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High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, and Obesity
Abstract
Objective.: The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years. However, the role of dietary composition in body weight regulation remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to investigate the acute effects of dietary glycemic index (GI) on energy metabolism and voluntary food intake in obese subjects. Methods.: Twelve obese teenage boys were evaluated on three separate occasions using a crossover study protocol. During each evaluation, subjects consumed identical test meals at breakfast and lunch that had a low, medium, or high GI. The high- and medium-GI meals were designed to have similar macronutrient composition, fiber content, and palatability, and all meals for each subject had equal energy content. After breakfast, plasma and serum concentrations of metabolic fuels and hormones were measured. Ad libitum food intake was determined in the 5-hour period after lunch. Results.: Voluntary energy intake after the high-GI meal (5.8 megajoule [mJ]) was 53% greater than after the medium-GI meal (3.8 mJ), and 81% greater than after the low-GI meal (3.2 mJ). In addition, compared with the low-GI meal, the high-GI meal resulted in higher serum insulin levels, lower plasma glucagon levels, lower postabsorptive plasma glucose and serum fatty acids levels, and elevation in plasma epinephrine. The area under the glycemic response curve for each test meal accounted for 53% of the variance in food intake within subjects. Conclusions.: The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of high-GI meals induces a sequence of hormonal and metabolic changes that promote excessive food intake in obese subjects. Additional studies are needed to examine the relationship between dietary GI and long-term body weight regulation. glycemic index, obesity, dietary carbohydrate, diets, insulin.
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“Consequently, total metabolic fuel concentration in the blood (from glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketones) decreases rapidly in the late postprandial phase, possibly to concentrations below that in the fasting state (39–41).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The brain perceives this signal as indicating that critical tissues (e.g., liver) (24) are deprived of energy—a state of “cellular semistarvation” as it has been termed (42)—and may respond to the metabolic challenge with a counter-regulatory hormone response (39).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Consumption of a high- compared with a low-GL meal results in reduced circulating metabolic fuel concentration after 3–5 h (39–41, 79), associated with altered substrate partitioning, reduced energy expenditure, and a counter-regulatory response (31, 39, 41, 80, 81).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging was performed at 4 h after the test meal, when the blood glucose nadir after the high-GI meal was expected (14), by using a GE 3Tesla whole-body scanner (GE Healthcare).”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The decline in blood glucose (and other metabolic fuels) (13,14) in the late postprandial period after a high-GI meal would not only constitute a powerful homeostatic hunger signal (15)”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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“A study among twelve obese male teenagers demonstrated that consumption of high-GI foods induces hormonal and metabolic changes possibly causing obesity((29)).”
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Liang, J., Matheson, B. E., Rhee, K. E., Peterson, C. B., Rydell, S. A., & Boutelle, K. N. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.030 · Cited by 34
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“Nonetheless, the concepts of GI and GL have become part of the political controversies surrounding dietary strategies and proponents usually urge a low GI diet as an alternative rather than a variation of low carbohydrate diets ([15]) despite the fact that in at least one isocaloric comparison of high GI and low GI me…”
BackgroundEffects of the glycemic index of breakfast on metabolic responses to brisk walking in females
Backhouse, S. H., Williams, C., Stevenson, E., & Nute, M. L. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602566 · Cited by 34
“This greater rate of fat oxidation is of relevance to individuals who are combining a diet and exercise regime, in an attempt to lose fat mass (Ludwig et al., 1999).”
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Mattes, R. D., & Considine, R. V. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.013 · Cited by 33
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“Moreover, it has been shown that after a high glycemic index meal, children and adolescents had a greater voluntary energy intake than after low glycemic index meal (58).”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialMeal glycaemic load of normal-weight and overweight Hong Kong children
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BackgroundInfluentialMacronutrients and micronutrients
Gush, L., Shah, S., & Gilani, F. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821573-9.00023-0 · Cited by 50
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“Several authors have consistently reported reduced fat deposition when fed with an LGI diet [8,9,32,41].”
