Targeted memory reactivation during sleep elicits neural signals related to learning content
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Retrieval of learning-related neural activity patterns is thought to drive memory stabilization. However, finding reliable, noninvasive, content-specific indicators of memory retrieval remains a central challenge. Here, we attempted to decode the content of retrieved memories in the EEG during sleep. During encoding, male and female human subjects learned to associate spatial locations of visual objects with left- or right-hand movements, and each object was accompanied by an inherently related sound. During subsequent slow-wave sleep within an afternoon nap, we presented half of the sound cues that were associated (during wake) with left- and right-hand movements before bringing subjects back for a final postnap test. We trained a classifier on sleep EEG data (focusing on lateralized EEG features that discriminated left- vs right-sided trials during wake) to predict learning content when we cued the memories during sleep. Discrimination performance was significantly above chance and predicted subsequent memory, supporting the idea that retrieval leads to memory stabilization. Moreover, these lateralized signals increased with postcue sleep spindle power, demonstrating that retrieval has a strong relationship with spindles. These results show that lateralized activity related to individual memories can be decoded from sleep EEG, providing an effective indicator of offline retrieval. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Memories are thought to be retrieved during sleep, leading to their long-term stabilization. However, there has been relatively little work in humans linking neural measures of retrieval of individual memories during sleep to subsequent memory performance. This work leverages the prominent electrophysiological signal triggered by lateralized movements to robustly demonstrate the retrieval of specific cued memories during sleep. Moreover, these signals predict subsequent memory and are correlated with sleep spindles, neural oscillations that have previously been implicated in memory stabilization. Together, these findings link memory retrieval to stabilization and provide a powerful tool for investigating memory in a wide range of learning contexts and human populations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009 · Cited by 24,371 · see citing works
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772 · see citing works
Hobson, J. A. (1969) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(69)90021-2 · Cited by 5,215 · see citing works
Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep
Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8036517 · Cited by 3,118 · see citing works
Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep
Ji, D., & Wilson, M. A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1825 · Cited by 1,669 · see citing works
Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation
Rasch, B., Büchel, C., Gais, S., & Born, J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138581 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging
Mander, B. A., Rao, V. R., Lu, B. S., Saletin, J., Lindquist, J. R., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Jagust, W. J., & Walker, M. P. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3324 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Strengthening Individual Memories by Reactivating Them During Sleep
Rudoy, J. D., Voss, J. L., Westerberg, C. E., & Paller, K. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1179013 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Self-citationA cortical-hippocampal-cortical loop of information processing during memory consolidation
Rothschild, G., Eban, E., & Frank, L. M. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4457 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Biasing the content of hippocampal replay during sleep
Bendor, D., & Wilson, M. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3203 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Upgrading the sleeping brain with targeted memory reactivation
Oudiette, D., & Paller, K. A. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.006 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory consolidation is linked to spindle-mediated information processing during sleep
Cairney, S. A., Guttesen, A. Á. V., El Marj, N., & Staresina, B. P. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.087 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Memory Consolidation by Replay of Stimulus-Specific Neural Activity
Deuker, L., Olligs, J., Fell, J., Kranz, T. A., Mormann, F., Montag, C., Reuter, M., Elger, C. E., & Axmacher, N. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0414-13.2013 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Bergmann, T. O., Mölle, M., Diedrichs, J., Born, J., & Siebner, H. R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.036 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Sleep spindle refractoriness segregates periods of memory reactivation
Antony, J. W., Piloto, L., Wang, M., Pacheco, P., Norman, K. A., & Paller, K. A. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.020 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Memory Reactivation during Wakefulness and Sleep in Determining Which Memories Endure
Oudiette, D., Antony, J. W., Creery, J. D., & Paller, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5497-12.2013 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory improvement via slow-oscillatory stimulation during sleep in older adults
Westerberg, C. E., Florczak, S. M., Weıntraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., Marshall, L., Zee, P. C., & Paller, K. A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.014 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Markers of Responsiveness to the Environment in Human Sleep
Andrillon, T., Poulsen, A. T., Hansen, L. K., Léger, D., & Kouider, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0902-16.2016 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Sleep Spindles and Memory Reprocessing
Antony, J. W., Schönauer, M., Staresina, B. P., & Cairney, S. A. (2019) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2018.09.012 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory feedback blocks memory benefits of cueing during sleep
Schreiner, T., Lehmann, M., & Rasch, B. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9729 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Decoding material-specific memory reprocessing during sleep in humans
Schönauer, M., Alizadeh, S., Jamalabadi, H., Abraham, A., Pawlizki, A., & Gais, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15404 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Local sleep spindle modulations in relation to specific memory cues
Cox, R., Hofman, W. F., de Boer, M., & Talamini, L. M. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.028 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Theta Phase-Coordinated Memory Reactivation Reoccurs in a Slow-Oscillatory Rhythm during NREM Sleep
