The Mystery and Magic of Glia: A Perspective on Their Roles in Health and Disease
Open accessAbstract
In this perspective, I review recent evidence that glial cells are critical participants in every major aspect of brain development, function, and disease. Far more active than once thought, glial cells powerfully control synapse formation, function, and blood flow. They secrete many substances whose roles are not understood, and they are central players in CNS injury and disease. I argue that until the roles of nonneuronal cells are more fully understood and considered, neurobiology as a whole will progress only slowly.
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Glia constitute 50-90% of cells in the human brain and are highly specialized toward cell type-selective tasks.
“Glia are not only abundant (constituting 50–90% of the cells in the human brain), but are also highly specialized toward cell type-selective tasks, and therefore ideally suited for these analyses21.”
From Cell type- and brain region-resolved mouse brain proteome (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
Astrocytes enriched in the saccharin group show a homeostatic phenotype.
“While the astrocytes enriched in the saccharin group show a homeostatic phenotype (Barres, 2008), the phenotype of the astrocytes enriched in the CNO group is less clear.”
From Single-cell resolution analysis of the crosstalk between chemogenically activated astrocytes and microglia (2020) · cites this paper as Barres, 2008
Accumulation of tau in astrocytes alters astrocytic function, induces neuronal degeneration and promotes cell death through serial degenerative events such as BBB collapse and expression of low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins.
“Accumulation of tau in astrocytes alters astrocytic function, induces neuronal degeneration and promotes cell death through a serial degenerative events, such as boosting blood-brain barrier (BBB) collapse, and inducing expression of heat shock proteins with low molecular weight [228, 434, 436, 437].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [437]
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“While the astrocytes enriched in the saccharin group show a homeostatic phenotype (Barres, 2008), the phenotype of the astrocytes enriched in the CNO group is less clear.”
Background
- Authors
- Barres, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barres, Ben A.
- ORCID
- Barres, Ben A.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 430-440
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127621191
- Cited by
- 1,352
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 6.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- glial cells, glia, brain development, synaptogenesis, synaptic function, cerebral blood flow, central nervous system injury, neurodegenerative diseases, non-neuronal cells, neurobiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Central Nervous System, Humans, Myelin Sheath, Nervous System Diseases, Neuroglia, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Synapses, Calcium Signaling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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