Sleep spindle refractoriness segregates periods of memory reactivation
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The stability of long-term memories is enhanced by reactivation during sleep. Correlative evidence has linked memory reactivation with thalamocortical sleep spindles, although their functional role is not fully understood. Our initial study replicated this correlation and also demonstrated a novel rhythmicity to spindles, such that a spindle is more likely to occur approximately 3-6 s following a prior spindle. We leveraged this rhythmicity to test the role of spindles in memory by using real-time spindle tracking to present cues within versus just after the presumptive refractory period; as predicted, cues presented just after the refractory period led to better memory. Our findings demonstrate a precise temporal link between sleep spindles and memory reactivation. Moreover, they reveal a previously undescribed neural mechanism whereby spindles may segment sleep into two distinct substates: prime opportunities for reactivation and gaps that segregate reactivation events.
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Using fMRI and microstructural MRI in humans, with increasing number of repetitions activation of task-relevant neocortical areas increased, whereas activity in the hippocampus but also in medial prefrontal cortex was maximal on the first trial and decreased across trials.
“Using fMRI and microstructural MRI in humans, these studies investigated changes in representations occurring with repeated retrievals on spatial (object-location and spatial navigation) and verbal (word lists) tasks and found that with increasing number of repetitions activation of task-relevant neocortical areas (such as the medial parietal cortex) increased, whereas activity in the hippocampus”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [290]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWith intervening nocturnal sleep, the activity increase in neocortical areas remained stable for 24 h, was strongly related to memory retention, and was paralleled by microstructural changes indicating neocortical memory storage.
“With intervening nocturnal sleep, the activity increase in neocortical areas remained stable for 24 h, was strongly related to memory retention, and was paralleled by microstructural changes indicating neocortical memory storage.”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [290]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes sleep-related memory reactivation and suggests that memories become stabilized in neocortical networks. The Results section reports improved retention after cues presented during a nap, but our copy does not report a neocortical activity increase stable for 24 hours, its correlation with retention, or parallel microstructural changes. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChallenging the view of systems consolidation as a process exclusively linked to sleep, signs of systems consolidation can be also observed under certain conditions in the wake state.
“However, challenging the view of systems consolidation as a process exclusively linked to sleep, signs of systems consolidation can be also observed under certain conditions in the wake state.[290][291][292][293]”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [290]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep, and the Discussion (page unavailable) addresses spindle timing during sleep. A References entry names a study of reactivation during wakefulness and sleep, but our copy does not state that signs of systems consolidation occur in the wake state. Searches for wakefulness and systems consolidation found no passage establishing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRepresentations with some stability can be formed during wakefulness in the neocortex within one session, suggesting a rapid type of systems consolidation.
“Thus, representations with some stability can be formed during wakefulness in the neocortex within one session, suggesting a rapid type of systems consolidation.”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [290]
The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses stabilization in neocortical networks over time in the context of sleep-related memory consolidation. The Methods describe learning before a nap, but do not establish stable neocortical representations formed during wakefulness within one session. Searches for rapid systems consolidation and wake-formed neocortical representations found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Antony, J. W., Piloto, L., Wang, M., Pacheco, P., Norman, K. A., & Paller, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Antony, James W.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1736-1743.e4
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5992601
- OpenAlex
- W2949318063
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 9.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-1461088)
- National Institutes of Health (F31-MH100958)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, memory reactivation, thalamocortical oscillations, refractory period, memory consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Memory Consolidation, Adult, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Sleep, Young Adult
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