The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Bayesian statistical approaches can enhance the precision of chronometric estimates and can make outputs more robust and reliable.

“This technique can enhance the precision of chronometric estimates (Bronk Ramsey 2009) and can make outputs more robust and reliable (Dee and Bronk Ramsey 2014;Lee and Bronk Ramsey 2012).”

• cites Bronk Ramsey 2009 sourceSupported
• cites Dee and Bronk Ramsey 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lee and Bronk Ramsey 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Summary says the trapezoidal model can test the robustness of earlier models that assumed rapid phase transitions without good justification. The Abstract also describes a change to the prior that addresses bias. These passages support a narrower claim about assessing and improving particular models, but do not establish that Bayesian approaches generally make outputs more robust and reliable. The precision clause is cited to Bronk Ramsey (2009), not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Predynastic assemblages vary: some have large quantities of pottery but little else, others have modest amounts of ceramics yet are well equipped with exotic artifacts.

“some with large quantities of pottery but little else, others with modest amounts of ceramics yet well equipped with exotic artifacts (Stevenson 2009c).”

• cites Stevenson 2009c sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The number of graves attributed to the Naqada IIC-D horizon is far larger than for the preceding periods, yet new chronological models suggest that this was a much shorter span of time than previous chronologies had permitted.

“Overall, the number of graves attributed to the Naqada IIC-D horizon is far larger than for the preceding periods (Buchez 2011a, pp. 948-950), yet new chronological models (Dee et al. 2013) suggest that this was a much shorter span of time than previous chronologies had permitted.”

• cites Buchez 2011aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dee et al. 2013 sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chronological models are accurate enough to compare spans of time.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bussmann has argued for longer-term processes of state development in early Egypt.

“Bussmann (2014) has argued for longer-term processes of state development in early Egypt.”

• cites Bussmann 2014 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Bayesian models have confirmed the extension of fifth millennium cultural practices well into the fourth millennium BC, while reducing Naqada I-III to around 700 years.

“Rather than the Predynastic being neatly bookended by millennial transitions, these models have confirmed the extension of fifth millennium cultural practices well into the fourth, while reducing Naqada I-III to around 700 years (Table 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The revised Bayesian timeframe retains the division of the Predynastic into discrete phases.

“Like previous temporal frameworks, this revised timeframe retains the division of the Predynastic into discrete phases.”

May combine two claims.

The timeline for the First Dynasty now has a generational-scale resolution, including a chronometric estimate for the accession of king Aha at c.3080 BC.

“The timeline for the First Dynasty now has a generational-scale resolution, including a chronometric estimate for the accession of king Aha (c.3080 BC), who is often considered the founding ruler of the First Dynasty.”

May combine two claims.

Two gold foil-covered figures, 57 cm and 30 cm high, were found in 2006 on the Eastern Kom at Tell el-Farkha and are thought to have been deposited in a poor settlement area around Naqada IIIB.

“The most spectacular finds at Tell el-Farkha, however, were made in 2006 on the Eastern Kom, where two gold foil-covered figures (Fig. 5), which when reconstructed are 57 cm and 30 cm high, are thought to have been deposited in a poor settlement area around Naqada IIIB (Cialowicz 2012, p. 201).”

• cites Cialowicz 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Evidence of hieroglyphic writing remains restricted to tomb U-j and its burial ritual, leaving around two centuries before equivalent examples.

“The evidence remains restricted to this exceptional tomb and to the burial ritual that framed it, leaving around two centuries between this and any equivalent examples.”

May combine two claims.

Outside mastaba 3504, a low bench wrapped around the exterior served as a platform for 300 pairs of real bull horns inserted into mud-shaped bucrania, while trenches around the mastaba's perimeter held the bodies of 62 men, women, and children.

“Outside of the tomb, a low bench wrapped around the exterior served as a platform for 300 pairs of real bull horns inserted into mud-shaped bucrania, while trenches around the mastaba's perimeter held the bodies of 62 men, women, and children.”

May combine two claims.

Mastaba 3504 is 49.5 m by 20 m in area, the largest structure of its time, with 68 internal storerooms containing around 2500 ceramic vessels and 1500 stone vessels in a wide array of materials.

“At 49.5 m by 20 m in area, it is the largest structure of its time, with 68 internal storerooms containing around 2500 ceramic vessels (once full of thousands of liters of wine, beer, and other offerings), along with 1500 stone vessels in a wide array of materials (Emery 1954).”

• cites Emery 1954Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the case of king Djer, the complex included at least 318 individuals, and from his time onward each retainer burial was marked by rough limestone stelae bearing the names and administrative titles of the individuals entombed below.

“In the case of king Djer, that included at least 318 individuals, and from his time onward each retainer burial was marked by rough limestone stelae bearing the names and administrative titles in crude hieroglyphs of the individuals entombed below (Martin 2011).”

• cites Martin 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Gold had been used extensively in the decoration of the burial chamber, and remains of other more perishable items of burial equipment were abundant even after extensive plundering.

“Gold had been used extensively in the decoration of the burial chamber and the remains of other more perishable items of burial equipment were abundant even after extensive plundering.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Djer's burial chamber was 10.4 m by 9.2 m in area, while the tomb of king Den was almost as large and sumptuously lined with pink granite brought from Aswan.

