,42) Decreased UF integrity has been linked to impaired extinction learni…”
BackgroundJamieson, D., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Beaudequin, D. A., Schwenn, P., Shan, Z., McLoughlin, L. T., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.002 · Cited by 26
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“The role of the vmPFC in emotion regulation is less obvious, but due to its direct anatomical connections with the amygdala it is thought to control negative affect (Kim & Whalen, 2009).”
BackgroundStawicka, Z. M., Massoudi, R., Horst, N. K., Koda, K., Gaskin, P. L. R., Alexander, L., Santangelo, A. M., McIver, L., Cockcroft, G. J., Wood, C. M., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2009657117 · Cited by 22
“Overall, our findings are consistent with what is known about individual differences in structure and connectivity of area 14 in humans associated with trait anxiety (22, 50).”
ResultEpigenetic modifications by polyphenolic compounds alter gene expression in the hippocampus
Frolinger, T., Herman, F. J., Sharma, A., Sims, S. L., Wang, J., & Pasinetti, G. M. (2018) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.035196 · Cited by 23
“…genes that were both differentially expressed and methylated, including BRD4, CAMK2A, ENOPH1, GRB10, ITKPA and ABPP2 have been previously implicated as regulators of neuronal activity or synaptic plasticity (Guénette et al., 2017; Kim and Whalen, 2009; Shonesy et al., 2014; Xie et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIndividualized prediction of dispositional worry using white matter connectivity
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“Thus, the integrity of the pathways between the two regions plays in important role in regular cognitive functioning in social situations (Kim and Whalen, 2009).”
BackgroundSotoudeh, N., Namavar, M. R., Bagheri, F., & Zarifkar, A. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2616 · Cited by 21
Sekiguchi, A., Sugiura, M., Taki, Y., Kotozaki, Y., Nouchi, R., Takeuchi, H., Araki, T., Hanawa, S., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083967 · Cited by 26
“In contrast, there is an apparent discrepancy with previous DTI studies demonstrating lower WMI in the anterior Cg and/or the Uf in patients with anxiety disorders such as PTSD [8–10], social anxiety disorder (SAD) [43], and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) [44] and in healthy subjects with high anxiety levels [45],…”
ResultBijsterbosch, J. D., Smith, S. M., & Bishop, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00825 · Cited by 25
“…well as prior accounts indicating altered VMPFC–amygdala structural and functional connectivity in anxiety (Kim, Gee, Loucks, Davis, & Whalen, 2011; Kim & Whalen, 2009), we predicted that individuals high in anxious affect would show impoverished augmentation of VMPFC–amygdala connectivity during…”
Housing quality and behavior affect brain health and anxiety in healthy Japanese adults
Pineda, J. C. D., Kokubun, K., Ikaga, T., & Yamakawa, Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91363-4 · Cited by 24
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“2007; Kim and Whalen 2009; See et al.”
BackgroundExperiences of chronic stress and mental health concerns among urban Indigenous women
Benoit, A. C., Cotnam, J., Raboud, J., Greene, S., Beaver, K., Zoccole, A., O’Brien-Teengs, D., Balfour, L., Wu, W., & Loutfy, M. R. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0622-8 · Cited by 28
“components have been implicated in psychopathology (Davidson et al. 2000; Johnstone et al. 2007; Kim and Whalen 2009).”
BackgroundGonzález‐Escamilla, G., Chirumamilla, V. C., Meyer, B., Bonertz, T., von Grotthus, S., Vogt, J., Stroh, A., Horstmann, J.-P., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32781-9 · Cited by 22
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“Together, these structural alterations may lead to anxiety (Kim and Whalen, 2009), impairments in fear processing (Poulos et al., 2009), and aberrant feeding behaviors (Land et al., 2014).”
