The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dysfunctional Calcium and Glutamate Signaling in Striatal Astrocytes from Huntington's Disease Model Mice
Open accessAbstract
Astrocytes tile the entire CNS, but their functions within neural circuits in health and disease remain incompletely understood. We used genetically encoded Ca 2+ and glutamate indicators to explore the rules for astrocyte engagement in the corticostriatal circuit of adult wild-type (WT) and Huntington's disease (HD) model mice at ages not accompanied by overt astrogliosis (at approximately postnatal days 70–80). WT striatal astrocytes displayed extensive spontaneous Ca 2+ signals, but did not respond to cortical stimulation, implying that astrocytes were largely disengaged from cortical input in healthy tissue. In contrast, in HD model mice, spontaneous Ca 2+ signals were significantly reduced in frequency, duration, and amplitude, but astrocytes responded robustly to cortical stimulation with evoked Ca 2+ signals. These action-potential-dependent astrocyte Ca 2+ signals were mediated by neuronal glutamate release during cortical stimulation, accompanied by prolonged extracellular glutamate levels near astrocytes and tightly gated by Glt1 glutamate transporters. Moreover, dysfunctional Ca 2+ and glutamate signaling that was observed in HD model mice was largely, but not completely, rescued by astrocyte specific restoration of Kir4.1, emphasizing the important contributions of K + homeostatic mechanisms that are known to be reduced in HD model mice. Overall, our data show that astrocyte engagement in the corticostriatal circuit is markedly altered in HD. Such prodromal astrocyte dysfunctions may represent novel therapeutic targets in HD and other brain disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report how early-onset astrocyte dysfunction without detectable astrogliosis drives disease-related processes in a mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). The cellular mechanisms involve astrocyte homeostasis and signaling mediated by Kir4.1, Glt1, and Ca 2+ . The data show that the rules for astrocyte engagement in a neuronal circuit are fundamentally altered in a brain disease caused by a known molecular defect and that fixing early homeostasis dysfunction remedies additional cellular deficits. Overall, our data suggest that key aspects of altered striatal function associated with HD may be triggered, at least in part, by dysfunctional astrocytes, thereby providing details of an emerging striatal microcircuit mechanism in HD. Such prodromal changes in astrocytes may represent novel therapeutic targets.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Astrocyte Ca2+ dynamics and network responses become aberrant in mouse models of HD53, AD54, and ALS55, possibly contributing to cognitive impairment and neuropathology43,53,56.”
From Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Optogenetics25 and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs)25 are potential tools to manipulate reactive astrocytes or to restore their aberrant Ca2+ signaling observed in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases53–55.”
From Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cahoy, J. D., Emery, B., Kaushal, A., Foo, L. C., Zamanian, J. L., Christopherson, K. S., Xing, Y., Lubischer, J. L., Krieg, P. A., Krupenko, S. A., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4178-07.2008 · Cited by 3,129
Mangiarini, L., Sathasivam, K., Seller, M., Cozens, B., Harper, A., Hetherington, C., Lawton, M., Trottier, Y., Lehrach, H., Davies, S. W., et al. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81369-0 · Cited by 3,073
The Mystery and Magic of Glia: A Perspective on Their Roles in Health and Disease
Barres, B. A. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013 · Cited by 1,352
Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits
Khakh, B. S., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4043 · Cited by 1,239
Self-citationTabrizi, S. J., Langbehn, D. R., Leavitt, B. R., Roos, R. A., Durr, A., Craufurd, D., Kennard, C., Hicks, S. L., Fox, N. C., Scahill, R. I., et al. (2009) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70170-x · Cited by 984
An optimized fluorescent probe for visualizing glutamate neurotransmission
Marvin, J., Borghuis, B., Tian, L., Cichon, J., Harnett, M. T., Akerboom, J., Gordus, A., Renninger, S., Chen, T.-W., Bargmann, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2333 · Cited by 965
Self-citationPotassium buffering in the central nervous system