“Djer's burial chamber was 10.4 m by 9.2 m in area, while the tomb of king Den was almost as large and sumptuously lined with pink granite brought from Aswan.”

May combine two claims.

The demographic profile of the Aha retainer burials, all being young males in their 20s, and the evidence that the ruler's burial and subsidiary tombs were roofed under one structure support the assertion of human sacrifice.

“Certainly the demographic profile of the Aha retainer burials (all being young males in their 20s), as well as the evidence that the ruler's burial and subsidiary tombs were roofed under one structure, supports this assertion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rather than instrumental power based on probabilities and capacities, leaders engage in creative acts of composition in which meaning is negotiated and invented.

“Rather than instrumental power based on probabilities and capacities, leaders engage in creative acts of ''composition,'' in which meaning is negotiated and invented (Fleisher and Wynne-Jones 2010;Schoenbrun 1999).”

• cites Fleisher and Wynne-Jones 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schoenbrun 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Inequities in Predynastic Egypt range from access to food resources and surpluses to exotic goods and sacred knowledge, dimensions that may overlap but not conjoin.

“These inequities range from access to food resources and surpluses to exotic goods and sacred knowledge, dimensions that may overlap but not conjoin (Ko ¨hler 2010, p. 37).”

• cites Ko ¨hler 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ritual forms one of the key mechanisms of cultural change, including change toward social complexity.

“Vestiges of communal ceremonies are often the most visible aspects of the archaeological record, and ritual forms one of the key mechanisms of cultural change (Bell 1997;Rappaport 1999), including change toward social complexity (Aldenfelder 1993).”

• cites Bell 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rappaport 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Aldenfelder 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More recent reviews have explored the role of a variety of interleaving ideological, ecological, political, militaristic, and economic mechanisms in Predynastic state formation rather than seeking any single ultimate cause.

“More recent reviews have instead explored the role of a variety of interleaving ideological, ecological, political, militaristic, and economic mechanisms in that process, rather than seeking any single ultimate cause”

May combine two claims.

Cereal cultivation did not inevitably become the primary subsistence strategy in Neolithic Egypt, nor was it automatically accompanied by substantial year-round habitation.

“Cereal cultivation did not, however, inevitably become the primary subsistence strategy, nor was it automatically accompanied by substantial year-round habitation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Implicitly underlying many approaches to Predynastic state formation are neo-evolutionary assumptions.

“Nevertheless, implicitly underlying many approaches are neo-evolutionary assumptions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Each of the five Predynastic phases is characterized by alternative sets of strategies, different sources of and challenges to power, and varying social experiences.

“Each of these phases is characterized by alternative sets of strategies, different sources of and challenges to power, and varying social experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent accounts of Predynastic state formation recognize it as a longer-term multifaceted phenomenon, as opposed to a unification event.

“In this vein, recent accounts of Predynastic state formation now recognize it as a longer-term multifaceted phenomenon, as opposed to a unification event as suggested in the earlier 20th century by Petrie and others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

African-derived models of political power and authority have been particularly attentive to alternative pathways to complexity.

“African-derived models of political power and authority have been particularly attentive to such alternative pathways to complexity (e.g., McIntosh 1999).”

• cites McIntosh 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Groups are continuously emergent through several crosscutting and nested scales.

“More critical understandings of what constitute communities recognize groups as continuously emergent through several crosscutting and nested scales (Harris 2014;Yaeger and Canuto 2000).”

• cites Harris 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Yaeger and Canuto 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Approaches to community have sought to move beyond views of the group as a natural given arising out of coresidency or copresence, to how it emerges through convivial and emotional engagements between people, things, and landscapes.

“Approaches to community have sought to move beyond views of the group as a natural given arising out of coresidency or copresence, to how it emerges through convivial and emotional engagements between people, things, and landscapes (DeMarrais 2011;Harris 2014;Whittle 2005).”

• cites DeMarrais 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Harris 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Whittle 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Application of Bayesian statistical approaches has become standard practice for radiocarbon-based chronological analyses.

“Most notable among these advances is the application of Bayesian statistical approaches, which have become standard practice for radiocarbon-based chronological analyses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

Five phases can be identified in Predynastic development: Neolithic/Badarian, Naqada IA-IIB, Naqada IIC-D, Naqada IIIA-B, and Naqada IIIC/First Dynasty.

“Within this flux five phases can be identified:”

May combine two claims.

What warrants the demarcation of five distinct Predynastic horizons is not only fundamental transformations in material culture but also distinctive shifts in social practices and geographies of power.

“Within this continuum, however, what warrants the demarcation of five distinct horizons is not only fundamental transformations in material culture but also distinctive shifts in social practices and geographies of power, developments that are more syncopated and complex than those presented in general accounts of state formation.”

May combine two claims.

By the beginning of the third millennium BC, Egyptian society had transformed into what is often considered the world's first territorial state, headed by the institution of divine kingship.

“By the beginning of the third millennium BC that society had transformed into what is often considered the world's first ''territorial state'' (Trigger 1995), headed by the institution of divine kingship.”

• cites Trigger 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is not necessarily the case that social institutions, politics, economy, social organization, and belief systems were linked or changed at the same time, at the same pace, and in the same direction.

“As Yoffee (2005, p. 22) has argued, it is not necessarily the case that social institutions, politics, economy, social organization, and belief systems were linked, or that they changed ''at the same time, at the same pace, and in the same direction.''”