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Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fats
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Henry, C. J., Lightowler, H. J., & Strik, C. M. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507727459 · Cited by 31
A translational evaluation of renewal of inappropriate mealtime behavior
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Galactose promotes fat mobilization in obese lactating and nonlactating women
Mohammad, M. A., Sunehag, A. L., Rodriguez, L. A., & Haymond, M. W. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005785 · Cited by 32
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“consumption of HGI foods in the hours following consumption of the meal (Ludwig et al., 1999; Ball et al., 2003; Warren et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMadsen, K. A., Garber, A. K., Mietus‐Snyder, M., Orrell-Valente, J. K., Tran, C.-T., Wlasiuk, L., Matos, R. I., Neuhaus, J. M., & Lustig, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2009.22.9.805 · Cited by 30
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Exercise‐Induced cytokines, diet, and inflammation and their role in adipose tissue metabolism
Al‐Ibraheem, A. M. T., Hameed, A. A. Z., Marsool, M. D. M., Jain, H., Prajjwal, P., Khazmi, I., Nazzal, R., Al-Najati, H. M. H., Al‐Zuhairi, B. H. Y. K., Razzaq, M., et al. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70034 · Cited by 33
“51,52 Furthermore, the reduced accessibility of fatty acids to metabolically active tissues leads to a condition of cellular hunger.”
BackgroundReducing Errors and Promoting Safety in Pediatric Emergency Care
Chamberlain, J. M., Slonim, A. D., & Joseph, J. G. (2004) · Ambulatory Pediatrics · doi:10.1367/1539-4409(2004)004 · Cited by 25
Translational Research in Childhood Obesity Prevention
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Tan, V. M. H., Wu, T., Henry, C. J., & Lee, Y. S. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515000586 · Cited by 28
“A recent study has demonstrated that consumption of a high-GI meal led to a rapid decline in blood glucose levels((43,44)).”
BackgroundEffect of Added Carbohydrates on Glycemic and Insulin Responses to Children’s Milk Products
Brand-Miller, J. C., Atkinson, F. S., & Rowan, A. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5010023 · Cited by 28
Low glycemic index diets and body weight
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EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2010) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1811 · Cited by 30
A review of age-related changes in energy regulation and suggested mechanisms
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Self-citationInsulin secretion as a determinant of pancreatic cancer risk
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Anti-Inflammatory Diets for Obesity and Diabetes
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“In each of these studies, the 1-2-3 ratio has been shown to be superior in reducing hunger [87,88], reducing insulin and stabilizing blood lipid levels [89–93], reducing blood glucose levels [94,95], increasing weight loss in patients characterized by a high initial insulin secretion to carbohydrates [96,97], and redu…”
BackgroundFood Refusal and Selective Eating
Volkert, V. M., Patel, M. R., & Peterson, K. M. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27297-9_7 · Cited by 28
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Disorders of Energy Balance
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Fateh, H. L., Muhammad, S. S., & Kamari, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1078961 · Cited by 27
“Consequently, it promotes weight reduction (41, 42).”
Casazza, K., Cardel, M. I., Dulin, A., Hanks, L. J., Gower, B. A., Newton, A. L., & Wallace, S. B. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31823df207 · Cited by 27
“Given that high CHO intakes can alter metabolic pathways leading to impaired insulin and glucose profiles (16,23), it was important to evaluate the postprandial effects of the meal tests in the absence of weight loss to truly disentangle the effects of diet versus energy imbalance on body composition.”
BackgroundMacronutrient Composition and Food Form Affect Glucose and Insulin Responses in Humans
Shafaeizadeh, S., Muhardi, L., Henry, C. J., van de Heijning, B., & van der Beek, E. M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020188 · Cited by 28
“Glucose response (GR) is influenced by multiple factors including carbohydrate quality, nutrient composition, energy density, insulinemic response, acid levels, processing and cooking methods, and different food forms [10,21].”
BackgroundHarden, K. A., Cowan, P. A., Velasquez‐Mieyer, P., & Patton, S. B. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00236.x · Cited by 27
“While high glycemic meals may be associated with excessive food intake (Ludwig et al., 1999), diets high in protein have not been shown to promote weight loss in adolescents (Rolland-Cachera et al.”
BackgroundBreakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children
Buyken, A. E., Trauner, K., Günther, A. L. B., Kroke, A., & Remer, T. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.4.980 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Ludwig, D. S., Majzoub, J. A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G. E., