Cited by 600Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Imaging Response Inhibition in a Stop-Signal Task: Neural Correlates Independent of Signal Monitoring and Post-Response Processing

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Ray Li, Chiang-shan, Huang, Cong, Constable, R. Todd, Sinha, Rajita·2006·The Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.3741-05.2006PMC PMC6674298

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Abstract

Execution of higher cortical functions requires inhibitory control to restrain habitual responses and meet changing task demands. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show the neural correlates of response inhibition during a stop-signal task. The task has a frequent "go" stimulus to set up a pre-potent response tendency and a less frequent "stop" signal for subjects to withhold their response. We contrasted brain activation between successful and failed inhibition for individual subjects and compared groups of subjects with short and long stop-signal reaction times. The two groups of subjects did not differ in their inhibition failure rates or the extent of signal monitoring, error monitoring, or task-associated frustration ratings. The results showed that short stop-signal reaction time or more efficient response inhibition was associated with greater activation in the superior medial and precentral frontal cortices. Moreover, activation of these inhibitory motor areas correlated negatively with stop-signal reaction time. These brain regions may represent the neural substrata of response inhibition independent of other cognitive and affective functions.

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Background
Asymmetric Modulation of Brain Connectivity by Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Healthy Individuals: A Single‐Blind, Randomized Sham‐Controlled Trial
Carther-Krone, T. A., McAllister, Z. A., Choi, E. H., Ryner, L. N., & Ko, J. H. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70218 · Cited by 4
Neural inhibition as implemented by an actor-critic model involves the human dorsal striatum and ventral tegmental area
Araújo, A. C., Duarte, I. C., Sousa, T., Oliveira, J. M., Pereira, A. T., Macedo, A., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56161-8 · Cited by 4
Aerobic fitness as a moderator of acute aerobic exercise effects on executive function
Dai, Y., Zhong, X., Gao, X.-Y., Huang, C., Leng, W.-W., Chen, H.-Z., & Jiang, C. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae141 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Cortical Contributions to Attentional Orienting and Response Cancellation in Action Stopping
Kemp, S. A., Salomoni, S. E., Bazin, P., Pash, L., George, R. J. S., & Hinder, M. R. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70397 · Cited by 4
Comparing the functional neuroanatomy of proactive and reactive control between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls
Kwashie, A. N. D., Ma, Y., Barch, D. M., Chafee, M. V., Ragland, J. D., Silverstein, S. M., Carter, C. S., Gold, J. M., & MacDonald, A. W. (2022) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-01036-6 · Cited by 4
Unlocking the musical brain: A proof-of-concept study on playing the piano in MRI scanner with naturalistic stimuli
Olszewska, A. M., Droździel, D., Gaca, M., Kulesza, A., Obrębski, W., Kowalewski, J., Widlarz, A., Marchewka, A., & Herman, A. M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17877 · Cited by 4
Classification of Cocaine Dependents from fMRI Data Using Cluster-Based Stratification and Deep Learning
dos Santos, J. D. S., Savii, R. M., Ide, J. S., Li, C. R., Quiles, M. G., & Basgalupp, M. P. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62392-4_22 · Cited by 4
“1 Data Acquisition and Pre-processing One-hundred and sixty-eight subjects were recruited from the New Haven area, and MRI data were collected while subjects performed the stop signal task (SST), a common task used to study inhibition control [17].”
Method
Progress in PET Imaging of the Norepinephrine Transporter System
Ding, Y. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53176-8_20 · Cited by 5
Success versus failure in cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence from neuroimaging studies on error processingPreprint
Cieslik, E. C., Ullsperger, M., Gell, M., Eickhoff, S., & Langner, R. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540136 · Cited by 13
“Importantly, if the same participants or a subsample of the same participants was used in several studies, only one of the studies was included (e.g. Ray Li et al., 2006a,b) to control for possible sample-specific effects.”
Modulation of premotor cortex excitability mitigates the behavioral and electrophysiological abnormalities in a Parkinson's disease mouse model
Choi, I. S., Kim, J., Choi, J. H., Kim, E.-M., Choi, J.-W., & Rah, J. (2025) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102761 · Cited by 3
Dynamical Change of Signal Complexity in the Brain During Inhibitory Control Processes