• cites Yoffee 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the wealth-in-people idea, leaders are successful not simply because they gather and dominate others' labor but because they can marshal different sorts of knowledge.

“These include the idea of ''wealthin-people,'' for example, in which leaders are successful not simply because they gather and dominate others' labor but because they can marshal different sorts of knowledge (Guyer and Belinga 1995).”

• cites Guyer and Belinga 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Power can be structured through multiple fields of action.

“That power can be structured through multiple fields of action was foregrounded by the introduction of the term ''heterarchy'' into archaeological usage (Crumley 1995).”

• cites Crumley 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Problems remain in radiocarbon sample selection, ad hoc application of dates to archaeological features, and lack of acknowledgment that multiple dates for single contexts are needed to construct chronological frameworks.

“but problems remain in sample selection (Dee et al. 2012), the ad hoc application of dates to archaeological features, and the lack of acknowledgment that multiple dates for single contexts are needed in order to construct chronological frameworks (Levine and Stanish 2014).”

• cites Dee et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Levine and Stanish 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Most luxury items at HK6 were locally produced; evidence for imported material is scarce across Hierakonpolis at that time, suggesting that long-distance exchange was not yet a determining feature of sociopolitical life.

“Most such luxury items were locally produced; evidence for imported material is scarce across Hierakonpolis at that time, suggesting that long-distance exchange was not yet a determining feature of sociopolitical life.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The presence or scarcity of exotic goods indicates the extent of long-distance exchange.

May combine two claims.

If there had been population pressure in the Hierakonpolis area, some evidence of expansion of communities would be expected to the north, but this has not been detected.

“If there had been population pressure in the latter area, some evidence of expansion of communities would be expected to the north, but this has not been detected.”

May combine two claims.

A palisade wall enclosing an estimated 2.5 acres of land has been excavated, in which workshops for the manufacture of large quantities of beads, flint tools, and stone vessels were built.

“Nearer the alluvium, a palisade wall enclosing an estimated 2.5 acres of land has been excavated (Hikade et al. 2008), in which workshops for the manufacture of large quantitates of beads, flint tools, and stone vessels were built.”

• cites Hikade et al. 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The special nature of the HK29A arena is apparent from the profile of faunal remains, which indicate sacrificial butchery and feasting, an interpretation bolstered by the distinctive nature of the fine-ware ceramic assemblage and lithic debris.

“Nevertheless, the special nature of the arena is still apparent from the profile of faunal remains, which indicate sacrificial butchery and feasting (Friedman 2009, p. 89;Linseele et al. 2009), an interpretation that is further bolstered by the distinctive nature of the fine-ware ceramic assemblage and lithic debris (Friedman 2009, p. 83).”

• cites Friedman 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Linseele et al. 2009Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Many of HK6's pre-Naqada IIC burials contain multiple human interments of both sexes and different ages, as is the case for cemetery T at Naqada.

“It should be noted that many of HK6's pre-Naqada IIC burials contain multiple human interments of both sexes and different ages (Friedman et al. 2011, p. 174), as is the case for cemetery T at Naqada (Petrie and Quibell 1896), which is often considered an area reserved for the elite.”

• cites Friedman et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Petrie and Quibell 1896Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Around 14 cemetery localities have been recorded at Hierakonpolis, and it is within these funerary contexts that the most celebrated discoveries have been made.

“Around 14 cemetery localities have been recorded at Hierakonpolis (Friedman 2008b, table 1), and it is within these funerary contexts that the most celebrated discoveries have been made.”

• cites Friedman 2008bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is this increasing artifactual weight that shapes the social fabric of urban living.

“It is this increasing artifactual weight that shapes the social fabric of urban living.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The elite cemetery HK6 has emerged as an especially dynamic landscape.

“The elite cemetery HK6 has emerged as an especially dynamic landscape (overviews in Friedman 2008aFriedman , b, 2010)).”

• cites Friedman 2008aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedman 2008bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedman 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These are without doubt high-status burials of a group of people whose social abilities enabled them to amass locally manufactured specialist goods, as well as to control surplus production that would have permitted them to sponsor feasts and ritual spectacle.

“These are without doubt high-status burials of a group of people whose social abilities enabled them to amass locally manufactured specialist goods, as well as to control surplus production that would have permitted them to sponsor feasts and ritual spectacle.”

May combine two claims.

Subsequent excavations have not verified a monumental wooden shrine at HK29A, underscoring the dangers of imposing historic evidence onto prehistory.

“Subsequent excavations have not verified such a structure, underscoring the dangers of imposing historic evidence onto prehistory.”

May combine two claims.

The picture from Hierakonpolis' shallow occupational debris is one of a lateral spread of ephemeral remains, as was found at Adaıma, a smaller settlement without specialized production units, reportedly composed of family-based dwellings.

“The picture that emerges from Hierakonpolis' shallow occupational debris is one of a lateral spread of ephemeral remains, as was found at Adaı ¨ma, a smaller settlement without specialized production units, reportedly composed of familybased dwellings (Bre ´and 2011, pp.1016-1017; Buchez 2011b, pp.33-34).”

• cites Bre ´and 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Buchez 2011bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Two individuals from separate graves (47 and 51) at HK6 exhibited achondroplasia (dwarfism), a trait that conferred special status in later Egyptian times.

