CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 155Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchIon channel regulation and functionIon Channels and Receptors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Parvalbumin Is a Mobile Presynaptic Ca2+Buffer in the Calyx of Held that Accelerates the Decay of Ca2+and Short-Term Facilitation

Open access
Müller, Martin, Felmy, Felix, Schwaller, Beat, Schneggenburger, Ralf·2007·The Journal of Neuroscience
DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.5582-06.2007PMC PMC6673482
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Presynaptic Ca 2+signaling plays a crucial role in short-term plasticity of synaptic transmission. Here, we studied the role of mobile endogenous presynaptic Ca 2+buffer(s) in modulating paired-pulse facilitation at a large excitatory nerve terminal in the auditory brainstem, the calyx of Held. To do so, we assessed the effect of presynaptic whole-cell recording, which should lead to the diffusional loss of endogenous mobile Ca 2+buffers, on paired-pulse facilitation and on intracellular Ca 2+concentration ([Ca 2+]i) transients evoked by action potentials. In unperturbed calyces briefly preloaded with the Ca 2+indicator fura-6F, the [Ca 2+]i transient decayed surprisingly fast (τ fast, ∼30 ms). Presynaptic whole-cell recordings made without additional Ca 2+buffers slowed the decay kinetics of [Ca 2+]i and paired-pulse facilitation (twofold to threefold), but the amplitude of the [Ca 2+]i transient was changed only marginally. The fast [Ca 2+]i decay was restored by adding the slow Ca 2+buffer EGTA (50–100 μ m) or parvalbumin (100 μ m), a Ca 2+-binding protein with slow Ca 2+-binding kinetics, to the presynaptic pipette solution. In contrast, the fast Ca 2+buffer fura-2 strongly reduced the amplitude of the [Ca 2+]i transient and slowed its decay, suggesting that the mobile endogenous buffer in calyces of Held has slow, rather than fast, binding kinetics. In parvalbumin knock-out mice, the decay of [Ca 2+]i and facilitation was slowed approximately twofold compared with wild-type mice, similar to what is observed during whole-cell recordings in rat calyces of Held. Thus, in young calyces of Held, a mobile Ca 2+buffer with slow binding kinetics, primarily represented by parvalbumin, accelerates the decay of spatially averaged [Ca 2+]i and paired-pulse facilitation.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1523/jneurosci.5582-06.2007

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure1 Rapid decay of AP-induced [Ca 2 + ] i transients in unperturbed calyces of Held. A , Fluorescence image showing a calyx of Held that was preloaded with 80 -100 𝛍 M fura-6F during a brief ( ∼ 30 s) whole-cell recording (left image taken at 1 × 1 pixel binning; right image taken at 8 × 15 binning). Scale bar, 10 𝛍 m. B , Fluorescence signals (top gray traces) of the six superpixels marked in A (black dots in right image) and the resulting average fluorescence signal (superimposed black trace) during a single 100 Hz train of 10 stimuli. The bottom black trace represents the background-corrected average fluorescence signal. The F 355 values (gray circles) measured before and after the stimulation were linearly interpolated (black dotted line) and used to calculate the fluorescence ratio (see Materials and Methods). C , Average [Ca 2 + ] i transients elicited by single APs (average of n = 32traces; C1 ) or by 10 APs at 100 Hz (average of n = 4; C2 ) in a calyx preloaded with fura-6F. The decays of both [Ca 2 + ] i transients were fitted with double exponentials (red traces). D , Average [Ca 2 + ] i transients evoked by single APs ( D1 ) and by 10 APs at 100 Hz ( D2 ), as assessed during a continuous whole-cell recording with 100 𝛍 Mfura-6F of the same terminal as shown in A-C . For comparison, the corresponding [Ca 2 + ] i transients obtained after preloading ( C ) are shown as dotted traces. The insets depict presynaptic APs measured in response to single stimuli and 100 Hz trains. Data in A-D are from the same cell. E , Fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ; left) and mean amplitudes (right) of single AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transients recorded in n = 5rat calyces after preloading (open bar) andafterrepatching(graybar).Notethesignificant slowing after repatching ( p = 0.009). F , Fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ; left) and amplitudes ([Ca 2 + ] i ; right) of [Ca 2 + ] i transients in response to the 100 Hz trains.
