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High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, and Obesity
Abstract
Objective.: The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years. However, the role of dietary composition in body weight regulation remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to investigate the acute effects of dietary glycemic index (GI) on energy metabolism and voluntary food intake in obese subjects. Methods.: Twelve obese teenage boys were evaluated on three separate occasions using a crossover study protocol. During each evaluation, subjects consumed identical test meals at breakfast and lunch that had a low, medium, or high GI. The high- and medium-GI meals were designed to have similar macronutrient composition, fiber content, and palatability, and all meals for each subject had equal energy content. After breakfast, plasma and serum concentrations of metabolic fuels and hormones were measured. Ad libitum food intake was determined in the 5-hour period after lunch. Results.: Voluntary energy intake after the high-GI meal (5.8 megajoule [mJ]) was 53% greater than after the medium-GI meal (3.8 mJ), and 81% greater than after the low-GI meal (3.2 mJ). In addition, compared with the low-GI meal, the high-GI meal resulted in higher serum insulin levels, lower plasma glucagon levels, lower postabsorptive plasma glucose and serum fatty acids levels, and elevation in plasma epinephrine. The area under the glycemic response curve for each test meal accounted for 53% of the variance in food intake within subjects. Conclusions.: The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of high-GI meals induces a sequence of hormonal and metabolic changes that promote excessive food intake in obese subjects. Additional studies are needed to examine the relationship between dietary GI and long-term body weight regulation. glycemic index, obesity, dietary carbohydrate, diets, insulin.
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“Consequently, total metabolic fuel concentration in the blood (from glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketones) decreases rapidly in the late postprandial phase, possibly to concentrations below that in the fasting state (39–41).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The brain perceives this signal as indicating that critical tissues (e.g., liver) (24) are deprived of energy—a state of “cellular semistarvation” as it has been termed (42)—and may respond to the metabolic challenge with a counter-regulatory hormone response (39).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Consumption of a high- compared with a low-GL meal results in reduced circulating metabolic fuel concentration after 3–5 h (39–41, 79), associated with altered substrate partitioning, reduced energy expenditure, and a counter-regulatory response (31, 39, 41, 80, 81).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging was performed at 4 h after the test meal, when the blood glucose nadir after the high-GI meal was expected (14), by using a GE 3Tesla whole-body scanner (GE Healthcare).”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The decline in blood glucose (and other metabolic fuels) (13,14) in the late postprandial period after a high-GI meal would not only constitute a powerful homeostatic hunger signal (15)”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Lowering GI in diets has been suggested to promote satiety and reduces hunger, although few long-term studies have been performed in adolescents to confirm these effects.(20) In addition, PA alone and in combination with a dietary intervention, has been shown to change body composition by increasing fat free mass, and…”
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Melanson, K. J. (2004) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/00017285-200409000-00006 · Cited by 16
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“foods and fat(156), alcohol(157), red and processed meat(158), sugar-sweetened beverages(143,144) and high-glycaemic index foods(159), all of which have been linkedwith higher levels of vis-”
BackgroundO’Reilly, G. A., Huh, J., Schembre, S. M., Tate, E. B., Pentz, M. A., & Dunton, G. F. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.032 · Cited by 14
“Consumption of high glycemic load meals causes increased fluctuations in blood glucose, whereas fiber consumption leads to a more stable rise in blood glucose (Ludwig et al., 1999; McIntosh & Miller, 2001; Owens & Benton, 1994; Pittas et al., 2005).”
Dietary Determinants of Obesity
Du, H. (2009) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20091211hd · Cited by 16
Dietary regimes and the nutrition transition: bridging disciplinary domains
Winson, A., & Choi, J. Y. (2016) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-016-9746-8 · Cited by 17
Holsen, L. M., Hoge, W. S., Lennerz, B. S., Cerit, H., Hye, T., Moondra, P., Goldstein, J. M., Ebbeling, C. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab090 · Cited by 15
Self-citationEffect of Low Glycemic Index Diet Versus Metformin on Metabolic Syndrome
Rajabi, S., Mazloom, Z., Zamani, A., & Tabatabaee, H. R. (2015) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.23091 · Cited by 15
The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of breakfast meals
Brand-Miller, J. C., & Wolever, T. M. S. (2005) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041423 · Cited by 14
“This simple change has been shown to lower glucose levels over the next 2 or 3 h in many studies of composite meals in normal and diabetic subjects (Wolever & Jenkins, 1986; Bornet et al. 1987; Chew et al. 1988; Ludwig et al. 1999).”
The High Incidence of Early Childhood Caries in Kindergarten-age Children
Brodeur, J., & Galarneau, C. (2006) · Cited by 15
Weighing in on glycemic index and body weight
Pereira, M. A. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.677 · Cited by 15
A Science-Based, Clinically Tested Dietary Approach for the Metabolic Syndrome
Schiltz, B., Minich, D. M., Lerman, R. H., Lamb, J. J., Tripp, M. L., & Bland, J. S. (2009) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2008.0051 · Cited by 15
“26”
Functional foods and the satiety cascade
Bellisle, F. (2008) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00657.x · Cited by 15
Liu, Y., Mei, H., Li, X., Cheng, C., Wu, Y., Zou, C., Yu, Y., Gao, L., Zhang, H., Gao, X., et al. (2025) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.01.015 · Cited by 14
Brissette, C., Jenkins, A. L., Choleva, L., & Vuksan, V. V. V. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.08.183 · Cited by 17
“In addition, Ludwig (1999) concluded from 20 GI studies that low-GI meals consistently lower appetite and/or food intake (85).”
