Longitudinal Effects of Early Childhood Maltreatment on Co-Occurring Substance Misuse and Mental Health Problems in Adulthood: The Role of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Depression
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This study tested a developmental model in which subtypes of childhood maltreatment were hypothesized to have direct and indirect effects on co-occurring depression, anxiety, and substance misuse in adulthood. Indirect effects involved adolescent alcohol use and depression, which were included as mediators in the tested models. METHOD: This prospective longitudinal study (N = 332; 52.4% male) followed the participants from childhood (18 months to 6 years of age) to adulthood (31-41 years old, M = 36.21). Maltreatment subtypes included parent-reported physical and emotional abuse and child-reported sexual abuse. Adult outcomes included measures of substance misuse and mental health (i.e., depression and anxiety). Latent class analysis and structural equation models were used to identify classes of substance misuse and mental health co-occurrence and to test mediating effects of adolescent alcohol use and depression. RESULTS: Three classes were identified: (a) low risk of substance misuse and low mental health symptoms, (b) moderate substance misuse risk and mild depression and anxiety, and (c) moderate substance misuse risk and moderate to high depression and anxiety. Structural models showed that effects of childhood sexual abuse were fully mediated by adolescent alcohol use and depression. Physical abuse increased adolescent depression but did not have direct or indirect effects on adult outcome classes. Emotional abuse had a direct effect on the adult classes. CONCLUSIONS: Children exposed to severe emotional abuse are at higher risk for comorbid substance misuse, depression, and anxiety into their mid-30s, after taking into account evidence of alcohol use and depression during adolescence. Sexual and physical abuse have more proximal effects on adolescent alcohol use and depression, which then influence the risk of adult problems.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Childhood trauma increases the risk of internet addiction.
“Previous findings have shown that childhood trauma increases the risk of behaviours such as substance abuse and internet addiction (Skinner et al., 2016; Worsley et al., 2018).”
From The relationship between childhood trauma and internet addiction in adolescents: A meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Skinner et al., 2016
Cites
Yaşlı Kadınlarda Üreme Sağlığı
Kokanalı, D., & Engin Üstün, Y. (n.d.) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 170,090 · see citing works
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765 · see citing works
Correspondence - Tranexamic acid for traumatic brain injury
(2005) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736 · Cited by 11,894 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820 · see citing works
Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7 · Cited by 3,876 · see citing works
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Williams, B., Newcombe, R., Craig, I. W., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001851 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Differences in Early Childhood Risk Factors for Juvenile-Onset and Adult-Onset Depression
Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.215 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up
McGloin, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940100414x · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Revictimization and Self-Harm in Females Who Experienced Childhood Sexual Abuse
Noll, J. G., Horowitz, L. A., Bonanno, G. A., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2003) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260503258035 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Beard, C., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.002 · Cited by 360 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The GAD-7 is brief sevenitem self-report measure commonly used as a screener, but which recently has been demonstrated to be more accurate as a measure of severity (Beard & Björgvinsson, 2014), with overall good reliability and validity.”
MethodChild sexual abuse and its relationship to revictimization in adult women: A review
Messman, T. L. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00019-0 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Long, P. J. (2000) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626000015005003 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Child physical abuse and adult mental health: A national study
Sugaya, L. S., Hasin, D. S., Olfson, M., Lin, K., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21719 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9474-9 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, N. S., Schairer, L. C., Dellor, E. D., & Grella, C. E. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.003 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
A Review of Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Substance Use Relationship
Tonmyr, L., Thornton, T., Draca, J., & Wekerle, C. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340010791792581 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Effectiveness of screening instruments in detecting substance use disorders among prisoners.
Peters, R. H., Greenbaum, P., Steinberg, M., Carter, C. R., Ortiz, M. M., Fry, B. C., & Valle, S. K. (2000) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(99)00081-1 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Hollist, D. R., Hughes, L. A., & Schaible, L. M. (2009) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.06.005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Preschool antecedents of adolescent assaultive behavior: A longitudinal study.