Kofuji, P., & Newman, E. A. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.008 · Cited by 847
Mechanisms of Disease: astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease
Maragakis, N. J., & Rothstein, J. D. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0355 · Cited by 836
Synchronous Hyperactivity and Intercellular Calcium Waves in Astrocytes in Alzheimer Mice
Kuchibhotla, K. V., Lattarulo, C. R., Hyman, B. T., & Bacskai, B. J. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169096 · Cited by 729
Astrocytes Are Endogenous Regulators of Basal Transmission at Central Synapses
Panatier, A., Vallée, J., Haber, M., Murai, K. K., Lacaille, J.-C., & Robitaille, R. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.022 · Cited by 650
Djukic, B., Casper, K. B., Philpot, B. D., Chin, L., & McCarthy, K. D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0723-07.2007 · Cited by 623
Tong, X., Ao, Y., Faas, G. C., Nwaobi, S. E., Xu, J., Haustein, M. D., Anderson, M. A., Mody, I., Olsen, M. L., Sofroniew, M. V., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3691 · Cited by 592
Self-citationPetralia, R. S., Wang, Y.-X., Niedzielski, A. S., & Wenthold, R. J. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00533-1 · Cited by 580
Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes from Ip3r2−/− mice in brain slices and during startle responses in vivo
Srinivasan, R., Huang, B. S., Venugopal, S., Johnston, A. D., Chai, H., Zeng, H., Golshani, P., & Khakh, B. S. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4001 · Cited by 530
Self-citationLocal Ca2+ detection and modulation of synaptic release by astrocytes
Di Castro, M. A., Chuquet, J., Liaudet, N., Bhaukaurally, K., Santello, M., Bouvier, D., Tiret, P., & Volterra, A. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2929 · Cited by 529
Glutamate-Dependent Neuroglial Calcium Signaling Differs Between Young and Adult Brain
Sun, W., McConnell, E., Paré, J., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Peng, W., Lovatt, D., Han, X., Smith, Y., & Nedergaard, M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1226740 · Cited by 523
Scholl, U. I., Choi, M., Liu, T., Ramaekers, V. T., Häusler, M., Grimmer, J., Tobe, S. W., Farhi, A., Nelson-Williams, C. J., & Lifton, R. P. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0901749106 · Cited by 502
Expression of mutant huntingtin in glial cells contributes to neuronal excitotoxicity
Shin, J., Fang, Z.-H., Yu, Z.-X., Wang, C.-E., Li, S., & Li, X. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200508072 · Cited by 488
Menalled, L., Kudwa, A. E., Miller, S., Fitzpatrick, J., Watson-Johnson, J., Keating, N., Ruiz, M. C., Mushlin, R. A., Alosio, W., McConnell, K., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049838 · Cited by 470
Astrocyte Ca2+ signalling: an unexpected complexity
Volterra, A., Liaudet, N., & Savtchouk, I. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3725 · Cited by 446
Hippocampal Short- and Long-Term Plasticity Are Not Modulated by Astrocyte Ca 2+ Signaling
Agulhon, C., Fiacco, T. A., & McCarthy, K. D. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1184821 · Cited by 409
Shigetomi, E., Bushong, E. A., Haustein, M. D., Tong, X., Jackson‐Weaver, O., Kracun, S., Xu, J. P., Sofroniew, M. V., Ellisman, M. H., & Khakh, B. S. (2013) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.201210949 · Cited by 396
Self-citationExpression of mutant huntingtin in mouse brain astrocytes causes age-dependent neurological symptoms
Bradford, J. W., Shin, J., Redd, M. A., Wang, C.-E., Li, X.-J., & Li, S. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911503106 · Cited by 362
Tamaru, Y., Nomura, S., Mizuno, N., & Shigemoto, R. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00305-0 · Cited by 345
Faideau, M., Kim, J., Cormier, K., Gilmore, R., Welch, M. J., Aurégan, G., Dufour, N., Guillermier, M., Brouillet, E., Hantraye, P., et al. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq212 · Cited by 343
Ben Haim, L., Ceyzériat, K., Carrillo-de Sauvage, M. A., Aubry, F., Auregan, G., Guillermier, M., Ruiz, M., Petit, F., Houitte, D., Faivre, E., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3516-14.2015 · Cited by 335
Delekate, A., Füchtemeier, M., Schumacher, T., Ulbrich, C., Foddis, M., & Petzold, G. C. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6422 · Cited by 332
The Neuropathology of Huntington’s Disease
Waldvogel, H. J., Kim, E. H., Tippett, L. J., Vonsattel, J., & Faull, R. L. M. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_354 · Cited by 327
Behrens, P. F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf180 · Cited by 322
