Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008
Open accessAbstract
Effects of weak electrical currents on brain and neuronal function were first described decades ago. Recently, DC polarization of the brain was reintroduced as a noninvasive technique to alter cortical activity in humans. Beyond this, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of different cortical areas has been shown, in various studies, to result in modifications of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral functions. Moreover, preliminary data suggest that it can induce beneficial effects in brain disorders. Brain stimulation with weak direct currents is a promising tool in human neuroscience and neurobehavioral research. To facilitate and standardize future tDCS studies, we offer this overview of the state of the art for tDCS.
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tDCS is thought to affect neuroplasticity via modulating cellular, molecular and neurochemical mechanisms involved in use-dependent local and distant synaptic plasticity, i.e., GABA and glutamate-mediated long-term potentiation.
“tDCS is thought to affect neuroplasticity via modulating cellular, molecular and neurochemical mechanisms involved in use-dependent local and distant synaptic plasticity, i.e., GABA and glutamate-mediated long-term potentiation (Nitsche et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2014)”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Nitsche et al., 2008
tDCS is thought to affect neuroplasticity.
“Given that tDCS is thought to affect neuroplasticity (Nitsche et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2014),”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Nitsche et al., 2008
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is an effective non-invasive technique for research with both healthy and clinical subjects in the domain of social cognition.
“Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to be an effective non-invasive technique for research conducted with both healthy8 and clinical subjects9 in the domain of social cognition10.”
The effects of tDCS on neuronal excitability have been demonstrated in numerous neuroimaging and physiological studies, providing a sound neurobiological basis for its use for neuromodulation in patient populations.
“The effects of tDCS on neuronal excitability have now been demonstrated in numerous neuroimaging and physiological studies, providing a sound neurobiological basis for its use for neuromodulation in patient populations.1,3”
From Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as [3]
Cites
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“For 4 seconds of tDCS, which elicits no after-effects, a break of 10 seconds between each period of stimulation is sufficient.(13) For tDCS durations that produce short-lasting (namely, for about 10 minutes) after-effects, a 1-hour break between stimulation sessions is sufficient.”
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“For tDCS durations resulting in long-lasting after-effects (1 hour or more), an intersession interval of 48 hours to 1 week has been suggested.(14,15,43) If repetitive tDCS is performed to prolong and stabilize long-lasting after-effects, subjects are generally stimulated once a day.”
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“Compared with TMS, it is easier to conduct placebo stimulation-controlled studies with tDCS, because, with the exception of a slight itching sensation and sensory phenomena, including retinal phosphenes with current switching, subjects rarely experience sensations related to the treatment.(26) To reduce cutaneous sens…”
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“For tDCS durations resulting in long-lasting after-effects (1 hour or more), an intersession interval of 48 hours to 1 week has been suggested.(14,15,43) If repetitive tDCS is performed to prolong and stabilize long-lasting after-effects, subjects are generally stimulated once a day.”
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“With constant current density, increasing stimulation duration determined the occurrence and duration of after-effects in humans and animals.(3,13-15) Therefore tDCS protocols should state current strength and shape, electrode size, and stimulation duration for comparability between studies.”
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“The exposed tissue is polarized and tDCS modifies spontaneous neuronal excitability and activity by a tonic de- or hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential.(17,18) The efficacy of tDCS to induce acute modifications of membrane polarity depends on current density, which determines the induced electrical field st…”
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Self-citationModeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation
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“For tDCS durations resulting in long-lasting after-effects (1 hour or more), an intersession interval of 48 hours to 1 week has been suggested.(14,15,43) If repetitive tDCS is performed to prolong and stabilize long-lasting after-effects, subjects are generally stimulated once a day.”
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Self-citationShaping the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex
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“When compared with a large 35 cm(2)-sized electrode, the small electrode resulted in a much more spatially limited excitability modification.(27) However, the effects of small electrodes could differ qualitatively due to: (a) differential shunting of current in the scalp; (b) greater edgeeffect relative to the overall…”
ResultSelf-citationSiebner, H., Lang, N., Rizzo, V., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W., Lemon, R., & Rothwell, J. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5316-03.2004 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Self-citationProbing the human vestibular system with galvanic stimulation
Fitzpatrick, R. C., & Day, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2004 · Cited by 700 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Specifically, electrodes above the mastoids, which are used for galvanic stimulation of the vestibular system, might induce nausea.(51) Because tDCS neither causes epileptic seizures nor reduces the seizure threshold in animals,(52) seizures do not appear to be a risk for healthy subjects.”