Huang, S.-L., Tseng, P. H., & Liang, W. (2015) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e17106834 · Cited by 3
Information fusion for cocaine dependence recognition using fMRI
Faria, F. A., Cappabianco, F. A. M., Li, C. R., & Ide, J. S. (2016) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr.2016.7899784 · Cited by 4
“Imaging data were collected while subjects performed a cognitive paradigm known as the stopsignal task [16], [15].”
MethodInfluential
Regional specificity of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects on spatial‐numerical associations: Comparison of four stimulation sites
Schroeder, P. A., Artemenko, C., Cipora, K., & Svaldi, J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24559 · Cited by 3
P14.7 Activation of inhibition: diminishing impulsive behavior by direct current stimulation over the inferior frontal gyrus
Jacobson, L., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60435-5 · Cited by 3
“As the delay increases, the probability of successful inhibition decreases as critical neuronal systems become committed to the go decision ( Li, Huang, Constable, & Sinha, 2006 ).,This is not to say that the rIFG is exclusively involved in response inhibition; it is part of a wider network of regions, for example, AC…”
Background
Effective Connectivity Changes among Brain Hierarchical Architecture of Pre-Supplementary Motor Area in Taxi Drivers
Wei, H., Wang, L., Peng, L., Li, C., Ma, T., & Hu, D. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app132011471 · Cited by 2
Abnormal Association Between Neural Activity and Genetic Expressions of Impulsivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
Jeon, S., Kang, J.-E., Hwang, J., Calhoun, V. D., & Lee, J. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.06.002 · Cited by 2
Hypo-connected pattern in Parkinson's disease with pure apathy: A dynamic functional connectivity perspective.
Zhi, Y., Chen, K.-D., You, Y.-P., Ji, Y., Cheng, W., Ji, W., Shi, G., Fang, X.-M., Wang, F., Chen, K.-F., et al. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.107008 · Cited by 2
额叶区域的经颅直流电刺激对抑制控制的影响
Zhou, J. A., & Xuan, B. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.01976 · Cited by 2
Stop! – The automatic tendency of action, inhibition and frontal activation in individuals with alcohol-use disorder in abstinence
Martínez-Maldonado, A., Rubio, G., Sión, A., Centeno, I. D., & Barba, R. J. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.013 · Cited by 2
Prescribing Psychotropics: Misuse, Abuse, Dependence, Withdrawal and Addiction
(2021) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88966-940-0 · Cited by 2
Relationships between Personality Traits and Brain Gray Matter Are Different in Risky and Non-risky Drivers
Mas‐Cuesta, L., Baltruschat, S., Cándido, A., & Catena, A. (2022) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2022/1775777 · Cited by 4
Neural Correlates of Psychopathic Traits in Schizophrenia: fMRI Study of Response Inhibition in Persistently Violent Patients
KRAKOWSKI, M. I., Hoptman, M. J., & Czobor, P. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad009 · Cited by 2
“22 The medial prefrontal regions, and particularly the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), play a prominent role in behavioral inhibition, 19,23 as does the middle PFC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).”
Background
Effect of Sertraline on Current-Source Distribution of the High Beta Frequency Band: Analysis of Electroencephalography under Audiovisual Erotic Stimuli in Healthy, Right-Handed Males
Lee, S. H., Hyun, J. S., & Kwon, O. (2010) · Korean journal of urology · doi:10.4111/kju.2010.51.8.550 · Cited by 2
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulation of Neurophysiological Functional Outcomes: Neurophysiological Principles and Rationale
Knotková, H., Nitsche, M. A., & Polanía, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95948-1_5 · Cited by 2
To Go or Not to Go: Exploring brain activation during response inhibition reading tasks
Craig, J., Ostevik, A. V., Westover, L., Hodgetts, W. E., & Cummine, J. (2019) · Spectrum · doi:10.29173/spectrum52 · Cited by 2
“One of the more commonly-used approaches to assess response inhibition is through the use of go/no-go or stop-signal tasks (Li et al., 2006).”
Method
Anxiety and personality
McNaughton, N., & Gray, J. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843313.003.0012 · Cited by 2
Predicting Arithmetic Performance from Age and Executive Function Skills
Molzhon, A. (2010) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/g5hj-gb29 · Cited by 2
Social Context and Drug Cues Modulate Inhibitory Control in Cocaine Addiction: involvement of the STN evidenced through Functional Magnetic Resonance ImagingPreprint
Terenzi, D., Simon, N., Gachomba, M. J. M., de Peretti, J.-L., Nazarian, B., Sein, J., Anton, J., Grandjean, D., Baunez, C., & Chaminade, T. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556336 · Cited by 2