Schreiner, T., Doeller, C. F., Jensen, O. B., Rasch, B., & Staudigl, T. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.037 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lehmann, M., Schreiner, T., Seifritz, E., & Rasch, B. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39229 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Inducing Task-Relevant Responses to Speech in the Sleeping Brain
Kouider, S., Andrillon, T., Barbosa, L. S., Goupil, L., & Bekinschtein, T. A. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.016 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Competition between items in working memory leads to forgetting
Lewis‐Peacock, J. A., & Norman, K. A. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6768 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep spindles are locally modulated by training on a brain–computer interface
Johnson, L. A., Blakely, T. M., Hermes, D., Hakimian, S., Ramsey, N. F., & Ojemann, J. G. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1207532109 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Jamalabadi, H., Alizadeh, S., Schönauer, M., Leibold, C., & Gais, S. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23140 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Shanahan, L. K., Gjorgieva, E., Paller, K. A., Kahnt, T., & Gottfried, J. A. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.39681 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of memory reactivation during sleep by EEG classification
Belal, S. Y., Cousins, J. N., El‐Deredy, W., Parkes, L. M., Schneider, J., Tsujimura, H., Zoumpoulaki, A., Amadó, M. P., Santamaria, L., & Lewis, P. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.029 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Jiang, X., Shamie, I., Doyle, W., Friedman, D., Dugan, P. C., Devinsky, O., Eskandar, E., Cash, S., Thesen, T., & Halgren, E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17469-w · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Farthouat, J., Gilson, M., & Peigneux, P. (2017) · Sleep Spindles & Cortical Up States · doi:10.1556/2053.1.2016.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Competitive learning modulates memory consolidation during sleep
Antony, J. W., Cheng, L. Y., Brooks, P. P., Paller, K. A., & Norman, K. A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal Contributions to Declarative Memory Consolidation During Sleep
Antony, J. W., & Paller, K. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationCompetitive learning modulates memory consolidation during sleepPreprint
Antony, J. W., Cheng, L. Y., Pacheco, P., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/196964 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sleep spindles: mechanisms and functions
Fernandez, L. M. J., & Lüthi, A. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2018 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
Brodt, S., Inostroza, M., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Unsupervised neural network models of the ventral visual stream
Zhuang, C., Yan, S., Nayebi, A., Schrimpf, M., Frank, M. C., DiCarlo, J. J., & Yamins, D. L. K. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014196118 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation
Hu, X., Cheng, L. Y., Chiu, M. H., & Paller, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000223 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationSchreiner, T., Petzka, M., Staudigl, T., & Staresina, B. P. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23520-2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Decoding cognition from spontaneous neural activity
Liu, Y., Nour, M. M., Schuck, N. W., Behrens, T. E. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00570-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
How Targeted Memory Reactivation Promotes the Selective Strengthening of Memories in Sleep
Lewis, P. A., & Bendor, D. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.019 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A sleep spindle framework for motor memory consolidation
Boutin, A., & Doyon, J. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0232 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Aperiodic sleep networks promote memory consolidation
Helfrich, R. F., Lendner, J. D., & Knight, R. T. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.04.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Multiple memories can be simultaneously reactivated during sleep as effectively as a single memory
Schechtman, E., Antony, J. W., Lampe, A., Wilson, B. J., Norman, K. A., & Paller, K. A. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01512-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationCausal Contribution of Awake Post-encoding Processes to Episodic Memory Consolidation
Tambini, A., & D’Esposito, M. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.063 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Local targeted memory reactivation in human sleep
Bar, E., Marmelshtein, A., Arzi, A., Perl, O., Livne, E., Hizmi, E., Paz, R., Sobel, N., Dudai, Y., & Nir, Y. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.091 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Spindle-locked ripples mediate memory reactivation during human NREM sleep
Schreiner, T., Griffiths, B. J., Kutlu, M., Vollmar, C., Kaufmann, E., Quach, S., Rémi, J., Noachtar, S., & Staudigl, T. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49572-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Targeted memory reactivation during sleep improves next-day problem solving
Sanders, K. E. G., Osburn, S., Paller, K. A., & Beeman, M. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619873344 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationUpdating memories of unwanted emotions during human sleep
Xia, T., Yao, Z., Guo, X., Liu, J., Chen, D., Liu, Q., Paller, K. A., & Hu, X. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationReplay-triggered brain-wide activation in humans
Huang, Q., Xiao, Z., Yu, Q., Luo, Y., Xu, J., Qu, Y., Dolan, R. J., Behrens, T. E. J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51582-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Targeting targeted memory reactivation: Characteristics of cued reactivation in sleep
Abdellahi, M. E. A., Koopman, A. C. M., Treder, M. S., & Lewis, P. A. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119820 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Spindle-dependent memory consolidation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis
Kumral, D., Matzerath, A., Leonhart, R., & Schönauer, M. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108661 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Creery, J. D., Brang, D., Arndt, J. D., Bassard, A. M., Towle, V. L., Tao, J. X., Wu, S., Rose, S., Warnke, P. C., Issa, N. P., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2123430119 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted memory reactivation in human REM sleep elicits detectable reactivation
Abdellahi, M. E. A., Koopman, A. C. M., Treder, M. S., & Lewis, P. A. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.84324 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Targeted memory reactivation to augment treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder.