BackgroundOptimizing treatments for anxiety by age and genetics
Casey, B. J., & Lee, F. S. (2015) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12746 · Cited by 21
Bourgin, J., Cachia, A., Boumezbeur, F., Djemaï, B., Bottlaender, M., Duchesnay, É., Mériaux, S., & Jay, T. M. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.010 · Cited by 25
“Consistent with this framework, Kim and Whalen (2009) demonstrated that individual differences in the structural integrity of amygdala–prefrontal pathway predicted differences in trait anxiety levels.”
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Neurocircuitry and Implications for Potential Deep Brain Stimulation
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“Diffusion tensor imaging studies, from another perspective, showed that fibers between the PFC and the limbic system could predict trait anxiety as well (Eden et al., 2015; Kim & Whalen, 2009).”
BackgroundHartley, C. A., & Casey, B. J. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12287 · Cited by 21
Intrinsic Affective Network Is Impaired in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Ho, N. F., Chong, J. S. X., Koh, H. L., Koukouna, E., Lee, T.-S. W., Fung, D. S. S., Lim, C. G., & Zhou, J. H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139018 · Cited by 20
“Lower amygdalar-ventromedial prefrontal cortex structural connectivity, probed using diffusion tensor imaging measures, has been associated with higher anxiety levels in the healthy population [73].”
BackgroundBrain structure changes induced by attention bias modification training
Abend, R., Rosenfelder, A., Shamai‐Leshem, D., Pine, D. S., Tavor, I., Assaf, Y., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107736 · Cited by 18
Stillman, P. E., Bavel, J. J. V., & Cunningham, W. A. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00756 · Cited by 20
Almeida, I. A. T., van Asselen, M., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.007 · Cited by 18
Lehner, M., Wisłowska-Stanek, A., Skórzewska, A., Maciejak, P., Szyndler, J., Turzyńska, D., Sobolewska, A., Krząścik, P., & Płaźnik, A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Modi, S., Thaploo, D., Kumar, P., & Khushu, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.11.008 · Cited by 18
Jacob, Y., Shany, O., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Hendler, T. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy181 · Cited by 20
Brain conditions mediate the association between aging and happiness
Kokubun, K., Nemoto, K., & Yamakawa, Y. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07748-6 · Cited by 20
Functional and Structural Neural Network Characterization of Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rats
van der Marel, K., Homberg, J. R., Otte, W. M., & Dijkhuizen, R. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057780 · Cited by 18
“fractional anisotropy along the pathway between amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex [79].”
BackgroundGu, R., Wu, R., Broster, L. S., Jiang, Y., Xu, R., Yang, Q., Xu, P., & Luo, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00092 · Cited by 19
“Among the brain areas that are sensitive to trait anxiety level, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex are most often highlighted (Kim and Whalen, 2009; Comte et al., 2015; Greening and Mitchell, 2015).”
The Neurobiology of Fear Memory Reconsolidation and Psychoanalytic Theory
Gorman, J. M., & Roose, S. P. (2011) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065111427724 · Cited by 18
White matter microstructure in boys with persistent depressive disorder
Vilgis, V., Vance, A. L. A., Cunnington, R., & Silk, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.020 · Cited by 17
“…did not find correlations with symptoms, other studies have found associations between FA in the uncinate and trait anxiety in healthy individuals (Kim & Whalen, 2009; Montag, Reuter, Weber, Markett, & Schoene-Bake, 2012); thus it is not clear whether lower FA precedes symptom onset or simply…”
ResultBaykara, B., Çeti̇n, F., Baykara, B., Aksu, İ., Dayı, A., Kıray, M., Şişman, A. R., Özdemir, D., Arda, M. N., & Uysal, N. (2012) · Turkish Neurosurgery · doi:10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.5633-11.1 · Cited by 17
Avrabos, C., Sotnikov, S., Dine, J., Markt, P. O., Holsboer, F., Landgraf, R., & Eder, M. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2397-13.2013 · Cited by 16
“This work yielded important insights into the genetic, biochemical, molecular, and neuroanatomical basis of mIVTA (Krömer et al., 2005; Duvarci et al., 2009; Hariri, 2009; Kim and Whalen, 2009; Montag et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSex-related Differences in Stress Reactivity and Cingulum White Matter
Wheelock, M. D., Goodman, A. M., Harnett, N. G., Wood, K. H., Mrug, S., Granger, D. A., & Knight, D. C. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.014 · Cited by 16
“…while some of these studies found greater trait anxiety was associated with higher FA, others have found the opposite - lower trait anxiety associated with higher anisotropy (Clewett et al., 2014; Eden et al., 2015; Kim and Whalen, 2009; Kim et al., 2016; Modi et al., 2013; Montag et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultGirls' internalizing symptoms and white matter tracts in Cortico-Limbic circuitry
Ali, O. M., Vandermeer, M. R. J., Sheikh, H. I., Joanisse, M. F., & Hayden, E. P. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101650 · Cited by 18
“tracts across development is associated with better emotion regulation (Kim and Whalen, 2009).”