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Self-citationSafety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals
Iyer, M. B., Mattu, U., Grafman, J. H., Lomarev, M. P., Sato, S., & Wassermann, E. M. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000152986.07469.e9 · Cited by 688 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These parameters do not (1) cause heating effects under the electrode(13); (2) elevate serum neurone-specific enolase level,(14,15) a sensitive marker of neuronal damage(48); and (3) result in changes of diffusion weighted or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), EEG activity, or cognitive distortion.(19…”
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Self-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients
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Self-citationPolarization of the human motor cortex through the scalp
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“Because current orientation with respect to the target cells determines the effects of tDCS, results achieved by these protocols might differ from those with cephalic references.(13,16,20,21) Increasing focality of tDCS can be achieved by: (1) reducing electrode size, but keeping current density constant, for the elec…”
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Self-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation: A computer-based human model study
Wagner, T., Fregni, F., Fecteau, S., Grodzinsky, A., Zahn, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.027 · Cited by 567 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the effects of small electrodes could differ qualitatively due to: (a) differential shunting of current in the scalp; (b) greater edgeeffect relative to the overall electrode area (antagonistically oriented electric fields in the immediate vicinity of the electrodes(28)); and other factors.(23) For the motor…”
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Self-citationInfluence of transcortical d-c currents on cortical neuronal activity
Creutzfeldt, O. D., Fromm, G. H., & Kapp, H. (1962) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(62)90056-0 · Cited by 555 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Similarly, early animal experiments showed that surface-anodal tDCS enhanced and surface-cathodal tDCS reduced activity of superficial cortical neurons, whereas neurons situated deep in the cortical sulci, and thus differently oriented, were oppositely affected.(17) tDCS protocols should specify electrode position as…”
BackgroundResultTranscranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory
Marshall, L., Mölle, M., Hallschmid, M., & Born, J. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2725-04.2004 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Current Distribution in the Brain From Surface Electrodes
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“In monkeys, approximately 50% of the transcranially applied current enters the brain through the skull.(7) These estimates were confirmed in humans.”
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“Indeed, it was demonstrated that behavioral effects of tDCS could be increased and made stable by this procedure.(44,45) However, whether this protocol is optimally suited to maximize the electrophysiologic effects of tDCS is not known.”
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“004 Application of electrical currents to modify brain function is a very old technique, mentioned more than 200 years ago.(1,2) Systematic animal studies in anesthetized rats demonstrated that weak direct currents, delivered by intracerebral or epidural electrodes, induce cortical activity and excitability diminution…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTreatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation
Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M. A., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2006) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00291.x · Cited by 495 · see citing works
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Self-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation improves recognition memory in Alzheimer disease
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Self-citationNoninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Fregni, F., Boggio, P., Santos, M. C., Lima, M., Vieira, A. L., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T., Barbosa, E. R., Nitsche, M. A., & Pascual-Leone, Á. (2006) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21012 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninvasive Brain Stimulation Improves Language Learning
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“Moreover, cathodal tDCS increases power in the delta-and theta bands of the EEG. 40 Outside the motor cortex, electrophysiologic studies show analogous effects of anodal tDCS on somatosensory-evoked poten- tials, 41 and for anodal and cathodal tDCS on visual cortex stimulation.”