der Heijden, A. V. D. V., van der Werf, Y., van den Heuvel, O. A., Talamini, L. M., & van Marle, H. V. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sleep’s contribution to memory formation
Lutz, N. D., Harkotte, M., & Jan Born, A. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Schreiner, T., Petzka, M., Staudigl, T., & Staresina, B. P. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.299545 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sleep as a window to target traumatic memories
van der Heijden, A. C., van den Heuvel, O. A., van der Werf, Y. D., Talamini, L. M., & van Marle, H. J. F. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104765 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Item-specific neural representations during human sleep support long-term memory
Liu, J., Xia, T., Chen, D., Yao, Z., Zhu, M., Antony, J. W., Lee, T. M. C., & Hu, X. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002399 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural reactivation during human sleep
Denis, D., & Cairney, S. A. (2023) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20230109 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Improving memory via automated targeted memory reactivation during sleep
Whitmore, N. W., Harris, J. C., Kovach, T., & Paller, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13731 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep loss disrupts the neural signature of successful learning
Guttesen, A. Á. V., Gaskell, M. G., Madden, E. V., Appleby, G., Cross, Z. R., & Cairney, S. A. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac159 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sleep as a window to treat affective disorders
Talamini, L. M., & Juan, E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Real‐time, closed‐loop, or open‐loop stimulation? Navigating a terminological jungle
Antony, J. W., Ngo, H.-V. V., Bergmann, T. O., & Rasch, B. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13755 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationReap while you sleep: Consolidation of memories differs by how they were sown
Antony, J. W., & Schechtman, E. (2023) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23526 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationXia, T., Chen, D.-N., Zeng, S., Yao, Z., Liu, J., Qin, S.-Z., Paller, K., Platas, S. G. T., Antony, J. W., & Hu, X.-Q. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400678121 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory Reactivation during Sleep Does Not Act Holistically on Object Memory
Siefert, E. M., Uppuluri, S., Mu, J., Tandoc, M. C., Antony, J. W., & Schapiro, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0022-24.2024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrophysiological signatures underlying variability in human memory consolidation
Duan, W., Xu, Z., Chen, D., Wang, J., Liu, J., Tan, Z., Xiao, X., Lv, P., Wang, M., Paller, K. A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57766-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationHacking the functions of sleep: noninvasive approaches to stimulate sleep neurophysiology
Krugliakova, E., Breuer, F., Adelhöfer, N., Alonso, A., Besedovsky, L., Murphy, K. R., Peters, E., Raczek, K., Rasch, B., Salvesen, L., et al. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00007.2025 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation in the light of rapid neocortical plasticity
Pöhlchen, D., & Schönauer, M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation in Human Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Denis, D., & Cairney, S. A. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00291-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
van den Berg, N. H., Benoit, A., Toor, B., & Fogel, S. (2019) · Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00030-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Memory ability and retention performance relate differentially to sleep depth and spindle type
Dehnavi, F., Koo, P. C., Ghorbani, M., & Marshall, L. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108154 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Delineating memory reactivation in sleep with verbal and non-verbal retrieval cues
Guttesen, A. Á. V., Denis, D., Gaskell, M. G., & Cairney, S. A. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae183 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sleep disruption by memory cues selectively weakens reactivated memoriesPreprint
Whitmore, N. W., & Paller, K. A. (2023) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053615.122 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDenis, D., & Payne, J. D. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0285-23.2024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Recurring memory reactivation: The offline component of learning
Paller, K. A. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108840 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPre-sleep experiences shape neural activity and dream content in the sleeping brain
Kumral, D., Palmieri, J., Gais, S., & Schönauer, M. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Effect of Targeted Memory Reactivation on Dogs’ Visuospatial Memory
Bolló, H., Carreiro, C., Iotchev, I. B., Gombos, F., Gácsi, M., Topál, J., & Kis, A. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0304-20.2024 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Task-relevant representational spaces in human memory traces
Heinen, R. M., Rau, E. M. B., Herweg, N. A., & Axmacher, N. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013476 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Updating memories of unwanted emotions during human sleepPreprint
Xia, T., Yao, Z., Guo, X., Liu, J., Chen, D., Liu, Q., Paller, K. A., & Hu, X. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500414 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpreting human sleep activity through neural contrastive learning
Chen, Z., Zheng, H., Zhou, J., Zheng, L., Lin, P., Wang, H., Busche, M. A., Behrens, T. E. J., Dolan, R. J., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.03.028 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does overnight memory consolidation support next-day learning?