“Among the human burials are some parallel phenomena, with two individuals from separate graves (47 and 51) exhibiting achondroplasia (dwarfism) (Pieri and Antoine 2012), a trait that conferred special status in later Egyptian times.”

• cites Pieri and Antoine 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the absence of substantial intersite and intrasite comparative data, it is hard to assess what sort of dwellings those uncovered might be, whether they are typical domestic spaces or accommodation for attached specialists.

“In the absence of substantial intersite and intrasite comparative data, it is hard to assess just what sort of dwellings those uncovered might be, whether they are typical domestic spaces, or whether we are speaking of accommodation for attached specialists (e.g., Costin 2001).”

• cites Costin 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

By Naqada IC, the areas of Naqada and Abydos shared broad categories of material culture with Hierakonpolis, but these were often deployed in novel ways and incorporated local stylistic traits.

“By Naqada IC the areas of Naqada and Abydos both shared broad categories of material culture with their southern neighbor, Hierakonpolis, but these were often deployed in novel ways and incorporated local stylistic traits”

• cites Hartung 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedman 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Finkenstaedt 1980 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Scalping, decapitation, manipulation of bones, and partial 'mummification' have all been documented in HK43, as well as at Adaıma.

“Scalping, decapitation, manipulation of bones, and partial ''mummification'' (the application of resin-soaked linen to the heads and hands) have all been documented in HK43 (Dougherty and Friedman 2008), as well as at Adaı ¨ma (Crube ´zy and Midant-Reynes 2000;Crube ´zy et al. 2002Crube ´zy et al. , 2008)).”

• cites Dougherty and Friedman 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crube ´zy and Midant-Reynes 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crube ´zy et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tomb 23 is the largest known of the period and is associated with the deliberately shattered remains of Egypt's earliest known life-sized stone statue and delicate animal figurines knapped in flint.

“Tomb 23 is the largest known of the period and is associated with the deliberately shattered remains of Egypt's earliest known life-sized stone statue (Harrington 2004) and delicate animal figurines knapped in flint.”

• cites Harrington 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In these contexts, emerging leaders were not necessarily pursuing political ends but could creatively cast themselves as mediators associated with the regeneration of communities.

“In these contexts, emerging leaders were not necessarily pursuing political ends but could creatively cast themselves as mediators associated with the regeneration of communities.”

May combine two claims.

Hierakonpolis' industrial quarter includes breweries for beer (HK24A), dating to around Naqada IIA-B, estimated capable of producing 390 liters of beer by a single process, as well as firing installations, possibly for pottery production (HK25D).

“Hierakonpolis' industrial quarter includes breweries for beer (HK24A), dating to around Naqada IIA-B, that are estimated to have been capable of producing 390 liters of beer by a single process (Geller 1992), as well as firing installations, possibly for pottery production (HK25D).”

• cites Geller 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This choreography of a variety of taxa around interments is unprecedented and underscores the centrality of an ideology based on control of the natural world.

“This choreography of a variety of taxa around interments is unprecedented and underscores the centrality of an ideology based on control of the natural world.”

May combine two claims.

An inner ring of graves around tomb 16 was reserved for human burials, while an outer perimeter contained an eclectic range of carefully interred animal burials, including aurochs, baboons, an elephant, cats, and a hartebeest, along with 35 dogs.

“An inner ring of graves around tomb 16 was reserved for human burials, while an outer perimeter contained an eclectic range of carefully interred animal burials (Flores 2003;Friedman et al. 2011), including aurochs, baboons, an elephant, cats, and a hartebeest, along with 35 dogs.”

• cites Flores 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Friedman et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Palaeodemographic analysis of the HK43 sample suggests a population increase at that time, although previous estimates for 10,000 people are probably inflated.

“Palaeodemographic analysis of the HK43 sample suggests a population increase at that time, although previous estimates for 10,000 people are probably inflated (Batey 2012).”

• cites Batey 2012Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The simple attribution of royal status and pharaonic ideology to prehistoric parallels runs the risk of anachronism.

“while the simple attribution of royal status and pharaonic ideology to prehistoric parallels runs the risk of anachronism (but see Baines 1995a, pp. 95-99).”

• cites Baines 1995a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Older models that proposed complete Upper Egyptian ascendancy over Lower Egyptian communities are no longer tenable in view of evidence from excavations in the Delta that demonstrate complex sequences of community affiliations, as well as the contribution of Lower Egyptian technologies and practices to long-term developments, such as mud-brick architecture.

“Older models that proposed complete Upper Egyptian ascendancy over Lower Egyptian communities are no longer tenable in view of evidence from excavations in the Delta that demonstrate complex sequences of community affiliations (Ciałowicz 2008), as well as the contribution of Lower Egyptian technologies and practices to long-term developments, such as mud-brick architecture (Ciałowicz and De ˛bows”

• cites Ciałowicz 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ciałowicz and De ˛bowska-Ludwin 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some marl clay containers incorporated ledge handles, Petrie's 'Wavy-Handled' (W-ware), first seen on Levantine ceramics, connoting perhaps the luxury produce of wine and/or olive oil from that region.

“Some containers incorporated ledge handles, Petrie's ''Wavy-Handled'' (W-ware), first seen on Levantine ceramics, connoting perhaps the luxury produce of wine and/or olive oil from that region (Czarnowicz 2012;Serpico and White 2000).”

