Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies

The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution

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The origins of order; self organization and selection in evolution

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The Savage Mind.

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A hierarchical concept of ecosystems

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The Savage Mind

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A hierarchical concept of ecosystems

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Artificial Life II

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Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-political Change

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Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems

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Secondary burial cemeteries, visibility and land tenure: A view from the southern Levant Chalcolithic period

Winter-Livneh, R., Svoray, T., & Gilead, I. (2012) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.002 · Cited by 26

VARIABILIDAD INTERNA EN EL ALFARERO TEMPRANO DEL CENTRO-SUR DE CHILE: EL COMPLEJO PITRÉN EN EL VALLE CENTRAL DEL CAUTÍN Y EL SECTOR LACUSTRE ANDINO

Adán, L., & Moreno, R. M. (2011) · Chungara · doi:10.4067/s0717-73562011000100001 · Cited by 26

Seeking stakeholder consensus within Ireland's conflicted salmon aquaculture space

Carr, L. M. (2018) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.022 · Cited by 26

Food, feasts, and the construction of identity and power in ancient Tiwanaku: A bioarchaeological perspective

Berryman, C. A. (2010) · Cited by 26

Socioeconomic Inequality and the Consumption of Chipped Stone at El Palmillo, Oaxaca, Mexico

Feinman, G. M., Nicholas, L. M., & Haines, H. R. (2006) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/25063045 · Cited by 25

Rain-fed agriculture thrived despite climate degradation in the pre-Hispanic arid Andes

Cruz, P. J., Winkel, T., Ledru, M., Bernard, C., Egan, N., Swingedouw, D., & Joffre, R. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701740 · Cited by 26

Coping with Complexity: Adaptive Governance in Desert Australia

Moran, M., & Elvin, R. (2009) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9240-y · Cited by 25

Trends and Patterns in Cultural Resource Significance: An Historical Perspective and Annotated Bibliography

Briuer, F. L., & Mathers, C. (1997) · doi:10.21236/ada353535 · Cited by 25

What Kind of Subject of Study is “The Ancient Maya”?

Joyce, R. A. (2005) · Reviews in Anthropology · doi:10.1080/00938150500321021 · Cited by 24

Merchants and Mercantile Society on Late Bronze Age Cyprus

Knapp, A. B., & Meyer, N. (2023) · American Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.1086/724597 · Cited by 24

Marxism, Tribal Society, and the Dual Nature of Archaeology

Saitta, D. J. (2005) · Rethinking Marxism · doi:10.1080/08935690500122206 · Cited by 24

Staying Egalitarian and the Origins of Agriculture in the Middle East

Hodder, I. (2022) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774322000063 · Cited by 24

Incorporating Multistaged Geophysical Data into Regional‐scale Models: a Case Study from an Adena Burial Mound in Central Kentucky

Henry, E. R., Laracuente, N. R., Case, J. S., & Johnson, J. K. (2014) · Archaeological Prospection · doi:10.1002/arp.1474 · Cited by 24

The Pathways of Politogenesis and Models of the Early State Formation

Grinin, L. E. (2009) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 24

Reconceptualizing Archaeological Perspectives on Long-Term Political Change

Feinman, G. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-060221-114205 · Cited by 23

Between hierarchy and heterarchy: Post-Arab uprisings’ civil–military relations and the Arab state

Santini, R. H., & Moro, F. N. (2017) · Mediterranean Politics · doi:10.1080/13629395.2017.1385170 · Cited by 23

The Sociopolitical Economy of an Ancient Maya Village: Cerén and its Sacbe

Sheets, P. D., Dixon, C. C., Lentz, D. L., Egan, R., Halmbacher, A., Slotten, V., Herrera, R. S., & Lamb, C. C. (2015) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.7183/1045-6635.26.3.341 · Cited by 23

The archaeology of the Ifugao agricultural terraces : antiquity and social organization

