The beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus.

Craigmyle, Nancy A.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00731

Cited by 32Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsMind wandering and attentionNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

The beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus.

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Craigmyle, Nancy A.·2013·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00731PMC PMC3797386

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Abstract

During functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of meditation the cortical salience detecting and executive networks become active during "awareness of mind wandering," "shifting," and "sustained attention." The anterior cingulate (AC) is activated during "awareness of mind wandering." The AC modulates both the peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the central locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine systems, which form the principal neuromodulatory system, regulating in multiple ways both neuronal and non-neuronal cells to maximize adaptation in changing environments. The LC is the primary source of central norepinephrine (C-NE) and nearly the exclusive source of cortical norepinephrine. Normally activated by novel or salient stimuli, the AC initially inhibits the SNS reflexively, lowering peripheral norepinephrine and activates the LC, increasing C-NE. Moderate levels of C-NE enhance working memory through alpha 2 adrenergic receptors, while higher levels of C-NE, acting on alpha 1 and beta receptors, enhance other executive network functions such as the stopping of ongoing behavior, attentional set-shifting, and sustained attention. The actions of the AC on both the central and peripheral noradrenergic systems are implicated in the beneficial effects of meditation. This paper will explore some of the known functions and interrelationships of the AC, SNS, and LC with respect to their possible relevance to meditation.

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Activation of ACC is observed in breath-focused mindfulness tasks and deep meditation, and decreased in experienced meditators when converting to a state of mindfulness.
“The activation of ACC was observed in breath-focused mindfulness tasks (Lazar et al., 2000; Hölzel et al., 2007), deep meditation (Craigmyle, 2013), and decreased in experienced meditators when converting to a state of mindfulness (Ritskes et al., 2003).”
From Enhanced Resting-State Functional Connectivity With Decreased Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations of the Salience Network in Mindfulness Novices (2022) · cites this paper as Craigmyle, 2013
The Introduction reports anterior cingulate activation during awareness of mind wandering in focused mindfulness meditation, and the Discussion describes its activity during mindfulness meditation. Neither passage identifies the observed activation as occurring in deep meditation, the specific condition for which the citing sentence invokes Craigmyle. The breath-focused and experienced-meditator clauses have separate citations and are not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Authors: Craigmyle, N. A.
Corresponding author: Craigmyle, Nancy A.
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2013
Volume: 4
Pages: 731-731
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00731
PMC: PMC3797386
OpenAlex: W2139103123
Cited by: 32
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 2.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: meditation, anterior cingulate cortex, locus coeruleus, norepinephrine, sympathetic nervous system, mind wandering, sustained attention, executive function, salience network, alpha2-adrenoceptors, set-shifting, working memory

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The beneficial effects of meditation: contribution of the anterior cingulate and locus coeruleus.

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