Figure1 Rapid decay of AP-induced [Ca 2 + ] i transients in unperturbed calyces of Held. A , Fluorescence image showing a calyx of Held that was preloaded with 80 -100 𝛍 M fura-6F during a brief ( ∼ 30 s) whole-cell recording (left image taken at 1 × 1 pixel binning; right image taken at 8 × 15 binning). Scale bar, 10 𝛍 m. B , Fluorescence signals (top gray traces) of the six superpixels marked in A (black dots in right image) and the resulting average fluorescence signal (superimposed black trace) during a single 100 Hz train of 10 stimuli. The bottom black trace represents the background-corrected average fluorescence signal. The F 355 values (gray circles) measured before and after the stimulation were linearly interpolated (black dotted line) and used to calculate the fluorescence ratio (see Materials and Methods). C , Average [Ca 2 + ] i transients elicited by single APs (average of n = 32traces; C1 ) or by 10 APs at 100 Hz (average of n = 4; C2 ) in a calyx preloaded with fura-6F. The decays of both [Ca 2 + ] i transients were fitted with double exponentials (red traces). D , Average [Ca 2 + ] i transients evoked by single APs ( D1 ) and by 10 APs at 100 Hz ( D2 ), as assessed during a continuous whole-cell recording with 100 𝛍 Mfura-6F of the same terminal as shown in A-C . For comparison, the corresponding [Ca 2 + ] i transients obtained after preloading ( C ) are shown as dotted traces. The insets depict presynaptic APs measured in response to single stimuli and 100 Hz trains. Data in A-D are from the same cell. E , Fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ; left) and mean amplitudes (right) of single AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transients recorded in n = 5rat calyces after preloading (open bar) andafterrepatching(graybar).Notethesignificant slowing after repatching ( p = 0.009). F , Fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ; left) and amplitudes ([Ca 2 + ] i ; right) of [Ca 2 + ] i transients in response to the 100 Hz trains.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 2 TheslowCa 2 + buffers EGTA and parvalbumin restore the fast decay of AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transients. A , AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 21sweeps)during presynaptic whole-cell recording of a calyx of Held with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F in the pipette solution. B , A [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 32) from another calyx, recorded with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 100 𝛍 M EGTA in the pipette solution. C , Example of a [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 18) measuredinaratcalyxwith100 𝛍 Mfura-6F and 100 𝛍 Mparvalbuminaddedtothepresynaptic pipette solution. Note that the [Ca 2 + ] i transients decay more rapidly in the presence of EGTA ( B ) and parvalbumin ( C ) compared with the no-added buffer condition ( A ). D , Example of a [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 10 sweeps) recorded with 50 𝛍 M fura-2. Note the small amplitude and the slow decay of [Ca 2 + ] i . In A-D , red lines are double-exponential ( A-C ) or single-exponential ( D ) fits of the [Ca 2 + ] i decay. E , Average fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ) of AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transients of calyces of Held recorded with 100 𝛍 Mfura-6F (open bars; n = 4 cells), 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 100 𝛍 M EGTA (gray bars; n = 4 cells), 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 50 𝛍 M parvalbumin (open red bar; n = 3 cells), 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 100 𝛍 M parvalbumin (filled red bar; n = 4), or 50 𝛍 M fura-2 (blue bar; n = 5). The fura-2 data, which have an order of magnitude slower [Ca 2 + ] i decay, are plotted on the right y -axis. Note that 100 𝛍 M parvalbumin restored the rapid [Ca 2 + ] i decay observed in unperturbed calyces of Held (Fig. 1 E ) ( p = 0.4). F , Mean [Ca 2 + ] i amplitudes measured under the various Ca 2 + buffer conditions. The black and gray dotted lines in E and F represent the average ± SD of the corresponding values obtained in measurements of unperturbed calyces of Held (Fig. 1 E ).