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Self-citationImproved naming after transcranial direct current stimulation in aphasia
Monti, A., Cogiamanian, F. M., Marceglia, S. R. F., Ferrucci, R., Mameli, F., Mrakic‐Sposta, S., Vergari, M., Zago, S., & Priori, A. (2007) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.135277 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
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Consolidation of Human Motor Cortical Neuroplasticity by D-Cycloserine
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“Because current orientation with respect to the target cells determines the effects of tDCS, results achieved by these protocols might differ from those with cephalic references.(13,16,20,21) Increasing focality of tDCS can be achieved by: (1) reducing electrode size, but keeping current density constant, for the elec…”
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Self-citationEnhancement of non-dominant hand motor function by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation
Boggio, P. S., Castro, L. D. O., Savagim, E. A., Braite, R., Cruz, V. C., Rocha, R. R., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T. A., & Fregni, F. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.051 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
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Self-citationAge and sex differences in human motor cortex input–output characteristics
Pitcher, J. B., Ogston, K. M., & Miles, T. S. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.029454 · Cited by 307 · cited 2× · see citing works
“An age dependency for tDCS efficacy has not been described so far, 37 but cannot be excluded at present, viz experience with TMS. 38 Uncontrolled interference with ongoing cortical activity during tDCS should be avoided.”
BackgroundAntal, A., Terney, D., Poreisz, C., & Paulus, W. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05896.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationFregni, F., Orsati, F. T., Pedrosa, W., Fecteau, S., Tome, F. A. M. F., Nitsche, M. A., Mecca, T. P., de Macedo, E. C., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Boggio, P. S. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.016 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
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Self-citationFerrucci, R., Marceglia, S., Vergari, M., Cogiamanian, F., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Mameli, F., Zago, S., Barbieri, S., & Priori, A. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20112 · Cited by 269 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Alternatively, an extracephalic reference can be used to avoid the confounding effects of two electrodes with opposite polarities over the brain.(20,32) Because current orientation with respect to the target cells determines the effects of tDCS, results achieved by these protocols might differ from those with cephalic…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBoosting focally-induced brain plasticity by dopamine
Kuo, M.-F., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm098 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationConsiderations for safety in the use of extracranial stimulation for motor evoked potentials
Agnew, W. F., & McCreery, D. B. (1987) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-198701000-00030 · Cited by 266 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Conventional electrical brain stimulation can cause excitotoxic damage to overdriven neurons.(46) This is not applicable to tDCS for the following reasons: (1) The effects of tDCS inducing changes in cortical excitability are most probably caused by a mild effect on cation channels and not being able to induce firing…”
BackgroundFregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20201 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationBoggio, P. S., Bermpohl, F., Vergara, A. O., Muniz, A. L. C. R., Nahas, F. H., Leme, P. B., Rigonatti, S. P., & Fregni, F. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.026 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationApparent diffusion tensor measurements in myelin-deficient rat spinal cords
Gulani, V., WEBB, A. G., Duncan, I. D., & Lauterbur, P. C. (2001) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200102)45:2 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of brain polarization on reaction times and pinch force in chronic stroke
Hummel, F., Voller, B., Celnik, P., Flöel, A., Giraux, P., Gerloff, C., & Cohen, L. (2006) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-7-73 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationExternal modulation of visual perception in humans
Antal, A., Nitsche, M., & Paulus, W. (2001) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200111160-00036 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the excitability of the leg motor cortex
Jeffery, D. T., Norton, J. A., Roy, F. D., & Gorassini, M. A. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1093-y · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Knoch, D., Nitsche, M. A., Fischbacher, U., Eisenegger, C., Pascual-Leone, A., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm237 · Cited by 229 · cited 1× · see citing works
“029 mA/cm(2), made stimulation of this site functionally inert(27) and was used in previous behavioural studies.(30,31) As mentioned previously for smaller electrodes, enlarging the electrode might also affect shunting and current orientation.”
