Excitability of type II cochlear afferents
Open accessAbstract
Two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea signal through anatomically distinct populations of spiral ganglion afferent neurons. The solitary inner hair cell ribbon synapse uses multivesicular release to trigger action potentials that encode acoustic timing, intensity, and frequency in each type I afferent. In contrast, cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) have a far weaker effect on their postsynaptic targets, the type II spiral ganglion afferents. OHCs typically release single vesicles with low probability so that extensive summation is required to reach the relatively high action potential initiation threshold. These stark differences in synaptic transfer call into question whether type II neurons contribute to the cognitive perception of sound. Given the sparse and weak synaptic inputs from OHCs, the electrical properties of type II afferents are crucial in determining whether synaptic responses can sum to evoke an action potential to convey information to the cochlear nucleus. In the present work, dual-electrode recordings determined that type II afferents of rats have length constants that exceed the length of the distal, spiral process, enabling spatial summation from widespread OHCs. Focal application of tetrodotoxin localized the spike initiation zone to the type II proximal, radial process, near the spiral ganglion, in agreement with the high voltage threshold measured in the spiral process. These measured membrane properties were incorporated into a compartmental model of the type II neuron to demonstrate that neurotransmitter release from at least six OHCs is required to trigger an action potential in a type II neuron.
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Intracellular tight-seal recordings from type II afferents in cochlear explants revealed that glutamatergic transmission from one OHC was orders of magnitude weaker than that provided by each IHC to type I afferent ribbon synapse.
“Intracellular tight-seal recordings from type II afferents in cochlear explants revealed that glutamatergic transmission from one OHC was orders of magnitude weaker than that provided by each IHC to type I afferent ribbon synapse (4, 33, 34).”
From Damage-evoked signals in cochlear neurons and supporting cells (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
The Discussion says OHC inputs to type II afferents are less frequent and weaker than IHC inputs to type I afferents, and Materials and Methods describes tight-seal recordings from type II dendrites. The paper does not quantify the difference as orders of magnitude or report a direct recording comparison with individual IHC ribbon synapses. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Ceriani, F., & Marcotti, W. (2026) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-026-01035-1
Modifications fonctionnelles auditives dans l'hyperacousie réversible
Duron, J. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b5d92fdfz44a2z48c1zbf9dz1181cadfc708
Efferent Inhibition of Hair Cells: Past, Present and Future
Fuchs, P. A. (2026) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-026-01045-z
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Basura, G. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18264-7_5
- Authors
- Weisz, C. J. C., Glowatzki, E., & Fuchs, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-02-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2365-2373
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3913877
- OpenAlex
- W2083295625
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (005211, R01DC011741, DC000023, F31DC010948, P30DC005211, T32DC000023)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- outer hair cells, action potential generation, length constant, spatial summation, tetrodotoxin, compartmental neuron model, synaptic transmission, cochlear nucleus, auditory nerve
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cochlea, Female, Male, Neurons, Afferent, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Rats
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