Figure 2 TheslowCa 2 + buffers EGTA and parvalbumin restore the fast decay of AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transients. A , AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 21sweeps)during presynaptic whole-cell recording of a calyx of Held with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F in the pipette solution. B , A [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 32) from another calyx, recorded with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 100 𝛍 M EGTA in the pipette solution. C , Example of a [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 18) measuredinaratcalyxwith100 𝛍 Mfura-6F and 100 𝛍 Mparvalbuminaddedtothepresynaptic pipette solution. Note that the [Ca 2 + ] i transients decay more rapidly in the presence of EGTA ( B ) and parvalbumin ( C ) compared with the no-added buffer condition ( A ). D , Example of a [Ca 2 + ] i transient (average of n = 10 sweeps) recorded with 50 𝛍 M fura-2. Note the small amplitude and the slow decay of [Ca 2 + ] i . In A-D , red lines are double-exponential ( A-C ) or single-exponential ( D ) fits of the [Ca 2 + ] i decay. E , Average fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ) of AP-evoked [Ca 2 + ] i transients of calyces of Held recorded with 100 𝛍 Mfura-6F (open bars; n = 4 cells), 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 100 𝛍 M EGTA (gray bars; n = 4 cells), 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 50 𝛍 M parvalbumin (open red bar; n = 3 cells), 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 100 𝛍 M parvalbumin (filled red bar; n = 4), or 50 𝛍 M fura-2 (blue bar; n = 5). The fura-2 data, which have an order of magnitude slower [Ca 2 + ] i decay, are plotted on the right y -axis. Note that 100 𝛍 M parvalbumin restored the rapid [Ca 2 + ] i decay observed in unperturbed calyces of Held (Fig. 1 E ) ( p = 0.4). F , Mean [Ca 2 + ] i amplitudes measured under the various Ca 2 + buffer conditions. The black and gray dotted lines in E and F represent the average ± SD of the corresponding values obtained in measurements of unperturbed calyces of Held (Fig. 1 E ).CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Image 3
CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 4 Theinfluence of presynaptically added Ca 2 + buffers on paired-pulse facilitation and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i transients. A1 , Examples of presynaptic whole-cell calcium currents ( I Ca ) and EPSCs in response to paired voltage-clamp pulses of three different interstimulus intervals ( 𝚫 t ). A2 , Paired-pulse facilitation (mean ± SEM) of the recording shown in A1 . The data were fitted with an exponential function, with time constant 𝛕 = 93 ms. B , Paired-pulse facilitation in another cell pair, in which 100 𝛍 M EGTA was added to the presynaptic intracellular solution. Note the accelerated decay of facilitation. C , Mean facilitation (top) and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i (bottom) measured with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F added to the presynaptic pipette solution. D , Facilitation and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i transient in a cell pair recorded with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 75 𝛍 M EGTA in the presynaptic pipette solution. E , Facilitation and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i of a cell pair recorded with 50 𝛍 Mfura-2inthepresynapticpipettesolution. In A2-E , red lines are single- or double-exponential fits, with the time constants ( 𝛕 ) or fast time constants in the case of double-exponential fits ( 𝛕 fast ) as indicated. F , Average decay time constants of facilitation recorded under the various conditions of presynaptically added Ca 2 + buffer. Note the significant speeding of the decay of facilitation to ∼ 30 ms induced by 100 𝛍 M EGTA ( p = 0.029) or by 75 𝛍 M EGTA and 100 𝛍 M fura-6F ( p = 0.005). G , Average fast decay time constants of [Ca 2 + ] i transients recorded with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F without addedbuffer(redopenbar; n = 4cells) and with 75 𝛍 MEGTA( n = 9; red bar). The blue bar (right ordinate) shows the average decay time constant of [Ca 2 + ] i (monoexponential fit) measured with 50 𝛍 M fura-2 ( n = 3). EGTA (75 𝛍 M) significantly ( p = 0.0005) accelerated the decay of [Ca 2 + ] i compared with the no-added buffer condition (arrowhead). H , Amplitude of facilitation under the different conditions of presynaptically added Ca 2 + buffers. Note the significant decrease in facilitation in the presynaptic presence of 50 𝛍 M fura-2 (blue bar).