• cites Czarnowicz 2012Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Serpico and White 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These Maadi houses have been interpreted as the work of itinerant foreigners based on similarities with Chalcolithic Beersheba structures in southern Palestine.

“These have been interpreted as the work of itinerant foreigners based on similarities with Chalcolithic Beersheba structures in the southern Palestine, raising questions about the nature of relations with the Levant (Wengrow 2006, pp. 85-87).”

• cites Wengrow 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The development of R-ware has been linked to the centralized production of bread and beer, implying transformations in modes of dependency.

“Its development has been linked to the centralized production of bread and beer, implying transformations in modes of dependency (Wengrow 2006, pp. 92-98).”

• cites Wengrow 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lapis first appeared in Egypt sporadically in one or two graves during Naqada I/II, but it was not until Naqada IIC that its presence became marked across Upper Egyptian communities.

“Lapis first appeared in Egypt sporadically in one or two graves during Naqada I/II, but it was not until Naqada IIC that its presence became marked across Upper Egyptian communities (Hendrickx and Bavay 2002, table 3.3).”

• cites Hendrickx and Bavay 2002Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Attributing individual political roles to these communal burials may be the wrong interpretive tact, and claims for human sacrifices accompanying a primary individual have yet to be convincingly demonstrated.

“Attributing individual political roles there may be the wrong interpretive tact for these communal burials and claims for human sacrifices accompanying a primary individual have yet to be convincingly demonstrated (Dougherty 2010).”

• cites Dougherty 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

It was not simply the material culture that spread but additionally the practices associated with their use, including intricate mortuary displays and treatments of the body.

“Crucially, it was not simply the material culture that spread but additionally the practices associated with their use, including intricate mortuary displays and treatments of the body (Stevenson 2009b).”

• cites Stevenson 2009bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Naqada IIC-D saw fundamental transformations in ceramic production and technology, a wider distribution of material culture and practices first observed in Upper Egypt, a sharp increase in the circulation of exotic resources and the expansion of prestige-good systems, introduction of elite technologies such as sealing, shifts in settlement and cemetery patterns, and changes in visual culture and r

“These include fundamental transformations in ceramic production and technology, a wider distribution of material culture and practices first observed in Upper Egypt, a sharp increase in the circulation of exotic resources and the expansion of prestige-good systems, introduction of elite technologies such as sealing, shifts in settlement and cemetery patterns, and changes in visual culture and r”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marl clay containers have been noted to be better suited for storage and transport than Nile silts.

“Marl clay containers have been noted to be better suited for storage and transport than Nile silts (Buchez 2011a, p. 948).”

• cites Buchez 2011aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Hierakonpolis was a space for attracting a 'density of social interaction' that was in turn generative for new scales of collective action, affording the opportunity to regularize emergent sets of social relations and specialist social roles.

“Nevertheless, whether it be efficacious mortuary rituals in the cemetery or largescale feasting around the settlement, Hierakonpolis was a space for attracting a ''density of social interaction'' (Yoffee 2005, p. 62) that was in turn generative for new scales of collective action, affording the opportunity to regularize emergent sets of social relations and specialist social roles.”

• cites Yoffee 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Some 24 sites have been attributed to Lower Egyptian cultures, all of a completely different character to those found at the earlier Neolithic sites of el-Omari and Merimda.

“Overall, some 24 sites have been attributed to Lower Egyptian cultures, all of a completely different character to those found at the earlier Neolithic sites of el-Omari and Merimda (Ma ˛czyn ´ska 2013, table 1).”

• cites Ma ˛czyn ´ska 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The activities at Hierakonpolis might be better understood as a form of experiment.

“Instead, the activities at Hierakonpolis might be better understood as a form of experiment (Wright 2006).”

• cites Wright 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

However the 'Naqada expansion' is interpreted, it demonstrates that communities were becoming increasingly linked across regional scales, which in turn implies a reconfiguration of status categories and political alliances.

“However the ''Naqada expansion'' is interpreted, it demonstrates that communities were becoming increasingly linked across regional scales, which in turn implies a reconfiguration of status categories and political alliances.”

May combine two claims.

Tell el-Farkha is composed of three low hills or koms-the Western, Central, and Eastern Koms-across which numerous cemetery, settlement, and industrial installations have been unearthed, the earliest being a habitation locale established around Naqada IIB on the Western Kom.

“It is composed of three low hills or koms-the Western, Central, and Eastern Koms-across which numerous cemetery, settlement, and industrial installations have been unearthed, the earliest being a habitation locale established around Naqada IIB on the Western Kom (Adamski and Rosinska-Balik 2014, p. 23).”

• cites Adamski and Rosinska-Balik 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In representational media, there was a reduction in the eclecticism that marked early Predynastic assemblages; artifacts like hand-modeled anthropomorphic figurines, decorated tusks, esoteric tags, unusually shaped maceheads, and zoomorphic models all disappeared, implying fundamental alterations in community ritual practices.

“In representational media, for instance, there was a reduction in the eclecticism that marked early Predynastic assemblages; artifacts like hand-modeled anthropomorphic figurines, decorated tusks, esoteric tags, unusually shaped maceheads, and zoomorphic models all disappeared, implying fundamental alterations in community ritual practices.”