Intersubject variability in fearful face processing: the linkbetween behavior and neural activation
Doty, T. J., JAPEE, S. A., Ingvar, M., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0290-y · Cited by 14
“Support for this interpretation has come from two studies that have linked differences in connectivity between the VMPFC and the amygdala (a circuit heavily implicated in emotion regulation) to trait anxiety in healthy adults (Kim, Gee, Loucks, Davis, & Whalen, 2011; Kim & Whalen, 2009).”
Liu, J., Likhtik, E., Shereen, A. D., Dennis‐Tiwary, T. A., & Casaccia, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.587053 · Cited by 18
“Maternal deprivation in rodents, early weaning, and social deprivation during the critical period of adolescence also resulted in defective myelination detected in juvenile mice (Kodama et al., 2008; Makinodan et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDonnarumma, V., Michelotti, A., Cimino, R., Vollaro, S., & Cioffi, I. (2022) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/ofph.3037 · Cited by 15
Aggarwal, N., Williams, L. E., Tromp, D., Pine, D. S., & Kalin, N. H. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01827-y · Cited by 17
“Consistent with DTI studies of anxiety in adults [13, 16, 17, 19], these studies have generally reported anxiety-related WM reductions in FA in various regions, including the UF, CING, CC, and IFO.”
ResultThe role of white matter in personality traits and affective processing in bipolar disorder
Bauer, I. E., Wu, M., Meyer, T. D., Mwangi, B., Ouyang, A., Spiker, D. E., Zunta‐Soares, G. B., Huang, H., & Soares, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.003 · Cited by 15
Favaro, A., Manara, R., Pievani, M., Clementi, M., Forzan, M., Bruson, A., Tenconi, E., Degortes, D., Pinato, C., Giannunzio, V., et al. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.05.006 · Cited by 15
“…et al., 2011) and connectivity (Lemogne et al., 2011; Alexander et al., 2012) or, for structural connectivity, on the uncinate fasciculus (Pacheco et al., 2009; Jonassen et al., 2012), a tract connecting limbic areas with the prefrontal cortex and implicated in trait anxiety (Kim and Whalen, 2009).”
Kokubun, K., Nemoto, K., & Yamakawa, Y. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3500 · Cited by 14
“and has been implicated in the processing of emotions, memory, and language (Ayling et al., 2012; Gaffan & Wilson, 2008; Kim & Whalen, 2009; Von Der Heide et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAmygdala Mediated Connectivity in Perceptual Decision-Making of Emotional Facial Expressions
Bajaj, S., Lamichhane, B., Adhikari, B. M., & Dhamala, M. (2013) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2013.0145 · Cited by 15
“Anatomically, the AMG sends projections to the pre-frontal cortex (Kim and Whalen, 2009; Kim et al., 2011).”
