Dissecting the Genetic Architecture of Cystatin C in Diversity Outbred Mice
Open accessAbstract
Plasma concentration of Cystatin C (CysC) level is a biomarker of glomerular filtration rate in the kidney. We use a Systems Genetics approach to investigate the genetic determinants of plasma CysC concentration. To do so we perform Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) analysis of 120 Diversity Outbred (DO) female mice, 56 weeks of age. We performed network analysis of kidney gene expression to determine if the gene modules with common functions are associated with kidney biomarkers of chronic kidney diseases. Our data demonstrates that plasma concentrations and kidney mRNA levels of CysC are associated with genetic variation and are transcriptionally coregulated by immune genes. Specifically, Type-I interferon signaling genes are coexpressed with Cst3 mRNA levels and associated with CysC concentrations in plasma. Our findings demonstrate the complex control of CysC by genetic polymorphisms and inflammatory pathways.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
QTL mapping in multiparent populations has identified genetic modifiers for viral response, kidney disease, atherosclerosis, and heart size.
“For example, QTL mapping in these multiparent populations resulted in the identi cation of genetic modi ers for the viral response [13,14], kidney disease [15], atherosclerosis [16] and heart size [17].”
From Identification of Genetic Variants Regulating the Abundance of Clinically Relevant Plasma Proteins using the Diversity Outbred Mouse Model (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results (page not provided) report that QTL mapping in Diversity Outbred mice identified a locus affecting plasma cystatin C, a kidney biomarker. The Discussion (page not provided) says the study found no QTL for other kidney traits. This supports genetic mapping of a kidney-related biomarker, but not the stronger claim that it identified a modifier of kidney disease itself; this citation is attached only to the kidney-disease example. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Cytoscape: A software Environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks
Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N. S., Wang, J. T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., & Ideker, T. (2003) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.1239303 · Cited by 51,888 · see citing works
Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources
Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T., & Lempicki, R. A. (2009) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.211 · Cited by 35,890 · see citing works
WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis
Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-559 · Cited by 27,252 · see citing works
Adjusting batch effects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayes methods
Johnson, W. E., Li, C., & Rabinovic, A. (2007) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxj037 · Cited by 8,658 · see citing works
Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool
Chen, E. Y., Tan, C. M., Kou, Y., Duan, Q., Wang, Z., Meirelles, G. V., Clark, N. R., & Ma’ayan, A. (2013) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-14-128 · Cited by 7,814 · see citing works
Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping.
Churchill, G. A., & Doerge, R. W. (1994) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/138.3.963 · Cited by 4,950 · see citing works
Assessing Kidney Function — Measured and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Stevens, L. A., Coresh, J., Greene, T., & Levey, A. S. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra054415 · Cited by 2,952 · see citing works
LocusZoom: regional visualization of genome-wide association scan results
Pruim, R. J., Welch, R. P., Sanna, S., Teslovich, T. M., Chines, P. S., Gliedt, T. P., Boehnke, M., Abecasis, G. R., & Willer, C. J. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq419 · Cited by 2,707 · see citing works
PROVEAN web server: a tool to predict the functional effect of amino acid substitutions and indels
Choi, Y., & Chan, A. P.-Y. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv195 · Cited by 2,560 · see citing works
Defining clusters from a hierarchical cluster tree: the Dynamic Tree Cut package for R
Langfelder, P., Zhang, B., & Horvath, S. (2008) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm563 · Cited by 1,892 · see citing works
A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome
Yue, F., Cheng, Y., Breschi, A., Vierstra, J., Wu, W., Ryba, T., Sandstrom, R., Ma, Z., Davis, C., Pope, B. D., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13992 · Cited by 1,781 · see citing works
That BLUP is a Good Thing: The Estimation of Random Effects
Robinson, G. K. (1991) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177011926 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation.