Herrenkohl, R. C., Egolf, B. P., & Herrenkohl, E. C. (1997) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080244 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Child Maltreatment
Cicchetti, D., & Banny, A. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_37 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
General Strain Theory and the Relationship Between Early Victimization and Drug Use
Carson, D. C., Sullivan, C. J., Cochran, J. K., & Lersch, K. M. (2008) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639620802050023 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Whisman, M. A., Judd, C. M., Whiteford, N. T., & Gelhorn, H. L. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112460273 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Reyome, N. D. (2010) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770903539664 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Childhood Emotional Abuse Predicts Late Adolescent Sexual Aggression Perpetration and Victimization
Zurbriggen, E. L., Gobin, R. L., & Freyd, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770903539631 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0268-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Child Abuse and Neglect, MAOA, and Mental Health Outcomes: A Prospective Examination
Nikulina, V., Widom, C. S., & Brzustowicz, L. M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The development of psychological wellness in maltreated children.
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Rogosch, F. A. (2000) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Standardized Beck Depression Inventory-II scores for male veterans coping with chronic pain.
Lopez, M. N., Pierce, R. S., Gardner, R. D., & Hanson, R. W. (2012) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0027920 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of Physical and Emotional Child Abuse and Its Chronicity on Crime Into Adulthood
Jung, H., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lee, J. O., Klika, J. B., & Skinner, M. L. (2015) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00071 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lippard, E. T. C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
McKay, M. T., Cannon, M., Chambers, D., Conroy, R. M., Coughlan, H., Dodd, P., Healy, C., O’Donnell, L., & Clarke, M. C. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13268 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Psychological maltreatment: An international challenge to children's safety and well being.
Brassard, M. R., Hart, S. N., & Glaser, D. (2020) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104611 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse
Andersen, S. L. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Early life stress and substance use disorders: The critical role of adolescent substance use
Kirsch, D. E., & Lippard, E. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173360 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Lippard, E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.19010020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The relationship between childhood trauma and internet addiction in adolescents: A meta-analysis
Tang, H., Li, Y., Dong, W., Guo, X., Wu, S., Chen, C., & Lu, G. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Previous fi ndings have shown that childhood trauma increases the risk of behaviours such as substance abuse and internet addiction (Skinner et al., 2016; Worsley et al., 2018).”
BackgroundIncorporating Trauma‐Informed Care Into School‐Based Programs
Martin, S. L., Ashley, O. S., White, L., Axelson, S. M., Clark, M., & Burrus, B. (2017) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12568 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Child Sexual Abuse and Substance Use Issues
Fletcher, K. (2021) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2020.1801937 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Song, L., Fang, P., Jiang, Z., Li, S., Song, X., & Wan, Y. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105408 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Trujillo, O., Cantu, J. I., & Charak, R. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0773 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hua, Y., Wang, W., Shi, J., Wang, H., Xu, K., Shi, G., Guo, L., & Lu, C. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02862-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Unemployment and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea
Kim, Y. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105474 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Win, E., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.086 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kim, Y. K., Kim, Y. J., Maleku, A., & Moon, S. S. (2019) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2019.1606750 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Li, S.-Q., Wang, R., Thomas, E. M., Jiang, Z.-C., Jin, Z., Li, R., Qian, Y., Song, X.-B., Sun, Y., Zhang, S.-C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.918092 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kong, F., Zhu, N.-Z., Ye, Y., Li, C., Zhang, L.-T., & Li, W.-J. (2023) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106123 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Thakur, H., & Cohen, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1756296 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Silva, R. M. A., Andrade, A. C. D. S., Caiaffa, W. T., & Bezerra, V. M. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720210023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cochran, G., Hruschak, V., Bacci, J. L., Hohmeier, K. C., & Tarter, R. E. (2016) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.11.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cárdenas, E. F., Kujawa, A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00062-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chang, Y., Yoon, S., Maguire‐Jack, K., & Lee, J. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10010001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological Maltreatment: A Threat to Children Not to Be Ignored
Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., & Wernham, M. (2022) · Handbook of Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, H. S., Pyo, H. J., D, M. F. M., Mischoulon, D., Park, M. J., & Jeon, H. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.792734 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Taking a School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program to Scale: a Cost Analysis