May combine two claims.

The calcareous clays necessary for the manufacture of marl fabrics have not been found in the Hierakonpolis region; the nearest sources are more than 50 km north at Esna, closer to the centers of Naqada and Abydos.

“The calcareous clays necessary for the manufacture of marl fabrics have not been found in the Hierakonpolis region (Baba 2009, p. 4); the nearest sources are more than 50 km north at Esna, closer to the centers of Naqada and Abydos.”

• cites Baba 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aspiring leaders or ritual specialists based at Hierakonpolis may have lacked the means to extend control over surrounding regions because they were limited by an overreliance on the production and consumption of bulky, hard to transport 'staple finance' goods.

“However impressive the remains at Hierakonpolis may be, they perhaps mask the possibility that aspiring leaders or ritual specialists based there lacked the means to extend control over surrounding regions because they were limited by an overreliance on the production and consumption of bulky, hard to transport ''staple finance'' goods (D'Altroy and Earle 1985, p. 188).”

• cites D'Altroy and Earle 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tell el-Farkha has attracted considerable attention as a node along a trade route between the Levant and Upper Egypt, one that became increasingly important in the subsequent Naqada IIC-D phase.

“The site has attracted considerable attention as a node along a trade route between the Levant and Upper Egypt (Ma ˛czyn ´ska 2013, 2014a), one that became increasingly important in the subsequent Naqada IIC-D phase.”

• cites Ma ˛czyn ´ska 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ma ˛czyn ´ska 2014aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Evidence for a Naqada IIC-D phase at HK6 in Hierakonpolis is lacking, with several other modest cemetery areas possibly being established at that time.

“Similarly, evidence for a Naqada IIC-D phase at HK6 in Hierakonpolis is lacking (Friedman 2008a(Friedman , p. 1189)), with several other modest cemetery areas possibly being established at that time (Friedman 2008b, p. 23).”

• cites Friedman 2008aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedman 2008bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The fantastical nature of these images lent them a unique position outside the indigenous repertoire of representation, forming appropriate references for the margins of the Egyptian known world.

“Their fantastical nature lent them a unique position outside the indigenous repertoire of representation, forming appropriate references for the margins of the Egyptian's known world.”

May combine two claims.

Specialist craft goods such as ripple-flaked knives, while restricted in number, are represented in all regions and not necessarily in the wealthiest tombs.

“Specialist craft goods such as ripple-flaked knives, while restricted in number, are represented in all regions and not necessarily in the wealthiest tombs (Midant-Reynes 1987).”

• cites Midant-Reynes 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lapis lazuli is found in a cross section of burials at multiple sites, as are fine stone vessels produced in a great multitude of stones.

“Thus, lapis lazuli is found in a cross section of burials at multiple sites (Hendrickx and Bavay 2002;Savage 1997), as are fine stone vessels produced in a great multitude of stones (Kopp 2007;Stevenson 2011, p. 69).”

• cites Hendrickx and Bavay 2002Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Savage 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kopp 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The excavators of this structure refer to it as the 'Naqadian residence,' arguing that it was an administrative center constructed by settlers from political centers in Upper Egypt keen to control northern trade routes.

“The excavators of this structure refer to it as the ''Naqadian residence,'' arguing that it was an administrative center constructed by settlers from political centers in Upper Egypt keen to control northern trade routes (Ciałowicz 2012).”

• cites Ciałowicz 2012Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Ceremonial objects incorporated supernatural composite images such as serpopards and winged griffins appropriated from Near Eastern glyptic representations, whereas earlier visual culture themes were drawn from the known world.

“Whereas themes of visual culture, such as those on decorated pottery, had previously been drawn from the known world, these ceremonial objects incorporated supernatural, composite images, such as serpopards and winged griffins, appropriated from Near Eastern glyptic representations (Wengrow 2013).”

• cites Wengrow 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Centralizing practices and the creation of high culture were accompanied by an emptying out of symbolic capital for the majority of the population.

“These centralizing practices and the creation of ''high culture'' (Baines and Yoffee 1998) were accompanied by what Baines (2003) argues was an emptying out of symbolic capital for the majority of the population.”

• cites Baines and Yoffee 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Baines 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There existed a structure of choice in how burials were furnished, so that the location of different categories of material culture relative to each other is not consistent, with 'rich' burials constituted in a number of ways, some with large quantities of pottery but little else, others with modest amounts of ceramics yet well equipped with exotic artifacts.

“There existed a structure of choice in how burials were furnished, so that the location of different categories of material culture relative to each other is not consistent, with ''rich'' burials constituted in a number of ways, some with large quantities of pottery but little else, others with modest amounts of ceramics yet well equipped with exotic artifacts (Stevenson”

• cites StevensonNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Taken together, this evidence paints Naqada IIC-D as a time of rapidly expanding connectivity between communities and coalescence of existing ones.

“Taken together, this evidence paints Naqada IIC-D as a time of rapidly expanding connectivity between communities and coalescence of existing ones.”

May combine two claims.

From Naqada IID the settlement of Adaıma decreased in size, and sectors of the associated cemeteries were gradually abandoned.

“From Naqada IID the settlement of Adaı ¨ma decreased in size, and sectors of the associated cemeteries were gradually abandoned (Buchez 2011b).”