Keane, T. M., Goodstadt, L., Danecek, P., White, M. A., Wong, K., Yalcin, B., Heger, A., Agam, A., Slater, G., Goodson, M., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10413 · Cited by 1,580 · see citing works
Khan, A., Fornés, O., Stigliani, A., Gheorghe, M., Castro-Mondragon, J. A., van der Lee, R., Bessy, A., Chèneby, J., Kulkarni, S. R., Tan, G., et al. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1126 · Cited by 1,436 · see citing works
Bennett, B. J., Vallim, T. Q. D. A., Wang, Z., Shih, D. M., Meng, Y., Gregory, J., Allayee, H., Lee, R., Graham, M., Crooke, R., et al. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Self-citationNew loci associated with kidney function and chronic kidney disease
Köttgen, A., Pattaro, C., Böger, C. A., Fuchsberger, C., Olden, M., Glazer, N. L., Parsa, A., Gao, X., Yang, Q., Smith, A. V., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.568 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Connecting genetic risk to disease end points through the human blood plasma proteome
Suhre, K., Arnold, M., Bhagwat, A. M., Cotton, R. J., Engelke, R., Raffler, J., Sarwath, H., Thareja, G., Wahl, A., DeLisle, R. K., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14357 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Cystatin C as a marker of GFR—history, indications, and future research
Filler, G., Bökenkamp, A., Hofmann, W. J., Bricon, T. L., Martínez-Brú, C., & GRUBB, A. O. (2004) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.09.025 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Multiple loci associated with indices of renal function and chronic kidney disease
Köttgen, A., Glazer, N. L., Dehghan, A., Hwang, S., Katz, R., Li, M., Yang, Q., Gudnason, V. G., Launer, L. J., Harris, T. B., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.377 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Newman, D. J., Thakkar, H., Edwards, R. G., Wilkie, M. E., White, T., GRUBB, A. O., & Price, C. P. (1995) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1995.40 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Regulation of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-Hydroxylase Activity in Kidney by Parathyroid Hormone
Fraser, D. R., & Kodicek, E. H. (1973) · Nature New Biology · doi:10.1038/newbio241163a0 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Pattaro, C., Teumer, A., Gorski, M., Chu, A. Y., Li, M., Mijatovic, V., Garnaas, M., Tin, A., Sorice, R., Li, Y., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10023 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Kyhse‐Andersen, J., Schmidt, C., Nordin, G., Andersson, B., Nilsson‐Ehle, P., Lindström, V., & GRUBB, A. O. (1994) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.10.1921 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
High-Resolution Genetic Mapping Using the Mouse Diversity Outbred Population
Svenson, K. L., Gatti, D. M., Valdar, W. S. J., Welsh, C. E., Cheng, R., Chesler, E. J., Palmer, A. A., McMillan, L., & Churchill, G. A. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.111.132597 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Broman, K. W., Gatti, D. M., Šimeček, P., Furlotte, N. A., Prins, P., Sen, Ś., Yandell, B. S., & Churchill, G. A. (2018) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.118.301595 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
BioGPS and MyGene.info: organizing online, gene-centric information
Wu, C., MacLeod, I., & Su, A. I. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks1114 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Narayanan, S., & Appleton, H. D. (1980) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/26.8.1119 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Genetic analysis of complex traits in the emerging Collaborative Cross
Aylor, D. L., Valdar, W., Foulds-Mathes, W., Buus, R. J., Verdugo, R. A., Baric, R. S., Ferris, M. T., Frelinger, J. A., Heise, M., Frieman, M. B., et al. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.111310.110 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationYork, M. R., Nagai, T., Mangini, A. J., Lemaire, R., van Seventer, J. M., & Lafyatis, R. (2007) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22382 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
A high-resolution association mapping panel for the dissection of complex traits in micePreprint
Bennett, B. J., Farber, C. R., Orozco, L. D., Kang, H. M., Ghazalpour, A., Siemers, N. O., Neubauer, M., Neuhaus, I., Yordanova, R., Guan, B., et al. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.099234.109 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationSequence-based characterization of structural variation in the mouse genome
Yalcin, B., Wong, K., Agam, A., Goodson, M., Keane, T. M., Gan, X., Nellåker, C., Goodstadt, L., Nicod, J., Bhomra, A., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10432 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Cystatin C as a biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate
Ferguson, T. W., Komenda, P. V. J., & Tangri, N. (2015) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000115 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The molecular basis for differential type I interferon signaling
Schreiber, G. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r116.774562 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Thomas‐Chollier, M., Hufton, A. L., Heinig, M., O’Keeffe, S., Masri, N. E., Roider, H. G., Manke, T., & Vingron, M. (2011) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.409 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
CiiiDER: A tool for predicting and analysing transcription factor binding sites
Gearing, L. J., Cumming, H. E., Chapman, R., Finkel, A. M., Woodhouse, I. B., Luu, K., Gould, J. A., Forster, S. C., & Hertzog, P. J. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215495 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Evolution of Interferons and Interferon Receptors
Secombes, C. J., & Zou, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00209 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Involvement of cystatin C in immunity and apoptosis
Zi, M., & Xu, Y. (2018) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.006 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
EVIDENCE FOR SECRETION OF AN ALDOSTERONE-STIMULATING HORMONE BY THE KIDNEY*
Davis, J. O., Carpenter, C. C. J., Ayers, C. R., Holman, J. E., & Bahn, R. C. (1961) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci104301 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Status and access to the Collaborative Cross population
Welsh, C. E., Miller, D. R., Manly, K. F., Wang, J., McMillan, L., Morahan, G., Mott, R., Iraqi, F. A., Threadgill, D. W., & de Villena, F. P. (2012) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-012-9410-6 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of target genes and a unique cis element regulated by IRF-8 in developing macrophages
Tamura, T., Thotakura, P., Tanaka, T. S., Ko, M. S. H., & Ozato, K. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-01-0080 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Oddoze, C., Morange, S., Portugal, H., Berland, Y., & Dussol, B. (2001) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/ajkd.2001.26096 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
An RNA-Seq atlas of gene expression in mouse and rat normal tissues
Söllner, J. F., Leparc, G., Hildebrandt, T., Klein, H., Thomas, L., Stupka, E., & Simon, E. (2017) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.185 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Donadio, C., Lucchesi, A., Ardini, M., & Giordani, R. (2001) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00550-1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Lemann, J., Lennon, E. J., Wr, P., Prien, E. L., & Ricanati, E. S. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 120 · see citing works
French, J. E., Gatti, D. M., Morgan, D. L., Kissling, G. E., Shockley, K. R., Knudsen, G. A., Shepard, K. G., Price, H. C., King, D., Witt, K. L., et al. (2014) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1408202 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
El-Sukkari, D., Wilson, N. S., Håkansson, K., Steptoe, R. J., GRUBB, A. O., Shortman, K., & Villadangos, J. A. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Harmoinen, A. P. T., Kouri, T., Wirta, O., Lehtimäki, T. J., Rantalaiho, V. M., Turjanmaa, V., & Pasternack, A. I. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Didion, J. P., Morgan, A. P., Clayshulte, A. M.-F., McMullan, R., Yadgary, L., Petkov, P. M., Bell, T. A., Gatti, D. M., Crowley, J. J., Hua, K., et al. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004850 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationHwang, S.-J., Yang, Q., Meigs, J., Pearce, E., & Fox, C. (2007) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-s1-s10 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cystatin C as a marker of glomerular filtration rate
Inker, L. A., & Okparavero, A. (2011) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834b8850 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Plebani, M., Dall’Amico, R., Mussap, M., Montini, G., Ruzzante, N., Marsilio, R., Giordano, G., & Zacchello, G. (1998) · Renal Failure · doi:10.3109/08860229809045115 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Responsiveness of cardiometabolic-related microbiota to diet is influenced by host genetics
O’Connor, A., Quizon, P. M., Albright, J., Lin, F. T., & Bennett, B. J. (2014) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-014-9540-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationFinco, D. R. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012396305-5/50018-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Smallwood, T. L., Gatti, D. M., Quizon, P., Weinstock, G. M., Jung, K.-C., Zhao, L., Hua, K., Pomp, D., & Bennett, B. J. (2014) · G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.114.014704 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationTyler, A. L., Ji, B., Gatti, D. M., Munger, S. C., Churchill, G. A., Svenson, K. L., & Carter, G. W. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.198051 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A systems view of genetics in chronic kidney disease