MethodSelf-citationManipulation of phosphene thresholds by transcranial direct current stimulation in man
Antal, A., Kincses, Z. T., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1459-8 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
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Self-citationPremotor transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects primary motor excitability in humans
Boros, K., Poreisz, C., Münchau, A. M., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06090.x · Cited by 215 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For the motor cortex, it was shown that a smaller electrode modulates corticospinal excitability similarly to a larger one, but the effects on intracortical inhibition and facilitation were abolished and the variability of the effects was larger.(29) One means of reducing the effect of a cephalic reference electrode i…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNitsche, M. A., Lampe, C., Antal, A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04676.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationLie-Specific Involvement of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Deception
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Self-citationFocusing Effect of Acetylcholine on Neuroplasticity in the Human Motor Cortex
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Self-citationHomeostatic-like plasticity of the primary motor hand area is impaired in focal hand dystonia
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Catecholaminergic Consolidation of Motor Cortical Neuroplasticity in Humans
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Self-citationVisual evoked potentials modulation during direct current cortical polarization
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“Because current orientation with respect to the target cells determines the effects of tDCS, results achieved by these protocols might differ from those with cephalic references.(13,16,20,21) Increasing focality of tDCS can be achieved by: (1) reducing electrode size, but keeping current density constant, for the elec…”
BackgroundResultIncrease in the calcium level following anodal polarization in the rat brain
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“Subsequent studies revealed that the long-lasting effects are protein synthesisdependent(4) and accompanied by modifications of intracellular cAMP and calcium levels.(5,6) Thus, these effects share some features with the well-characterized phenomena of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD).”
BackgroundMental Changes Resulting from the Passage of Small Direct Currents Through the Human Brain
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Self-citationMechanisms for electrical stimulation of excitable tissue.
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Limited impact of homeostatic plasticity on motor learning in humans
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Self-citationBifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation slows reaction time in a working memory task
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MRI study of human brain exposed to weak direct current stimulation of the frontal cortex
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“These parameters do not (1) cause heating effects under the electrode(13); (2) elevate serum neurone-specific enolase level,(14,15) a sensitive marker of neuronal damage(48); and (3) result in changes of diffusion weighted or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), EEG activity, or cognitive distortion.(19…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation disrupts tactile perception
Rogalewski, A., Breitenstein, C., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., & Knecht, S. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03450.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
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“A recently conducted study suggests that a medium NaCl concentration (between 15 and 140 mM) is optimally suited to minimize discomfort.(25) Alternatively, electrode cream can be used to mount the electrodes on the head.”
BackgroundPrimary motor cortex activation by transcranial direct current stimulation in the human brain
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Sex differences in cortical neuroplasticity in humans
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Self-citationImprovement of spatial tactile acuity by transcranial direct current stimulation.
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Self-citationTranscranial direct stimulation and fluoxetine for the treatment of depression
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Modulation of moving phosphene thresholds by transcranial direct current stimulation of V1 in human
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Self-citationOscillatory brain activity and transcranial direct current stimulation in humans
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Self-citationTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation Reveals Inhibitory Deficiency In Migraine
Chadaide, Z., Arlt, S., Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Lang, N., & Paulus, W. (2007) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01337.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationA Controlled Trial of the Therapeutic Effects of Polarization of the Brain in Depressive Illness
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“The usually seen mild redness under the electrodes is not a hint of skin damage, but most probably caused by neurally driven vasodilation.(47) Theoretically, deposition of charge and electrolysis, generation of toxic ionic species, or modification of proteins and amino acids in brain tissue could also cause tissue dam…”
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Intracerebral current levels in man during electrosleep therapy.
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Direct current stimulation over MT+/V5 modulates motion aftereffect in humans
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Self-citationLong lasting effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor imagery
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Self-citationBidirectional modulation of primary visual cortex excitability: a combined tDCS and rTMS study.
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Self-citationBrain polarization: behavioral and therapeutic effects.