Figure 4 Theinfluence of presynaptically added Ca 2 + buffers on paired-pulse facilitation and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i transients. A1 , Examples of presynaptic whole-cell calcium currents ( I Ca ) and EPSCs in response to paired voltage-clamp pulses of three different interstimulus intervals ( 𝚫 t ). A2 , Paired-pulse facilitation (mean ± SEM) of the recording shown in A1 . The data were fitted with an exponential function, with time constant 𝛕 = 93 ms. B , Paired-pulse facilitation in another cell pair, in which 100 𝛍 M EGTA was added to the presynaptic intracellular solution. Note the accelerated decay of facilitation. C , Mean facilitation (top) and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i (bottom) measured with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F added to the presynaptic pipette solution. D , Facilitation and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i transient in a cell pair recorded with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F and 75 𝛍 M EGTA in the presynaptic pipette solution. E , Facilitation and presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i of a cell pair recorded with 50 𝛍 Mfura-2inthepresynapticpipettesolution. In A2-E , red lines are single- or double-exponential fits, with the time constants ( 𝛕 ) or fast time constants in the case of double-exponential fits ( 𝛕 fast ) as indicated. F , Average decay time constants of facilitation recorded under the various conditions of presynaptically added Ca 2 + buffer. Note the significant speeding of the decay of facilitation to ∼ 30 ms induced by 100 𝛍 M EGTA ( p = 0.029) or by 75 𝛍 M EGTA and 100 𝛍 M fura-6F ( p = 0.005). G , Average fast decay time constants of [Ca 2 + ] i transients recorded with 100 𝛍 M fura-6F without addedbuffer(redopenbar; n = 4cells) and with 75 𝛍 MEGTA( n = 9; red bar). The blue bar (right ordinate) shows the average decay time constant of [Ca 2 + ] i (monoexponential fit) measured with 50 𝛍 M fura-2 ( n = 3). EGTA (75 𝛍 M) significantly ( p = 0.0005) accelerated the decay of [Ca 2 + ] i compared with the no-added buffer condition (arrowhead). H , Amplitude of facilitation under the different conditions of presynaptically added Ca 2 + buffers. Note the significant decrease in facilitation in the presynaptic presence of 50 𝛍 M fura-2 (blue bar).CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 5 AP-induced presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i transients decay slowly in parvalbumin knockout mice. A , B , Example of [Ca 2 + ] i transients in a calyx of Held from a PV -/ -mouse ( A ) and from a wild-type (wt) mouse ( B ). The decay of the [Ca 2 + ] i transients were fitted with doubleexponential functions (gray traces). C , D , Average fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ; C ) and average amplitudes ([Ca 2 + ] i ; D ) of [Ca 2 + ] i transients elicited by single APs in PV -/ -(gray bars; n = 11cells) and in wild-type (white bars; n = 7cells) cells. Note the significant slowing ( p = 0.0005) of the [Ca 2 + ] i transients in PV -/ -mice, whereas the [Ca 2 + ] i amplitudes were not significantly different ( p = 0.42).
Figure 5 AP-induced presynaptic [Ca 2 + ] i transients decay slowly in parvalbumin knockout mice. A , B , Example of [Ca 2 + ] i transients in a calyx of Held from a PV -/ -mouse ( A ) and from a wild-type (wt) mouse ( B ). The decay of the [Ca 2 + ] i transients were fitted with doubleexponential functions (gray traces). C , D , Average fast decay time constants ( 𝛕 fast ; C ) and average amplitudes ([Ca 2 + ] i ; D ) of [Ca 2 + ] i transients elicited by single APs in PV -/ -(gray bars; n = 11cells) and in wild-type (white bars; n = 7cells) cells. Note the significant slowing ( p = 0.0005) of the [Ca 2 + ] i transients in PV -/ -mice, whereas the [Ca 2 + ] i amplitudes were not significantly different ( p = 0.42).CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 6 Paired-pulse facilitation decays slowly at the calyx of Held of parvalbumin knock-out mice. A1 , Representative EPSCs in response to pulse pairs at three different interstimulus intervals ( 𝚫 t ) in a PV -/ -cell, recorded at 0.6 mM extracellular [Ca 2 + ]. A2 , Mean facilitation as a function of the interstimulus interval of the PV -/ -cell shown in A1 ( n = 15 repetitions). The data were fitted by an exponential function, with a time constant of 77 ms. B , Paired-pulse facilitation in a cell from a wild-type (wt) mouse ( n = 17 repetitions). Note the fast decay of paired-pulse facilitation, with a time constant of 17 ms in this cell. C , Average decay time constants of paired-pulse facilitation obtained in n = 8 cells from PV -/ -mice (gray bar), and in n = 7 cells from wild-type mice (white bar). Note the significantly ( p = 0.039) slower decay of paired-pulse facilitation in PV -/ -mice. D , The amplitude of paired-pulse facilitation was unchanged between wild-type mice (open bar; n = 7 cells) and PV -/ -mice (gray bar; n = 8 cells; p = 0.96).