Acabado, S. B. (2010) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 23

Collective Imaginations and International Order: The Contemporary Context of the Chinese Tributary System

Spruyt, H. (2017) · Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies · doi:10.1353/jas.2017.0003 · Cited by 22

Agent-based modeling of ancient societies and their organization structure

Chliaoutakis, A., & Chalkiadakis, G. (2016) · Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems · doi:10.1007/s10458-016-9325-9 · Cited by 22

MAYA HETERARCHY AS INFERRED FROM CLASSIC-PERIOD PLAZA PLANS

Becker, M. J. (2004) · Ancient Mesoamerica · doi:10.1017/s0956536104151079 · Cited by 22

Gender, Complexity, and Power in Prehistory

Hutson, S. R., Hanks, B. K., & Pyburn, K. A. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118294291.ch2 · Cited by 22

Seals, Craft, and Community in Bronze Age Crete

Anderson, E. S. K. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316443071 · Cited by 21

Of Revenue Without Rulers: Public Goods in the Egalitarian Cities of the Indus Civilization

Green, A. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.823071 · Cited by 21

The Global Social Forum Rhizome: A Theoretical Framework

Funke, P. N. (2012) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2012.680727 · Cited by 21

1 Archaeologies of Political Ecology – Genealogies, Problems, and Orientations

Morehart, C. T., Millhauser, J. K., & Juarez, S. (2018) · Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association · doi:10.1111/apaa.12097 · Cited by 22

Transdisciplinarity as an Inference Technique to Achieve a Better Understanding in the Health and Environmental Sciences

Annerstedt, M. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7062692 · Cited by 21

Tale of two polities: Socio-political transformation on the gold coast in the Atlantic world

DeCorse, C. R., & Spiers, S. (2009) · Australasian historical archaeology · Cited by 21

Late Pre-Hispanic Chiefdoms of Highland Ecuador

Bray, T. L. (2008) · The Handbook of South American Archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_27 · Cited by 21

Beyond the Segmentary State: Creative and Instrumental Power in Western Uganda

Robertshaw, P. (2010) · Journal of World Prehistory · doi:10.1007/s10963-010-9039-x · Cited by 21

TOLLAN TEOTIHUACAN Multiethnic Mosaics, Corporate Interaction, and Social Complexity in Mesoamerica

Mendoza, R. G., & Lucido, J. A. (2017) · Studies in human ecology and adaptation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48402-0_13 · Cited by 20

Mortuary practices, gender ideology, and the Cherokee town at the Coweeta Creek site

Rodning, C. B. (2011) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.12.006 · Cited by 20

Variability in Eritrea and the Archaeology of the Northern Horn During the First Millennium BC: Subsistence, Ritual, and Gold Production

Schmidt, P. R. (2009) · African Archaeological Review · doi:10.1007/s10437-009-9061-5 · Cited by 20

Almacenamiento centralizado y comercio multicéntrico en México-Tenochtitlan

Morgado, R. R. (2014) · Relaciones Estudios de Historia y Sociedad · doi:10.24901/rehs.v35i138.121 · Cited by 19

Rate and process of societal change in semitropical settings: The ancient Maya and the living Balinese

Scarborough, V. L. (2007) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.037 · Cited by 19

Early ironworking in Iron Age South India: New evidence for the social organization of production from northern Karnataka

Johansen, P. (2014) · Journal of Field Archaeology · doi:10.1179/0093469014z.00000000086 · Cited by 19

Sinop Landscapes. Exploring Connection in a Black Sea Hinterland

Hind, J. (2006) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789047408871_029 · Cited by 19

Making Ancient Cities: New Perspectives on the Production of Urban Places

Fisher, K. D., & Creekmore, A. T. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107110274.002 · Cited by 19

Concepts of Scale

Padt, F. J. G., & Arts, B. J. M. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118567135.ch1 · Cited by 19

Episodic complexity and the emergence of a coastal kingdom: Climate, cooperation, and coercion in Southwest Florida