Keller, B. J., Martini, S., Sedor, J. R., & Kretzler, M. (2011) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2011.359 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A Statistical Framework for Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping
Chen, M., & Kendziorski, C. M. (2007) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.107.071407 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Åkerblom, A., Eriksson, N., Wallentin, L. C., Siegbahn, A. G., Barratt, B. J., Becker, R. C., Budaj, A., Himmelmänn, A., Husted, S., Storey, R. F., et al. (2014) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.03.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of genetic background on mouse models of kidney disease
Bufi, R., & Korstanje, R. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.03.020 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Morel, J., Sleiman, M. S. B., Li, T. Y., von Alvensleben, G., Bachmann, A., Hofer, D., Broeckx, E., Ma, J. Y., Carreira, V., Chen, T., et al. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.164626 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Que, E. S., James, K. L., Coffey, A. R., Smallwood, T. L., Albright, J. E., Huda, M., Pomp, D., Sethupathy, P., & Bennett, B. J. (2020) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab068 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationJacob, J. B., Wei, K.-C., Bepler, G., Reyes, J. D., Cani, A. K., Polin, L., White, K., Kim, S., Viola, N. T., McGrath, J., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106320 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Genome-wide association analysis of cystatin-C kidney function in continental Africa
Mayanja, R., Machipisa, T., Soremekun, O. S., Kamiza, A. B., Kintu, C., Kalungi, A., Kalyesubula, R., Sande, O. J., Jjingo, D., Fabian, J., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104775 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Que, E. S., James, K. L., Coffey, A. R., Smallwood, T., Albright, J., Huda, M. N., Pomp, D., Sethupathy, P., & Bennett, B. J. (2020) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.120.303481 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationRetractedKim, M., Huda, M. N., O’Connor, A., Albright, J., Durbin-Johnson, B. P., & Bennett, B. J. (2021) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00140.2020 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPhiltjens, S., Acri, D. J., Kim, B., Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-171899/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fifteen years of the Diversity Outbred mouse model: a review
Tatom, Z., Miles, M. F., & Palmer, A. A. (2026) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-026-10196-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genome-wide association analysis of cystatin c and creatinine kidney function in Chinese women
Cai, Y., Lv, H.-Y., Yuan, M., Wang, J., Wu, W., Fang, X.-Y., Chen, C.-Y., Mu, J., Liu, F., Gu, X., et al. (2024) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-024-02048-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Huda, M. N., VerHague, M., Albright, J., Smallwood, T., Bell, T. A., Que, E., Miller, D. R., Roshanravan, B., Allayee, H., Manuel de Villena, F. P., & Bennett, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center (US)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Corresponding author
- Bennett, Brian J
- ORCID
- Venue
- G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-07-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2529-2541
- ISSN
- 2160-1836 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7341122
- OpenAlex
- W3029431182
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- G3 Genes Genomes Genetics (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RD-83544101, P01ES022845)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (2032-51000-022-00D)
- National Institutes of Health (AG038070, U42OD010924)
- University of California, Davis
- Agricultural Research Service (2032-51000-022-00D)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG038070)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL133169, R01HL128572)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (RD83544101, K23 DK0099442, K23DK099442, R03DK114502, P30DK056350)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES025786, P01ES022845, R01ES021801, P42ES031007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- cystatin C, genetic architecture, Diversity Outbred mice, quantitative trait loci, expression quantitative trait loci, kidney gene expression, type I interferon signaling, immune-related genes, chronic kidney disease biomarkers, glomerular filtration rate, gene co-expression network, CST3
- MeSH terms
- Collaborative Cross Mice, Animals, Female, Biomarkers, Quantitative Trait Loci, Mice, Cystatin C
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