Figure 6 Paired-pulse facilitation decays slowly at the calyx of Held of parvalbumin knock-out mice. A1 , Representative EPSCs in response to pulse pairs at three different interstimulus intervals ( 𝚫 t ) in a PV -/ -cell, recorded at 0.6 mM extracellular [Ca 2 + ]. A2 , Mean facilitation as a function of the interstimulus interval of the PV -/ -cell shown in A1 ( n = 15 repetitions). The data were fitted by an exponential function, with a time constant of 77 ms. B , Paired-pulse facilitation in a cell from a wild-type (wt) mouse ( n = 17 repetitions). Note the fast decay of paired-pulse facilitation, with a time constant of 17 ms in this cell. C , Average decay time constants of paired-pulse facilitation obtained in n = 8 cells from PV -/ -mice (gray bar), and in n = 7 cells from wild-type mice (white bar). Note the significantly ( p = 0.039) slower decay of paired-pulse facilitation in PV -/ -mice. D , The amplitude of paired-pulse facilitation was unchanged between wild-type mice (open bar; n = 7 cells) and PV -/ -mice (gray bar; n = 8 cells; p = 0.96).CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 7 Amodified single-compartment model of Ca 2 + signaling at the calyx of Held. An AP-evoked, spatially averaged [Ca 2 + ] i transient was simulated either in the absence of a slow Ca 2 + buffer (gray trace) or in the presence of 50 𝛍 M parvalbumin (PV). See Materials and Methods for the parameters used in the simulation. The inset shows the simulated [Ca 2 + ] i traces at increased time resolution. The simulated [Ca 2 + ] i transient in the absence of parvalbumin(graytraces)waswellfittedbyasingle-exponentialfunction,withtimeconstant 𝛕 = 78 ms.Inthepresenceof50 𝛍 Mparvalbumin, the initial decay of [Ca 2 + ] i wasaccelerated, and the decay of [Ca 2 + ] i was now best fit by a double-exponential function, with fast and slow time constants of 31 and 1310 ms, respectively. Note that the combination of a low endogenous Ca 2 + buffer capacity ( 𝛋 s = 40), a fast Ca 2 + extrusion rate ( 𝛄 = 500 s -1 ), and the presence of a Ca 2 + buffer with slow binding kinetics result in an extremely fast initial decay of spatially averaged [Ca 2 + ] i .
Figure 7 Amodified single-compartment model of Ca 2 + signaling at the calyx of Held. An AP-evoked, spatially averaged [Ca 2 + ] i transient was simulated either in the absence of a slow Ca 2 + buffer (gray trace) or in the presence of 50 𝛍 M parvalbumin (PV). See Materials and Methods for the parameters used in the simulation. The inset shows the simulated [Ca 2 + ] i traces at increased time resolution. The simulated [Ca 2 + ] i transient in the absence of parvalbumin(graytraces)waswellfittedbyasingle-exponentialfunction,withtimeconstant 𝛕 = 78 ms.Inthepresenceof50 𝛍 Mparvalbumin, the initial decay of [Ca 2 + ] i wasaccelerated, and the decay of [Ca 2 + ] i was now best fit by a double-exponential function, with fast and slow time constants of 31 and 1310 ms, respectively. Note that the combination of a low endogenous Ca 2 + buffer capacity ( 𝛋 s = 40), a fast Ca 2 + extrusion rate ( 𝛄 = 500 s -1 ), and the presence of a Ca 2 + buffer with slow binding kinetics result in an extremely fast initial decay of spatially averaged [Ca 2 + ] i .CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 46 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Müller, M., Felmy, F., Schwaller, B., & Schneggenburger, R.
Affiliations
  • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
  • University of Fribourg (CH)
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher
Society for Neuroscience
Published
2007-02-28
Volume
27
Issue
9
Pages
2261-2271
ISSN
  • 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-2401
DOI
10.1523/jneurosci.5582-06.2007
PMC
PMC6673482
OpenAlex
W1975952480
Cited by
155
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
FWCI
5.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TP B1)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (100400, 3100A0)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion channel regulation and function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
Keywords
parvalbumin, calyx of Held, paired-pulse facilitation, short-term plasticity, calcium transients, fura-2, EGTA, auditory brainstem, excitatory synapses
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain Stem, Calcium, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Synaptic Transmission, Neuronal Plasticity, Parvalbumins, Rats, Wistar, Receptors, Presynaptic, Mice, Knockout, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Mice, Rats, In Vitro Techniques

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review