Marquardt, W. H., Walker, K. J., Thompson, V. D., Savarese, M., Thompson, A. D. R., & Newsom, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101364 · Cited by 18

Past, Present, and Future of Complex Systems Theory in Archaeology

Davis, D. S. (2023) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-023-09193-z · Cited by 18

The Governance and Leadership of Prehispanic Mesoamerican Polities: New Perspectives and Comparative Implications

Feinman, G. M. (2018) · Cliodynamics The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution · doi:10.21237/c7clio9239449 · Cited by 18

Crafting power: New perspectives on the political economy of southern Africa, AD 900–1300

Moffett, A. J., Hall, S., & Chirikure, S. (2020) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101180 · Cited by 18

Biological and Material Cultural Evolution: Are There any True Parallels?

Eldredge, N. (2000) · Perspectives in ethology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1221-9_5 · Cited by 18

Social Variation and Dynamics in Metal Age and Protohistoric Central Thailand: A Regional Perspective

Eyre, C. O. (2010) · Asian perspectives · doi:10.1353/asi.2010.0005 · Cited by 18

Centripetal settlement and segmentary social formation of the Banpo tradition

Lee, Y. K. (2007) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2007.03.001 · Cited by 19

Advancing Theory? Landscape Archaeology and Geographical Information Systems

Hu, D. (2012) · Papers from the Institute of Archaeology · doi:10.5334/pia.381 · Cited by 21

The Heterarchic Structure of Twenty-First-Century International Governance

Donnelly, J. (2016) · The Korean Journal of International Studies · doi:10.14731/kjis.2016.4.14.1.1 · Cited by 18

FLORESTAS ANTRÓPICAS NO ACRE: INVENTÁRIO FLORESTAL NO GEOGLIFO TRÊS VERTENTES, ACRELÂNDIA

Balée, W., Schaan, D. P., Whitaker, J. A., & Holanda, R. (2014) · Amazônica - Revista de Antropologia · doi:10.18542/amazonica.v6i1.1752 · Cited by 18

Complex Chiefdom: Precursor of the State or Its Analogue?

Grinin, L. E. (2011) · Cited by 17

Ethnoexodus: Escaping Mayaland

Cocom, J. C., Rodriguez, T., & Ashenbrener, M. (2017) · University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.5876/9781607325673.c003 · Cited by 17

Anarchy, institutional flexibility, and containment of authority at Poverty Point (USA)

Sanger, M. C. (2022) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2023.2169339 · Cited by 17

The heterarchical life and spatial analyses of the historical Buddhist temples in the Chiang Saen Basin, Northern Thailand

Moonkham, P., Srinurak, N., & Duff, A. I. (2023) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2023.101506 · Cited by 17

Loose Coupling: An Invisible Thread in the History of Technology

Mämmelä, A., Riekki, J. P., & Kiviranta, M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3284685 · Cited by 17

Control strategies and polity competition in the lower Yi-Luo Valley, North China

Lee, Y. K. (2004) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.01.002 · Cited by 17

Heterarchy and Hierarchy Among the Ancient Mongolian Nomads

Kradin, N. N. (2017) · Eliot Werner Publications eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvqc6hq0.9 · Cited by 17

The Relative Concentration of Interaction—A Proposal for an Integrated Understanding of Centrality and Central Places

Knitter, D., & Nakoinz, O. (2018) · Land · doi:10.3390/land7030086 · Cited by 17

Arqueologia Jê do Sul do Brasil: ambiente, sistema, poder e experiência na paisagem de Urubici, Santa Satarina

Corteletti, R., & DeBlasis, P. (2018) · Revista Memorare · doi:10.19177/memorare.v5e22018132-164 · Cited by 16

Debt and inequality: Comparing the “means of specification” in the early cities of Mesopotamia and the Indus civilization

Green, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101232 · Cited by 20

Early State Theory and the Evolution of Pastoral Nomads

Kradin, N. N. (2008) · Cited by 16

Playing against complexity: Board games as social strategy in Bronze Age Cyprus

Crist, W. (2019) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101078 · Cited by 17

Social Complexity and the Middle Preclassic Lowland Maya

Pugh, T. W. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-021-09168-y · Cited by 16

How Do Archaeologists Compare Early States?