“Actor-critic” dichotomous hyperactivation and hypoconnectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Araújo, A. C., Duarte, I. C., Sousa, T., Meneses, S., Pereira, A. T., Robbins, T. W., Macedo, A., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103729 · Cited by 1
Disentangling the neural underpinnings of response inhibition in disruptive behavior and co-occurring ADHD
Saracaydin, G., van Rooij, D., Deters, R. K., Messchendorp, M., Naaijen, J., Penzol, M. J., Rosa, M., Aggensteiner, P.-M., Baumeister, S., Holz, N. E., et al. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02638-4 · Cited by 1
“Besides, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has long been recognized as being critical to response inhibition and attentional processing [64–66].”
Causal functional mediation analysis with an application to functional magnetic resonance imaging data
Zhao, Y., Luo, X., Sobel, M. E., Lindquist, M. A., & Caffo, B. S. (2024) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxaf019 · Cited by 1
Frontal and Parietal Activities Associated With Different Inhibitory Processes in a Stroop‐Matching/Stop‐Signal Task: A Channel‐Wise fNIRS Study
Afonso, A. D. S., Machado‐Pinheiro, W., & Carreiro, L. R. R. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70098 · Cited by 2
“Since previous studies indicated that stop-signal trials activate specific brain regions depending on the success of motor inhibition (Li et al. 2006), future studies should investigate this further.”
Neural markers in excoriation disorder: Systematic review of neuroimaging evidence
Hodgdon, E. A., Sivils, C. A., Smith, J. E., Witherington, D. C., & Ciesielski, K. T. R. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112075 · Cited by 1
Disturbance on inhibitory control of reaching finger movement caused by transcranial magnetic stimulation
Hiwaki, O., Ishimaru, N., & Fukuda, H. (2011) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2011.5910629 · Cited by 1
“The previous studies with fMRI have identified inferior prefrontal cortex (IFC) [10-12] and anterior pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) [13,14] as the cortical sites of inhibitory motor control.”
Result
The Effects of Emotion on Behavioral Inhibitory Control of Two Different Subgroups of Restrained Eaters
袭, 玉. (2017) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2017.71016 · Cited by 1
Targeting Mechanisms of Typical Indications of Acupuncture
Liu, Z., Tang, Z., & Tian, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4914-9_3 · Cited by 1
Neuronale Korrelate von Frustration und Impulsivität
Pawliczek, C. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25476-5_16 · Cited by 1
The Study of Behavioral Inhibitory Control and Its Neuromechanism in Emotional Context
任, 子. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.92027 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Emotion on Inhibition Control: An ERP Study
Zhu, Z., Ma, X., & Tao, Y. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Educational Informatization (CSEI) · doi:10.1109/csei50228.2020.9142477 · Cited by 1
“For example, Some researchers have found that the medial superior frontal cortex and central anterior frontal cortex is the main neural basis for inhibition control [8], the anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex also play an important role in the inhibition control [9].”
Background
Response Inhibition
Mochizuki, K., & Funahashi, S. (2016) · Innovations in cognitive neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3846-5_7 · Cited by 1

Authors: Ray Li, C.-S., Huang, C., Constable, R. T., & Sinha, R.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
ORCID: Huang, Cong
Constable, R. Todd
Sinha, Rajita
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Published: 2006-01-04
Volume: 26
Issue: 1
Pages: 186-192
ISSN: 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
1529-2401
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3741-05.2006
PMC: PMC6674298
OpenAlex: W2124906793
Cited by: 600
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 11.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ (vor, 181 d)
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Yale University
National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K02 DA17232, P50DA016556, K02DA017232, K12DA014038, K12-DA-14038, P50-DA16556)
Office of Research on Women's Health
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: response inhibition, stop-signal task, inhibitory control, stop-signal reaction time, error monitoring, signal monitoring, frustration, neural correlates of inhibition
MeSH terms: Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Monitoring, Physiologic, Neural Pathways, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Regression Analysis

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Imaging Response Inhibition in a Stop-Signal Task: Neural Correlates Independent of Signal Monitoring and Post-Response Processing

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