Return of hunger following a relatively high carbohydrate breakfast is associated with earlier recorded glucose peak and nadir
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that a breakfast meal with high carbohydrate/low fat results in an earlier increase in postprandial glucose and insulin, a greater decrease below baseline in postprandial glucose, and an earlier return of appetite, compared with a low carbohydrate/high fat meal. Overweight but otherwise healthy adults (n = 64) were maintained on one of two eucaloric diets: high carbohydrate/low fat (HC/LF; 55:27:18% kcals from carbohydrate:fat:protein) versus low carbohydrate/high fat (LC/HF; 43:39:18% kcals from carbohydrate:fat:protein). After 4 weeks of acclimation to the diets, participants underwent a meal test during which circulating glucose and insulin and self-reported hunger and fullness, were measured before and after consumption of breakfast from their assigned diets. The LC/HF meal resulted in a later time at the highest and lowest recorded glucose, higher glucose concentrations at 3 and 4 hours post meal, and lower insulin incremental area under the curve. Participants consuming the LC/HF meal reported lower appetite 3 and 4 hours following the meal, a response that was associated with the timing of the highest and lowest recorded glucose. Modest increases in meal carbohydrate content at the expense of fat content may facilitate weight gain over the long-term by contributing to an earlier rise and fall of postprandial glucose concentrations and an earlier return of appetite.
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Consumption of a high- compared with a low-GL meal results in reduced circulating metabolic fuel concentration after 3-5 h, associated with altered substrate partitioning, reduced energy expenditure, and a counter-regulatory response.
“Consumption of a high- compared with a low-GL meal results in reduced circulating metabolic fuel concentration after 3–5 h (39–41, 79), associated with altered substrate partitioning, reduced energy expenditure, and a counter-regulatory response (31, 39, 41, 80, 81).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [79]
AUC glucose did not differ between the two breakfast meals.
“AUC glucose did not differ between the 2 meals; however, serum glucose concentration was lower at 3 and 4 h during the lower-fat meal (P < 0.05).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Peak insulin concentration was significantly lower after the lower-carbohydrate breakfast meal than after the lower-fat meal.
“Results from the breakfast meal test at 4 wk indicated that the insulin response to the 2 diets differed, with peak insulin concentration (P < 0.05) and incremental insulin AUC (P < 0.01) being significantly lower after the lower-carbohydrate breakfast meal (Figure 3) (28).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Serum glucose concentration was lower at 3 and 4 hours during the lower-fat meal than during the lower-carbohydrate meal.
“AUC glucose did not differ between the 2 meals; however, serum glucose concentration was lower at 3 and 4 h during the lower-fat meal (P < 0.05).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Incremental insulin AUC was significantly lower after the lower-carbohydrate breakfast meal than after the lower-fat meal.
“Results from the breakfast meal test at 4 wk indicated that the insulin response to the 2 diets differed, with peak insulin concentration (P < 0.05) and incremental insulin AUC (P < 0.01) being significantly lower after the lower-carbohydrate breakfast meal (Figure 3) (28).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
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The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
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Defining and Characterizing Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia
Sweatt, S. K., Thomas, D. M., LaPorte, G. J., Chauff, S., Stefanovski, D., & Gower, B. A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18050822 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Chandler-Laney, P. C., Morrison, S. A., Goree, L. L. T., Ellis, A. C., Casazza, K., Desmond, R., & Gower, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morrison, Shannon A.
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 80
- Pages
- 236-241
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4204795
- OpenAlex
- W2096795532
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (F32DK082028, P30DK56336, P60DK079626, R01DK67538, UL1RR025777)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- postprandial blood glucose, insulin response, high-carbohydrate diet, low-carbohydrate diet, breakfast, dietary fat, dietary carbohydrates, weight gain, satiety, meal timing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Female, Humans, Hunger, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Linear Models, Postprandial Period, Young Adult, Breakfast, Healthy Volunteers
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