Smith, M. E. (2006) · Reviews in Anthropology · doi:10.1080/00938150500535497 · Cited by 16

Social Complexity as a Multi-Scalar Concept: Pottery Technologies, ‘Communities of Practice’ and the Bell Beaker Phenomenon

Kohring, S. (2011) · Norwegian Archaeological Review · doi:10.1080/00293652.2011.629811 · Cited by 16

What Is a (Global) Polity?

Corry, O. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137313652_5 · Cited by 16

Modeling the Pre-Industrial Roots of Modern Super-Exponential Population Growth

Stutz, A. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105291 · Cited by 16

Origins and evolution of chiefdoms

Beliaev, D. D., Bondarenko, D. M., & Korotayev, A. (2001) · Reviews in Anthropology · doi:10.1080/00988157.2001.9978293 · Cited by 16

Heterarchy

Crumley, C. L. (2015) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0158 · Cited by 16

Societies against the Chief? Re-Examining the Value of “Heterarchy” as a Concept for Studying European Iron Age Societies

Moore, T., & González-Álvarez, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009042826.007 · Cited by 15

An Architectural Perspective on Social Change and Ideology in Early Mycenaean Greece

Pantou, P. A. (2014) · American Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.3764/aja.118.3.0369 · Cited by 15

Airborne LiDAR prospection at Lovea, an Iron Age moated settlement in central Cambodia

O’Reilly, D. J. W., Evans, D. H., & Shewan, L. G. (2017) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.69 · Cited by 15

Historical and Dialectical Perspectives on the Archaeology of Complexity in the Siin-Saalum (Senegal): Back to the Future?

Richard, F. G. (2009) · African Archaeological Review · doi:10.1007/s10437-009-9050-8 · Cited by 17

Mycenaean Peripheries during the Palatial Age: The Case of Achaia

Arena, E. (2015) · Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens · doi:10.2972/hesperia.84.1.0001 · Cited by 15

Reassessing San Estevan's Role in the Late Formative Political Geography of Northern Belize

Rosenswig, R. M., & Kennett, D. J. (2008) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s1045663500007756 · Cited by 15

Exploring the Dynamics of Social-Ecological Systems: The Case of the Taos Valley Acequias

Cox, M. E. (2010) · Digital Library Of The Commons Repository (Indiana University) · Cited by 15

The Early State, the Polis and State Formation in Early Greece

van der Vliet, E. C. L. (2008) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 14

A Tri-Partite Framework of Forest Dynamics: Hierarchy, Panarchy, and Heterarchy in the Study of Secondary Growth

Perz, S. G., & Zambrano, A. M. A. (2009) · Landscape series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9656-3_4 · Cited by 14

Dual-tier approach to societal evolution and types

Neitzel, J. E., & Earle, T. (2014) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2014.09.012 · Cited by 14

Shifting Identities: The Metaphorics of Nature-Culture Dualism in Western and Basque Models of Self

Frank, R. M. (2025) · metaphorik.de · doi:10.17185/duepublico/83484 · Cited by 14

New Environmental Regionalism and Sustainable Development in the European Alps

Balsiger, J. (2012) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00123 · Cited by 14

Finding Harappan seal carvers: An operational sequence approach to identifying people in the past

Green, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.06.008 · Cited by 14

Dynamic Trajectories, Adaptive Cycles, and Complexity in Culture Change

Rogers, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-017-9314-6 · Cited by 14

From Experiential-based to Relational-based Forms of Social Organization: A Major Transition in the Evolution of Homo sapiens

Read, D. (2010) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197264522.003.0010 · Cited by 15