Impaired Glutamate Uptake in the R6 Huntington's Disease Transgenic Mice
Liévens, J.-C., Woodman, B., Mahal, A., Spasić-Bošković, O., Samuel, D., Goff, L. K., & Bates, G. P. (2001) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2001.0430 · Cited by 315
Kir4.1 Potassium Channel Subunit Is Crucial for Oligodendrocyte Development and In Vivo Myelination
Neusch, C., Rozengurt, N., Jacobs, R. E., Lester, H. A., & Kofuji, P. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-15-05429.2001 · Cited by 298
Miller, B. R., Dorner, J. L., Shou, M., Sari, Y., Barton, S. J., Sengelaub, D. R., Kennedy, R. T., & Rebec, G. V. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.004 · Cited by 280
Enhanced Astrocytic Ca2+Signals Contribute to Neuronal Excitotoxicity after Status Epilepticus
Ding, S., Fellin, T., Zhu, Y., Lee, S.-Y., Auberson, Y. P., Meaney, D. F., Coulter, D. A., Carmignoto, G., & Haydon, P. G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2001-07.2007 · Cited by 270
Larsen, B. R., Assentoft, M., Cotrina, M. L., Hua, S. Z., Nedergaard, M., Kaila, K., Voipio, J., & MacAulay, N. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22629 · Cited by 269
Conditions and Constraints for Astrocyte Calcium Signaling in the Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Pathway
Haustein, M. D., Kracun, S., Lu, X., Shih, T., Jackson‐Weaver, O., Tong, X., Xu, J. P., Yang, X. W., O’Dell, T. J., Marvin, J. S., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.041 · Cited by 266
Self-citationHeikkinen, T., Lehtimäki, K. K., Vartiainen, N. E., Puoliväli, J. T., Hendricks, S. J., Glaser, J. R., Bradaïa, A., Wadel, K., Touller, C., Kontkanen, O., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050717 · Cited by 265
Astrocyte Calcium Signaling: From Observations to Functions and the Challenges ThereinPreprint
Khakh, B. S., & McCarthy, K. D. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020404 · Cited by 264
Self-citationKucheryavykh, Y. V., Kucheryavykh, L. Y., Nichols, C. G., Maldonado, H. M., Baksi, K., Reichenbach, A., Skatchkov, S. N., & Eaton, M. J. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20455 · Cited by 242
Wilcock, D. M., Vitek, M. P., & Colton, C. A. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.023 · Cited by 237
Chever, O., Djukic, B., McCarthy, K. D., & Amzica, F. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2078-10.2010 · Cited by 235
Bonder, D. E., & McCarthy, K. D. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2591-14.2014 · Cited by 218
Takano, T., Han, X., Deane, R., Zloković, B. V., & Nedergaard, M. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1379.004 · Cited by 174
Calcium signaling and gliotransmission in normal vs. reactive astrocytes
Agulhon, C., Sun, M.-Y., Murphy, T., Myers, T., Lauderdale, K., & Fiacco, T. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00139 · Cited by 167
Mutant Huntingtin in Glial Cells Exacerbates Neurological Symptoms of Huntington Disease Mice
Bradford, J. W., Shin, J., Redd, M. A., Wang, C.-E., Sheng, G., Li, S., & Li, X. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.083287 · Cited by 164
Glial calcium and diseases of the nervous system
Nedergaard, M., Rodriguez, J. J., & Verkhratsky, A. (2010) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2009.11.010 · Cited by 163
Corticostriatal synaptic adaptations in Huntington's disease
Plotkin, J. L., & Surmeier, D. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.020 · Cited by 130
Photothrombosis ischemia stimulates a sustained astrocytic Ca 2+ signaling in vivo
Ding, S., Wang, T., Cui, W., & Haydon, P. G. (2008) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20804 · Cited by 128
Spontaneous Voltage Oscillations in Striatal Projection Neurons in a Rat Corticostriatal Slice
Vergara, R. O., Rick, C., Hernández‐López, S., Laville, J. A., Guzmán, J. N., Galarraga, E., Surmeier, D. J., & Bargas, J. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050799 · Cited by 125
Tao, F., Liaw, W., Zhang, B., Yaster, M., Rothstein, J. D., Johns, R. A., & Tao, Y.-X. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.11.026 · Cited by 109
Schiefer, J., Sprünken, A., Puls, C., Lüesse, H., Milkereit, A., Milkereit, E., Johann, V., & Kosinski, C. M. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.005 · Cited by 107
Kaiser, M., Maletzki, I., Hülsmann, S., Holtmann, B., Schulz‐Schaeffer, W., Kirchhoff, F., Bähr, M., & Neusch, C. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04131.x · Cited by 105
The Neuroglial Potassium Cycle during Neurotransmission: Role of Kir4.1 Channels