• cites Buchez 2011bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

New external social orientations may have threatened the autonomy of previous social groups, transforming community reproduction and encouraging the nucleation of settlement.

“New external social orientations may have threatened the autonomy of previous social groups, transforming community reproduction and encouraging the nucleation of settlement.”

May combine two claims.

At Abydos, despite the complete excavation of 680 burials at cemetery U, there are no known burials from the mid-Naqada IIB to late IIC/IID, suggesting social disruption in the region.

“At Abydos, despite the complete excavation of 680 burials at cemetery U, there are no known burials from the mid-Naqada IIB to late IIC/IID, suggesting social disruption in the region (Hartmann 2011b, p. 934).”

• cites Hartmann 2011bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Limited numbers of Levantine ceramic imports are present on Tell el-Farkha's Western Kom, where they are associated with a large, rectangular, mud-brick building around Naqada IID.

“Limited numbers of Levantine ceramic imports are also present on Tell el-Farkha's Western Kom (Czarnowicz 2012), where they are associated with a large, rectangular, mud-brick building around Naqada IID.”

• cites Czarnowicz 2012Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In Naqada IIC-D, social, ritual, and political sources of power were not yet coterminous, and society was more widely prosperous than it had been for centuries previously or would be for several more.

“The further implication is that social, ritual, and political sources of power were not yet coterminous, with society being more widely prosperous than it had been for centuries previously or would be for several more.”

May combine two claims.

Survey in the Abydos region has demonstrated that prior to Naqada IIC-D settlements and cemeteries were fairly evenly spaced along the low desert edge, but that by Naqada IID only cemeteries were located in the low desert, indicating that habitation zones had shifted closer to the river.

“Survey in the Abydos region has demonstrated that prior to Naqada IIC-D settlements and cemeteries were fairly evenly spaced along the low desert edge, but that by Naqada IID only cemeteries were located in the low desert, indicating that habitation zones had shifted closer to the river (Patch 1991(Patch , 2004)), as seems also to be the case at Hierakonpolis (Hoffman et al. 1986).”

• cites Patch 1991Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Patch 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hoffman et al. 1986 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These presentations leave all agency in the hands of one elite group.

“These presentations leave all agency in the hands of one elite group.”

May combine two claims.

The cemetery of Helwan is by far the largest necropolis, containing an estimated 10,000 or more tombs that date through to the Old Kingdom.

“The cemetery of Helwan is by far the largest necropolis, containing an estimated 10,000 or more tombs that date through to the Old Kingdom, but until recently it was poorly published (Saad 1969) and understood.”

• cites Saad 1969Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The prosperity of the Hierakonpolis Naqada IIIA-B tombs is possibly attributable to relationships with the Terminal Nubian A-Groups to the south.

“Their prosperity is possibly attributable to relationships with the Terminal Nubian A-Groups to the south.”

May combine two claims.

Several Naqada IIIB pottery vessels at Tell el-Farkha are incised with serekhs, linking the area to royal interests and property, although whether these were local rulers or rulers from the south is uncertain.

“Certainly there are several Naqada IIIB pottery vessels at Tell el-Farkha incised with examples of serekhs-rectangular devices that usually served as a frame for enclosing a ruler's name-which links the area to royal interests and property (Jucha 2012), although whether these were local rulers or rulers from the south is uncertain (T.Wilkinson 1999, pp.52-58).”

• cites Jucha 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T. Wilkinson 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The northeastern Delta seems to have been quite densely populated at this time, with sites most likely located along the former Tanitic branch of the Nile and the trading route leading from Egypt to northern Sinai and on to the Levant.

“Overall, the northeastern Delta seems to have been quite densely populated at this time, with sites most likely located along the former Tanitic branch of the Nile (or subsidiaries) and the trading route leading from Egypt to northern Sinai and on to the Levant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Local elites in the northeastern Delta would consequently have had significant political and economic involvement in the events leading to the creation and consolidation of the Egyptian state.

“it has been suggested that local elites in the region would consequently have had significant political and economic involvement in the events leading to the creation and consolidation of the Egyptian state (Jucha 2010, p. 386).”

• cites Jucha 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The wine in tomb U-j points toward new modes, scales, and visibilities of feasting, as well as novel modes of intoxication and social experiences.

“pointing toward new modes, scales, and visibilities of feasting, as well as novel modes of intoxication and social experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The final century of the fourth millennium BC was a particularly dry period.

“In the final century of the fourth millennium BC, during a particularly dry period (Bernhardt et al. 2012)”

• cites Bernhardt et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Assertion of authority involved a monopoly over the use of force and the threat of violence, though this is not overtly apparent in material assemblages.

“Assertion of authority additionally involved a monopoly over the use of force and the threat of violence (real or ideological), although this is not overtly apparent in material assemblages (Gilbert 2004).”

• cites Gilbert 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The greatest concentration of Naqada III burials is in Lower Egypt, linked to a marked expansion of Nile Delta settlement.

“the greatest concentration of Naqada III burials is in Lower Egypt, linked to a marked expansion of Nile Delta settlement (De ˛bowska-Ludwin 2013; Hendrickx and van den Brink 2002;Mawdsley 2012).”

• cites Debowska-Ludwin 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hendrickx and van den Brink 2002Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mawdsley 2012Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remains at Abydos Umm el-Qa'ab are arguably the first royal tombs in Egypt.