A homoarchic alternative to the homoarchic state: Benin Kingdom of the 13th-19th centuries*

Bondarenko, D. M. (2005) · Cited by 14

Making Complexity Your Friend: Reframing Social Theory for the Anthropocene

Smith‐Nonini, S. (2017) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-16-0124.1 · Cited by 13

Urban religion beyond the city: theory and practice of a specific constellation of religious geography-making

Rüpke, J., & Urciuoli, E. R. (2023) · Religion · doi:10.1080/0048721x.2023.2174913 · Cited by 13

San Ildefonso and the "popularization" of Moche ideology in the Jequetepeque Valley

Swenson, E. (2008) · Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú eBooks · doi:10.18800/9789972428364.025 · Cited by 13

4 Growth and Decline in Classic Maya Puuc Political Economies

Isendahl, C., Dunning, N. P., & Sabloff, J. A. (2014) · Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association · doi:10.1111/apaa.12028 · Cited by 15

Social Organization in Nuragic Sardinia: Cultural Progress Without ‘Elites’?

González, R. A. (2014) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s095977431400002x · Cited by 13

Traditional, Islamic and National Law in the Experience of Indonesian Muslim Women†

Adeney-Risakotta, B. (2016) · Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations · doi:10.1080/09596410.2016.1186422 · Cited by 13

Horses and the Embodiment of Elite Masculinity in the Dolenjska Hallstatt Culture

Frie, A. C. (2017) · Oxford Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.1111/ojoa.12129 · Cited by 13

Commodity Chains in Archaeological Research: Cotton Cloth in the Aztec Economy

Millhauser, J. K., & Overholtzer, L. (2019) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09134-9 · Cited by 16

A niche of their own: population dynamics, niche diversification, and biopolitics in the recent biocultural evolution of hunter-gatherers

Stutz, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101120 · Cited by 13

Towards a definition and practice of communal archaeology: Ethics, informal learning, and citizen science in the practice of indigenous archaeology

Rivera-Collazo, I. C., Rodríguez-Franco, C., Garay-Vazquez, J., Rivera-Claudio, H. M., & Estremera-Jiménez, R. (2020) · Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage · doi:10.1080/20518196.2020.1712002 · Cited by 13

Heterarchy: Russian politics between chaos and control

Sakwa, R. (2021) · Post-Soviet Affairs · doi:10.1080/1060586x.2020.1871269 · Cited by 13

A resampling approach to gender relations: the Rebešovice cemetery

Sosna, D., Galeta, P., & Sládek, V. (2007) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.04.001 · Cited by 13

Understanding early civilizations

Trigger, B. G. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511840630.002 · Cited by 14

Anarchist Theory and Archaeology

Angelbeck, B., Borck, L., & Sanger, M. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_2627-1 · Cited by 13

Socio-political organization in the Aceramic Neolithic of southwestern Asia: The complex evolution of socio-political complexity

Rosenberg, M., & Rocek, T. R. (2019) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.01.006 · Cited by 12

Power and Practice in the Prehispanic Andes: Final Comments

Moore, J. D. (2005) · Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association · doi:10.1525/ap3a.2005.14.261 · Cited by 12

Hierarchy and Heterarchy: The Unity of Opposites

Zagarell, A. (1995) · Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association · doi:10.1525/ap3a.1995.6.1.87 · Cited by 21

Archaeologies of Complexity

Chapman, R. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203451779 · Cited by 271

Heterarchy and Social Theory

Crumley, C. L. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003352617-4 · Cited by 3

Archaeological Approaches to Inequality, Political Organisation, and Social Complexity

Arponen, R. O. A. K. O. E. B. V. P. J. (2026) · ROOTS studies · doi:10.59641/ddd456gp

Heterogeneity, Power, and Political Economy: Some Current Research Issues in the Archaeology of Old World Complex Societies

Stein, G. J. (1998) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02443149 · Cited by 202