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Self-citationZago, S., Ferrucci, R., Fregni, F., & Priori, A. (2007) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858407311101 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationHuey, E. D., Probasco, J. C., Moll, J., Stocking, J., Ko, M.-H., Grafman, J. H., & Wassermann, E. M. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.02.026 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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Self-citationChapter 28 Modulation of motor consolidation by external DC stimulation
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Self-citationNegative polarisation of the brain in the treatment of manic states
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“Anodal stimulation was suggested to diminish depressive symptoms,(9) while cathodal stimulation reduced manic symptoms.(10) Unfortunately, these results were not replicated in follow-up studies performed in the United Kingdom, possibly because of different patient subgroups, inconsistent stimulation parameters, or oth…”
ResultVarga, E. T., Elif, K., Antal, A., Zimmer, M., Harza, I., Paulus, W., & Kovács, G. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationChapter 29 Pharmacology of transcranial direct current stimulation: missing effect of riluzole
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Self-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation reveals inhibitory deficiency in migraine. Cephalalgia
Chadaide, Z., Arlt, S., Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Lang, N., & Paulus, W. (2007) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation
Stagg, C. J., & Nitsche, M. A. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410386614 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Self-citationBrunoni, A. R., Nitsche, M. A., Bolognini, N., Bikson, M., Wagner, T., Merabet, L., Edwards, D. J., Valero-Cabre, A., Rotenberg, A., Pascual-Leone, A., et al. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.002 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Self-citationAntal, A., Alekseichuk, I., Bikson, M., Brockmöller, J., Brunoni, A. R., Chen, R. E., Cohen, L. G., Dowthwaite, G., Ellrich, J., Flöel, A., et al. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
“…cm2, currents 1.5–2.1 mA) caused persisting skin lesions under the electrodes in some subjects, typically on the forehead or over frontal cortical areas (Frank et al. , 2010, Nitsche et al. , 2008, Palm et al. , 2008b, Riedel et al. , 2012, Rodriguez et al. , 2014, Wang et al. , 2015b) (Table 2).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBrunoni, A. R., Amadera, J. E. D., Berbel, B., Volz, M. S., Rizzerio, B. G., & Fregni, F. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145710001690 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Self-citationBatsikadze, G., Moliadze, V., Paulus, W., Kuo, M. ‐., & Nitsche, M. A. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.249730 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation
Pino, G. D., Pellegrino, G., Assenza, G., Capone, F., Ferreri, F., Formica, D., Ranieri, F., Tombini, M., Ziemann, U., Rothwell, J. C., et al. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.162 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Hatem, S. M., Saussez, G., della Faille, M., Prist, V., Zhang, X., Dispa, D., & Bleyenheuft, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00442 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
“Safety guidelines for using tDCS have been described by Nitsche et al. (2003) and by Bikson et al. (2009).”
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Enhances Individual Alpha Activity in Human EEG
Zaehle, T., Rach, S., & Herrmann, C. S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013766 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Mathematics anxiety: what have we learned in 60 years?
Dowker, A., Sarkar, A., & Looi, C. Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00508 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Ridding, M. C., & Ziemann, U. (2010) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190314 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Variability in Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Motor Cortex
Wiethoff, S., Hamada, M., & Rothwell, J. C. (2014) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.003 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Kuo, H.-I., Bikson, M., Datta, A., Minhas, P., Paulus, W., Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.010 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Self-citationPeters, S. K., Dunlop, K., & Downar, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00104 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
“A purely cortical mechanism of localized changes in synaptic plasticity is often postulated in the literature, given that the relatively weak electrical fields employed in tDCS may not penetrate beyond the cortex (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
BackgroundTranscranial electrical stimulation (tES – tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods
Paulus, W. (2011) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2011.557292 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, M. D., Buckner, R. L., Liu, H., Chakravarty, M. M., Lozano, A. M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1405003111 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Brunoni, A. R., & Vanderhasselt, M.-A. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.008 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of Results, Mechanisms and Safety
Blackmore, J., Shrivastava, S., Sallet, J., Butler, C., & Cleveland, R. O. (2019) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience
Miniussi, C., Harris, J. A., & Ruzzoli, M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): A Beginner's Guide for Design and Implementation
Thair, H., Holloway, A. L., Newport, R., & Smith, A. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00641 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
“The most commonly reported side effect is a cutaneous sensation (Poreisz et al., 2007), although this tends to subside once the current stabilizes (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialNon-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain
O'Connell, N. E., Wand, B. M., Marston, L., Spencer, S., & DeSouza, L. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008208.pub3 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
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Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial
Loo, C. K., Alonzo, A., Martin, D., Mitchell, P. B., Galvez, V., & Sachdev, P. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097634 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
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“…by modulating neuron’s membrane resting potentials, and unable to directly depolarize neurons, it has to be applied for at least a few seconds (Nitsche and Paulus, 2000), and most generally, for a few minutes before an online impact can be observed on behavioral measures (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVal‐Laillet, D., Aarts, E., Weber, B., Ferrari, M., Quaresima, V., Stoeckel, L. E., Alonso‐Alonso, M., Audette, M. A., Malbert, C., & Stice, E. M. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Peterchev, A. V., Wagner, T. A., Miranda, P. C., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., Lisanby, S. H., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Bikson, M. (2011) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.10.001 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation
Cirillo, G., Di Pino, G., Capone, F., Ranieri, F., Florio, L., Todisco, V., Tedeschi, G., Funke, K., & Di Lazzaro, V. (2017) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.009 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
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“It has been suggested that in some situations in which it is relevant to grantee the blinding procedure, it is possible to topically apply local anaesthetics (Nitsche et al., 2008; McFadden et al., 2011).”