“Beneath the pottery-strewn desert surface of Abydos' Umm el-Qa'ab are the remains of what are arguably the first royal tombs in Egypt, framed by a dramatic backdrop of white limestone cliffs.”

May combine two claims.

At Hierakonpolis, elite burials made a return to HK6, but in a much-diminished style compared to contemporary tombs at Abydos.

“At Hierakonpolis elite burials made a return to HK6 (Adams 2000), although in a much-diminished style compared to contemporary tombs at Abydos (Friedman 2008a, p. 23).”

• cites Adams 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Friedman 2008aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tell el-Farkha is one of the richest sources of data for Lower Egyptian developments and had reached its apogee.

“One of the richest sources of data for Lower Egyptian developments comes from Tell el-Farkha, which had reached its apogee.”

May combine two claims.

Tell es-Sakan is a fortified site founded on virgin soil, where the majority of material is Egyptian or Egyptianizing, including numerous royal names in serekhs of the Dynasty 0 rulers Ka and Narmer.

“The most notable of these is the fortified site of Tell es-Sakan, founded on virgin soil, where the majority of material is Egyptian or Egyptianizing, including numerous royal names in serekhs of the Dynasty 0 rulers Ka and Narmer (de Miroschedji and Sadeq 2005).”

• cites de Miroschedji and Sadeq 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Memphis was Egypt's preeminent urban center, its significance clear from the dramatic increase in sites and burials around it at the end of the Predynastic.

“Memphis was Egypt's preeminent urban center (Jeffreys and Tavares 1994), its significance being clear from the dramatic increase in sites and burials around it at the end of the Predynastic.”

• cites Jeffreys and Tavares 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

At the end of the fourth millennium BC, just such an extraordinary reification was irreversibly enacted.

“At the end of the fourth millennium BC, just such an extraordinary reification was irreversibly enacted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The premodern state did not penetrate society to the same degree as 20th-century states.

“Following Scott's (1998) assertion that the premodern state did not penetrate society to the same degree as 20th-century states”

• cites Scott 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At Saqqara, colorful, colossal-niched mortuary monuments called mastabas, the largest extending over 50 m in length, rose on the plateau above the cliff along the skyline of Memphis, extravagantly filled with tens of thousands of offerings of pottery, stone, metals, and exotic materials.

“In Lower Egypt at Saqqara, colorful, colossal-niched mortuary monuments (the largest extending over 50 m in length) called mastabas rose up on the plateau above the cliff along the skyline of the capital of Memphis, extravagantly filled with tens of thousands of offerings of pottery, stone, metals, and exotic materials (Emery 1961;Hendrickx 2008).”

• cites Emery 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hendrickx 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The idea of the state is a powerful reification, potentially concealing a disunity of political power and acting as a legitimation.

“As Abrams (1988, p. 76) noted, the idea of the state is a powerful reification, potentially concealing a disunity of political power and acting as a legitimation.”

• cites Abrams 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many other sites have gone unreported or else have been difficult to date in the absence of associated material culture.

“Many other sites have gone unreported or else have been difficult to date in the absence of associated material culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The amount of skilled craftsmanship, architectural sophistication, and ideological vigor that must have been commanded by the royal circle to achieve such monuments is impressive.

“Altogether the amount of skilled craftsmanship, architectural sophistication, and ideological vigor that must have been commanded by the royal circle to achieve such monuments is impressive (Morris 2007b).”

• cites Morris 2007bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The idea of the state that emerged in Naqada IIIA-B was intensified in the First Dynasty through strong emphasis on royal funerary display, but state systems were still subject to ongoing development throughout and long after the First Dynasty.

“While the idea of the state that emerged in Naqada IIIA-B was intensified in the First Dynasty through this strong emphasis on royal funerary display, it nevertheless disguises the fact that state systems were still subject to ongoing development throughout, and long after, the First Dynasty.”

May combine two claims.

The First Dynasty royal burials are orders of magnitude larger than their Dynasty 0 predecessors, with far more complex architectural features.

“Most obviously, they are orders of magnitude larger than their Dynasty 0 predecessors, with far more complex architectural features (Engel 2008).”

• cites Engel 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The titles of grave stelae suggest that the retainers around these elite monuments each held a specific official position, and their demise must have left conspicuous gaps in the social fabric of the court.

“Given that the titles of grave stelae suggest that the retainers around these elite monuments each held a specific official position (Martin 2011), their demise must have left conspicuous gaps in the social fabric of the court.”

• cites Martin 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At Abu Rawash and Giza, smaller but nonetheless impressive funerary structures were built, with smaller numbers of retainer burials in close proximity.

“At Abu Rawash and Giza smaller but nonetheless impressive funerary structures were built, with smaller numbers of retainer burials in close proximity (Tristant 2008a, b;Tristant and Smythe 2011).”

• cites Tristant 2008aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tristant 2008bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tristant and Smythe 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the Early Dynastic town area of Hierakonpolis, a mud-brick gateway that dwarfed most mastaba tombs was built; it is unclear to what sort of building it relates.

“At the Early Dynastic town area of Hierakonpolis, a mud-brick gateway that dwarfed most mastaba tombs was built; although it has been referred to as forming part of a palace complex, in the absence of other evidence it is unclear to what sort of building it relates (Fairservis 1986).”

• cites Fairservis 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.