Sibille, J., Duc, K. D., Holcman, D., & Rouach, N. (2015) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004137 · Cited by 105
Tonic Local Brain Blood Flow Control by Astrocytes Independent of Phasic Neurovascular Coupling
Rosenegger, D. G., Tran, C. H. T., Cusulin, J. I. W., & Gordon, G. R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1780-15.2015 · Cited by 101
Magaña, J. J., Velázquez‐Pérez, L., & Cisneros, B. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8348-8 · Cited by 97
Genetic Mouse Models of Huntington’s Disease: Focus on Electrophysiological Mechanisms
Cepeda, C., Cummings, D. M., André, V., Holley, S. M., & Levine, M. S. (2010) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20090058 · Cited by 92
Lee, W., Reyes, R. C., Gottipati, M. K., Lewis, K. C., Lesort, M. J., Parpura, V., & Gray, M. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.002 · Cited by 80
Electrophysiological properties and gap junction coupling of striatal astrocytes.
Adermark, L., & Lovinger, D. (2008) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2008.02.006 · Cited by 54
Härtel, K., Singaravelu, K., Kaiser, M., Neusch, C., Hülsmann, S., & Deitmer, J. W. (2007) · Cell Calcium · doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2006.12.004 · Cited by 47
Astrocytes conspire with neurons during progression of neurological disease
McGann, J. C., Lioy, D. T., & Mandel, G. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.03.009 · Cited by 43
Obara‐Michlewska, M., Ruszkiewicz, J. A., Zielińska, M., Verkhratsky, A., & Albrecht, J. (2014) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.006 · Cited by 39
Clinical Aspects of Huntington’s Disease
Ghosh, R., & Tabrizi, S. J. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2013_238 · Cited by 34
Schoots, O., Voskoglou, T., & Tol, H. H. M. V. (1997) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4495 · Cited by 33
Redell, J. B., & Tempel, B. L. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.35.22807 · Cited by 28
Jiang, R., Haustein, M. D., Sofroniew, M. V., & Khakh, B. S. (2014) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/51972 · Cited by 26
Self-citationPurification of Astrocytes from Transgenic Rodents by Fluorescence-Activated Cell SortingPreprint
Foo, L. C. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Protocols · doi:10.1101/pdb.prot074229 · Cited by 17
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions
Escartin, C., Galea, E., Lakatos, A., O’Callaghan, J. P., Petzold, G. C., Serrano-Pozo, A., Steinhäuser, C., Volterra, A., Carmignoto, G., Agarwal, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4 · Cited by 2,513
Self-citationChai, H., Diaz-Castro, B., Shigetomi, E., Monte, E., Octeau, J. C., Yu, X., Cohn, W., Rajendran, P. S., Vondriska, T. M., Whitelegge, J. P., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.029 · Cited by 769
Self-citationFunction and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases
Lee, H.-G., Wheeler, M. A., & Quintana, F. J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00390-x · Cited by 662
Molecular basis of astrocyte diversity and morphology across the CNS in health and disease
Endo, F., Kasai, A., Soto, J. S., Yu, X., Qu, Z., Hashimoto, H., Gradinaru, V., Kawaguchi, R., & Khakh, B. S. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adc9020 · Cited by 560
Self-citationFunctional roles of reactive astrocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Patani, R., Hardingham, G. E., & Liddelow, S. A. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00822-1 · Cited by 531
Metadata
- Authors
- Jiang, R., Diaz-Castro, B., Looger, L. L., & Khakh, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-03-23
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3453-3470
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4804005
- OpenAlex
- W2307837122
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 13.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- CHDI Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH104069, DP1MH104069)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS060677, R01NS060677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Huntington's disease, striatal astrocytes, astrocyte calcium signaling, glutamate signaling, corticostriatal circuits, Kir4.1, extracellular glutamate, genetically encoded calcium indicators
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Calcium, Corpus Striatum, Female, Huntington Disease, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Signal Transduction, Glutamic Acid, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