Shipe, S. L., Guastaferro, K., Noll, J. G., Connell, C. M., Morgan, P. L., & Crowley, D. M. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01401-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Davis, K. A., & Knight, R. A. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104097 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Franco, C. Y., & Knowlton, B. J. (2023) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107839 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Emotional abuse and neglect in a clinical setting: challenges for mental health professionals
DeJong, M., Wilkinson, S., Apostu, C., & Glaser, D. (2021) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2021.90 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Edwards, D., Collin‐Vézina, D., Danbrook, M. C., & Wekerle, C. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105742 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The impact of childhood trauma on short video addiction: psychological and morphological correlates
Yao, Q., Gao, Y., Liu, C., Li, X., Jin, W., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04020-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Influence of Early Life Stress on Alcohol and Crack Dependents
Júnior, E. B. C., Fernandes, M. N. D. F., Gimenez, L. B. H., Stefanini, J. R., Zanetti, A. C. G., & Gherardi‐Donato, E. C. D. S. (2020) · Open Journal of Nursing · doi:10.4236/ojn.2020.105034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Acuña-Espinoza, R., González-Serrano, C., Roa-Méndez, P., Rojas-Román, A., & Sepúlveda-López, M. A. (2021) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy20.eaiu · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Survivors of Child Maltreatment: A Historical Review of Global Health and Research
Rockhold, P. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80455-526-220231014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Link between environmental factors, personality factors, and addiction
Dasgupta, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805455-0.00005-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment: Psychological Maltreatment
Brassard, M. R., & Edwards, A. (2021) · Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_3513-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lyons, V. H., Myers, M., Cunningham, R. M., Zimmerman, M. A., Carter, P. M., Walton, M. A., & Goldstick, J. E. (2024) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2024.2307546 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ronis, S. T., O’Sullivan, L. F., & Cormier, L. A. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.2021-0046 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ACE and its implication over the lifespan
Rokach, A., & Clayton, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85853-3.00008-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lombardi, B. M., Bledsoe, S. E., Killian-Farrell, C., Lanier, P., & Skinner, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519888521 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Estresse precoce, impulsividade e comportamento suicida em usuários de substâncias psicoativas
Júnior, E. B. C. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2020.tde-17032021-102918 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Colley, D., Seidler, J., Rasch, L., Gahr, B., Küppers, L., Mayatepek, E., & Bock, F. D. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sperry, S. H., & Lippard, E. (2025) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20240044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abuse and Neglect of Adolescents
Ford, J. D. (2020) · The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad414
Environmental Factors Linked to Opioids, Drugs, and Alcohol Abuse
Dasgupta, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820075-9.00005-3
Marsh, G. E., Marsh, A. N., Cox, L. J., Linick, J., & Dallara-Marsh, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818954-2.00022-5
Child Maltreatment: Psychological Maltreatment
Brassard, M. R., & Edwards, A. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_3513
Ugwuanyi, C. S., & Okeke, C. I. O. (2024) · Aṭfālunā Journal of Islamic Early Childhood Education · doi:10.32505/atfaluna.v7i1.8086
Duncan, L. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781394202386.ch10
Whitten, C., Randell, S., Denic, N., & Ibrahim, K. (2025) · World Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20251002.15
Early stress, impulsivity and suicidal behavior in users of psychoactive substances
Júnior, E. B. C. (2020) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Examining Early Adversity, Polysubstance Use, and Depressive Symptoms in College Students
Bajracharya, S., Salwa, A., Hassan, A., Vujanovic, A. A., & Montemayor, B. N. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01634-8
Drivers and Consequences of Family Violence
Campbell, J. C., & Pokharel, B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06072-3_3
Mental Health, Mood, and Sleep Outcomes among Adolescents Exposed to Parental Physical Abuse
Kapur, I., Kennedy, R. S., & Thurston, H. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03321-1
- Authors
- Skinner, M. L., Hong, S., Herrenkohl, T. I., Brown, E. C., Lee, J. O., & Jung, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hong, Seunghye
- Venue
- Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
- Publisher
- Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc.
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 464-472
- ISSN
- 1937-1888 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-4114
- PMC
- PMC4869903
- OpenAlex
- W2388703698
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd049767-04)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032950)
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (U54MD007584)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD049767))
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, adolescent alcohol use, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychiatric comorbidity, mediation, developmental pathways, adult outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Underage Drinking, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Prospective Studies, Substance-Related Disorders, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
