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The associations of age, lifestyle factors and chronic disease with testosterone in men: the Tromso Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To study whether lifestyle factors and/or chronic disease are associated with the age-related decline of total and free testosterone in men, or if these factors might be associated with the variation of total and free testosterone but not with their age-related decline. DESIGN: A population-based, cross-sectional study was used. METHODS: Total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were analyzed and free testosterone levels were calculated in 1563 men participating in the Tromso study in 1994/1995. Anthropometric characteristics were also measured and two standardized questionnaires completed, including lifestyle factors and medical history. The data were analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis of covariance, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Total and free testosterone were inversely associated (P=0.001 and P<0.001), while SHBG was positively associated (P<0.001) with age. Body mass index (BMI) was inversely associated with total (P<0.001) and free (P=0.016) testosterone and SHBG (P<0.001). Both total and free testosterone were positively associated with tobacco consumption (P<0.001 and P=0.004) and total testosterone was positively associated with coffee consumption (P<0.001). SHBG was positively associated with smoking (P=0.004) and coffee consumption (P<0.001). Men who reported having had a stroke or having a cancer diagnosis had lower levels of total testosterone (P<0.001 and P<0.01) and free testosterone (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: BMI and smoking are independent contributors to the variation of total and free testosterone and SHBG levels, and coffee consumption to the variation of total testosterone and SHBG. Thus, lifestyle factors can have a direct effect on circulating levels of free endogenous sex hormones and to total levels due to the effect on SHBG levels.
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“Further, in agreement with previous studies, 14,31 adjustment for SHBG in our study did not change the association between testosterone levels and smoking.”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Probable and possible associations of several factors, including age, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and physical activity with hormone levels have been reported. 11-17”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Age, 11,14-17 body mass index (BMI), 12 fasting blood glucose, 1,35 triglycerides, 36 alcohol consumption 13,14 and estradiol levels, 13 which have all been reported to be associated with alteration in hormone levels, were chosen as potential confounding factors in this study.”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the reported effects of smoking on testosterone levels in men are controversial, with some evidence even suggesting no association 15,19-24 and others reporting higher 13,14,25-32 or lower 33,34 levels of TT among smokers compared to nonsmokers.”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The results are supported by two large cross-sectional studies, our own previous smaller study (Svartberg et al., 2003) and the study by Field et al. (1994).”
From Endogenous testosterone levels and smoking in men. The fifth Tromsø study (2007) · cites this paper as Svartberg et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“Few studies have addressed the association between physical activity and hormone levels, with inconsistent findings [16–19].”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“In some studies, current smokers had higher circulating concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone, total estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) [16, 18–23]”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Adiposity is a well-known modifiable predictor of sex steroid hormones in men [14, 16–20]”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The association between alcohol consumption and sex steroid hormone concentrations has been inconsistent, with some evidence suggesting no association [16–19], and other evidence supporting increased levels of androstanediol glucuronide [16], and estradiol [17], and decreased levels of SHBG [18] with increased alcohol consumption.”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The effect of seasonal variation on T levels remains controversial, with no definitive evidence available at the present time.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Svartberg, J., Midtby, M., Bonaa, K., Sundsfjord, J., Joakimsen, R., & Jorde, R.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of North Norway (NO)
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Svartberg, J
- ORCID
- Jorde, R
- Venue
- European Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-152
- ISSN
- 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-683X
- OpenAlex
- W2107163673
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, age-related decline, lifestyle factors, body mass index, smoking, tobacco use, coffee consumption, chronic disease, stroke, cancer, men, Tromsø Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Algorithms, Body Height, Body Weight, Chronic Disease, Coffee, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Population, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Smoking, Testosterone, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Logistic Models
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