Guttesen, A. Á. V., Harrington, M. O., Gaskell, M. G., & Cairney, S. A. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106241 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Revealing the cognitive contents of sleep to improve diagnosis and research
Schechtman, E. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac214 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Manipulating memory processing during sleep to explore the critical duration of reactivation events
Lazarus, A., Bassard, A. M., & Schechtman, E. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109211 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Promoting vocabulary learning during sleep at home using closed‐loop targeted memory reactivation
Salfi, F., D’Atri, A., Arnone, B., Corigliano, D., Amicucci, G., Viselli, L., Naccarato, F., Festucci, F., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70000 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Studying episodic memory using real-time fMRI
Wammes, J. D., Lin, Q., Norman, K. A., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822421-2.00011-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted memory reactivation elicits temporally compressed reactivation linked to spindles
Abdellahi, M. E. A., Rakowska, M., Treder, M. S., & Lewis, P. A. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612625 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shin, G.-H., Kweon, Y.-S., Oh, S., & Lee, S. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00340-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sleep Disruption Selectively Weakens Reactivated MemoriesPreprint
Whitmore, N. W., & Paller, K. A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487316 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationReap while you sleep: consolidation of memories differs by how they were sownPreprint
Antony, J. W., & Schechtman, E. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u48fp · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationItem-specific memory reactivation supports overnight memory consolidationPreprint
Liu, J., Xia, T., Chen, D., Yao, Z., Zhu, M., Antony, J. W., Lee, T. M. C., & Hu, X. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2544886/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep’s role in the reprocessing and restructuring of memory
Koopman, A. C. M. (2020) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Updating Memories of Unwanted Emotions During Human SleepPreprint
Xia, T., Yao, Z., Guo, X., Liu, J., Chen, D., Liu, Q., Paller, K. A., & Hu, X. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4179775
Self-citationItem-specific memory reactivation during sleep supports memory consolidation in humansPreprint
Liu, J., Xia, T., Chen, D., Yao, Z., Zhu, M., Antony, J. W., Lee, T. M. C., & Hu, X. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525599
Self-citationSchechtman, E., Stickgold, R., & Paller, K. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00126-1
Self-citationTorres-Platas, S. G., Yamazaki, E. M., Paller, K. A., Stickgold, R., & Schechtman, E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00077-8
Self-citationSleep, Neurocognitive Function, Learning, and Memory
Baena, D., Alyssa, P., Hordijk, J., Ray, L. B., & Fogel, S. M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.2
Deconstructing the Mind: Neurotechnology, Mental Privacy, and the Case for Neurorights
Madrid, R. (2025) · Ethics of science and technology assessment/Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96055-0_5
- Authors
- Wang, B., Antony, J. W., Lurie, S., Brooks, P. P., Paller, K. A., & Norman, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2019-06-24
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 6728-6736
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6703880
- OpenAlex
- W2953473680
- Semantic Scholar
- 3bd035620b077f40970a9554138767fb054ab9bf
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1461088, 1533511)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017139)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- targeted memory reactivation, sleep, memory retrieval, memory stabilization, sleep spindles, slow-wave sleep, EEG decoding, associative learning, memory prediction, neural oscillations
- MeSH terms
- Memory Consolidation, Adolescent, Adult, Cues, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Learning, Male, Memory, Movement, Mental Recall, Sleep, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