Effects of high and low sucrose-containing beverages on blood glucose and hypoglycemic-like symptoms
Markus, C. R., & Rogers, P. J. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112916 · Cited by 14
Dietary composition of carbohydrates contributes to the development of experimental type 2 diabetes
Hodgson, K., Govan, B., Ketheesan, N., & Morris, J. L. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9874-5 · Cited by 14
“exceeds typical dietary intake in developed nations (34 % of energy) [7].”
BackgroundGonzalez, J. T., & Stevenson, E. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2012.10720016 · Cited by 14
“have not controlled the proportion of sugars or fiber [4,9].”
BackgroundLanfer, A., Hebestreit, A., & Ahrens, W. (2010) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-010-1086-z · Cited by 15
Wallace, A. J., Monro, J. A., Brown, R. C., & Frampton, C. M. (2008) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.09.005 · Cited by 14
“Interest in the effect of particular foods on blood glucose levels has increased with the realisation of the potential outcomes on people with diabetes [1,2], on those at risk of developing diabetes and coronary heart disease [3-8], on performance in athletes or those physically active [9,10], and on weight loss [11-1…”
BackgroundTRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND CHANGES IN DIET AND LIFESTYLE IN WOMEN
Rank, F., Tampfer, M. E. J. S., Anson, E. M., Rodstein, F. R. G., Olditz, G. R. A. C., Peizer, F. R. E. S., & Illett, W. A. C. W. (2013) · Cited by 13
The consumption of low glycemic meals reduces abdominal obesity in subjects with excess body weight.
Costa, J. D. A., & Alfenas, R. D. C. G. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2012.27.4.5845 · Cited by 13
“Besides, such foods can lead to the increase of contra-regulatory hormone secretion such as cortisol, growth hormone and glucagon, stimulating protein catbolism.(3) Therefore, these responses can favor the increase in body fat and the reduction of lean body mass.”
BackgroundEmotional Determinants of Sweets Consumption
Pilska, M., & Nesterowicz, J. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences · doi:10.15744/2393-9060.3.405 · Cited by 9
Imam, M. U., & Ismail, M. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms13078597 · Cited by 13
“(1999) had also reported how consumption of foods with high glycemic index lead to problems like obesity [22], while in a meta-analysis Brand-Miller et al.”
BackgroundDevelopment of a rapid assessment method for the prediction of the glycemic index
Gibson, N., Schönfeldt, H. C., & Pretorius, B. (2011) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2011.01.005 · Cited by 13
“High glycemic foods are generally percieved as culprits in weight gain and obesity (Ludwig et al., 1999; Ludwig, 2000; Liu et al, 2000), and high consumption has been linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (Foster-Powell et al.”
BackgroundLow-insulin-response diets may decrease plasma C-reactive protein by influencing adipocyte function
McCarty, M. F. (2004) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.039 · Cited by 13
Childhood obesity: causes and therapies
Saelens, B. E., & Daniels, S. R. (2003) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/00060793-200302000-00002 · Cited by 14
The treatment of eating disorders as addiction among adolescent females
Trotzky, A. S. (2002) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2002.14.4.269 · Cited by 13
Nutrition interventions in childhood for the prevention of chronic diseases in adulthood
Mascarenhas, M. R., Tershakovec, A. M., & Stettler, N. (1999) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-199912000-00023 · Cited by 13
Plantain, banana and wheat flour composites in bread making: prospects for industrial application
Songhaï Rivers State Development Initiative, K. 5., & Adeniji, T. (2015) · African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development · doi:10.18697/ajfand.71.13330 · Cited by 12
Souto, D. L., Dantas, J. R., Oliveira, M. M. D. S., Rosado, E. L., Luiz, R. R., Zajdenverg, L., & Rodacki, M. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.009 · Cited by 12
Interventions to Address Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Patients: Many Hands Make Light Work
Visco, V., Izzo, C., Bonadies, D., Feo, F. D., Caliendo, G., Loria, F., Mancusi, C., Chivasso, P., Pietro, P. D., Virtuoso, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10080327 · Cited by 14
“Resistance training builds lean muscle mass, which increases resting metabolic rate and improves body composition [116].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ludwig, D. S., Majzoub, J. A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G. E., Blanco, I., & Roberts, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital (TN)
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1999-03-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e26-e26
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2164074129
- Cited by
- 699
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08dk002440-02)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K08 DK 02440)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR 02635, 2M01 RR02172, M01RR002635, M01RR002172)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- glycemic index, obesity, overeating, voluntary food intake, energy metabolism, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, plasma glucose, serum fatty acids, body weight regulation, adolescent boys, diet composition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Hunger, Insulin, Male, Obesity, Regression Analysis, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Sucrose, Area Under Curve
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