Cited by 958Archaeological and Geological StudiesLanguage and cultural evolutionAnthropological Studies and Insights

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Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies

Crumley, Carole L.·1995·Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association

DOI 10.1525/ap3a.1995.6.1.1

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Abstract

Archeologists' dissatisfaction with Service's band‐tribe‐chiefdom‐state model of sociocultural complexity has resulted in the epistemological reexamination of hierarchy, the exploration of heterarchy, and the historical and contextual flux between them. This calculus of power relations within and between polities aids understanding of how power shifts occur and under what conditions various power distributions constitute stable and unstable configurations. Power relations, while predicated on systems of values, leave physical evidence when their importance is ranked and reranked by individuals, groups, and organizations as conditions change. The hierarchy‐heterarchy relation offers a new approach to the study of agency, conflict, and cooperation.

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Authors: Crumley, C. L.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Crumley, Carole L.
ORCID: Crumley, Carole L.
Venue: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1995-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-5
ISSN: 1551-823X (ISSN-L)
1551-8248
DOI: 10.1525/ap3a.1995.6.1.1
OpenAlex: W2016682655
Cited by: 958
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 65.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4927 d)
Locations: Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Anthropological Studies and Insights
Keywords: heterarchy, hierarchy, sociocultural complexity, power relations, polity, power distribution, agency, conflict, cooperation, epistemology of archaeology

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies

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