Chang, H., Fang, W., Wan, F.-J., Tzeng, N., Liu, Y., Shyu, J., Huang, S., Chang, T.-C., & Chang, C.-C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.020 · Cited by 14
Spalletta, G., Iorio, M., Vecchio, D., Piras, F., Ciullo, V., Banaj, N., Sensi, S. L., Gianni, W., Assogna, F., Caltagirone, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10040172 · Cited by 15
Imaging genetics: implications for research on variable antidepressant drug response
Rabl, U., Scharinger, C., Müller, M., & Pezawas, L. (2010) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/ecp.10.35 · Cited by 15
Galván, A., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy218 · Cited by 14
Roeske, J., Long, X., Perdue, M. V., Long, M., Geeraert, B., Ghasoub, M., Yeates, K. O., & Lebel, C. A. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101568 · Cited by 18
“Low amygdala-PFC white matter FA and connectivity probability values have also been associated with increased amygdala-driven internalizing behaviours like anxiety (Eden et al., 2015; Greening and Mitchell, 2015; Kim and Whalen, 2009; Swartz et al., 2014).”
Bijanki, K. R., Clausen, A. N., Arndt, S. V., Magnotta, V. A., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Haynes, W. G., Matsui, J., Johnson, H. J., & Moser, D. J. (2013) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3930 · Cited by 13
“…(Phan et al., 2009), generalized anxiety disorder (Nitschke et al., 2009), post-traumatic stress disorder (Shin et al., 1997), and trait anxiety (Kim and Whalen, 2009) involve two anatomical areas in particular: the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex Copyright # 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int…”
BackgroundKim, M. J., Avinun, R., Knodt, A. R., Radtke, S. R., & Hariri, A. R. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11497-2 · Cited by 13
Self-citationYoung children's neural processing of their mother’s voice: An fMRI study
Liu, P., Cole, P. M., Gilmore, R. O., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Vigeant, M. C., Moriarty, P. M., & Scherf, K. S. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.003 · Cited by 13
Pedersen, W. S., Dean, D., Adluru, N., Gresham, L. K., Lee, S. D., Kelly, M. P., Mumford, J. A., Davidson, R. J., & Schaefer, S. M. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000996 · Cited by 12
White Matter-Based Structural Brain Network of Anxiety
Lee, K. S., & Lee, S. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_4 · Cited by 14
Kim, W., & Kim, M. J. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2205162119 · Cited by 11
Self-citationStria terminalis microstructure in humans predicts variability in orienting towards threat
Koller, K., Hatton, C., Rogers, R. D., & Rafal, R. D. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14504 · Cited by 11
“In humans, Kim and Whalen (2009) performed voxelwise analyses regressing amygdala BOLD activation elicited by fearful faces against fractional anisotropy (FA) images derived from DTI.”
Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Deng, Z., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00201 · Cited by 12
“ROI analyses of the amygdala (Ball et al., 2007; Kim and Whalen, 2009) and insula (Semendeferi and Damasio, 2000; Craig and Craig, 2009; Chang et al., 2012) were defined anatomically based on Anatomical Automatic Labeling (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002).”
MethodThe Amygdala in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Morgan, J. T., Nordahl, C. W., & Schumann, C. M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391924-3.00021-1 · Cited by 10
Leuchter, M. K., Rosenberg, B. M., Schapira, G., Wong, N. R., Leuchter, A. F., McGlade, A. L., Krantz, D. E., Ginder, N. D., Lee, J. C., Wilke, S. A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823158 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, M. J., & Whalen, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- ORCID
- Kim, M. Justin
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-09-16
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 37
- Pages
- 11614-11618
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2791525
- OpenAlex
- W2049511110
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 20.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH080716, R01MH080716, R56MH080716)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- trait anxiety, amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, white matter integrity, fractional anisotropy, individual differences, amygdala reactivity, structural connectivity, anxiety prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Anxiety, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Predictive Value of Tests, Regression Analysis, Prefrontal Cortex, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Young Adult
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