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“The after-effect of tDCS is thought to modulate cor- tical excitability in a polarity-specific manner (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
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Direct Current Stimulation Modulates LTP and LTD: Activity Dependence and Dendritic Effects
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“11 tDCS’ is soma-hyperpolarizing and thus should reduce cortical excitability [35].”
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“…consisted of 10 sessions each of 0.3 mA cathodal stimulation for 16 min with bifrontal stimulus electrodes and the reference electrode on the leg, although the patient received 10 times the intended amperage, probably 3 mA (Lippold and Redfearn, 1964; Redfearn et al., 1964; Nitsche et al., 2008).”
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The electric field in the cortex during transcranial current stimulation
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Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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Self-citationSelective Modulation of Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity by HD-tACS Shapes Perception
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Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on cognition
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Self-citationBidirectional alterations of interhemispheric parietal balance by non-invasive cortical stimulation
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tDCS selectively improves working memory in older adults with more education
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Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Healthy Working Memory?: A Meta-analytic Review
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“…anodal stimulation of the left dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC), a finding that makes sense given the tendency for anodal stimulation to enhance neuronal excitability (Nitsche et al., 2008; Priori, 2003; Nitsche & Paulus, 2000) and the role of the left DLPFC in WM (Carpenter, Just, & Reichle, 2000).”
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Self-citationUltrasound Produces Extensive Brain Activation via a Cochlear Pathway
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Non-invasive Cerebellar Stimulation—a Consensus Paper
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Self-citationNaming facilitation induced by transcranial direct current stimulation
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Self-citationDifferences in the experience of active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation
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Self-citationModulation of motor performance and motor learning by transcranial direct current stimulation
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Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain
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Inferring Causality from Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience
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“Stimulation intensity and duration are crucial determinants for offline effects with both TMS (Ziemann et al., 2008) and TCS (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms shape cortical plasticity in humans
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Neuromodulation for Brain Disorders: Challenges and Opportunities
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Transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex during fMRI
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Self-citationTDCS increases cortical excitability: Direct evidence from TMS–EEG
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Self-citationBrain networks and their relevance for stroke rehabilitation
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State-dependent effects of neural stimulation on brain function and cognition
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The neuroethics of non-invasive brain stimulation
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The Uncertain Outcome of Prefrontal tDCS
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Transcranial direct current stimulation in severe, drug-resistant major depression
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Self-citationTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and language
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“…TDCS can either de-or hyperpolarize a neuron ’ s resting membrane potential: anodal TDCS (aTDCS) is thought to depolarize neurons and thereby increases corticomotor excitability, whereas cathodal tDCS (cTDCS) hyperpolarizes the resting membrane, causing a decreased corticomotor excitability [16].”
Basic and functional effects of transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)—An introduction
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“Our intention here is not to present a complete overview, but to discuss the principle mechanisms (a more comprehensive overview can be found in (Floel, 2014; Kuo and Nitsche, 2012; Nitsche et al., 2008; Reis and Fritsch, 2011; Reis et al., 2008)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationConcurrent cognitive control training augments the antidepressant efficacy of tDCS: A pilot study
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- Authors
- Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., Paulus, W., Hummel, F., Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., & Pascual-Leone, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (BR)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nitsche, Michael A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 206-223
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2162932719
- Cited by
- 3,057
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 166 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 218 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 298 · 2018: 239 · 2017: 208 · 2016: 234 · 2015: 227 · 2014: 181 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 113
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doaj.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, cortical excitability, behavioral effects, brain disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Humans, Research Design, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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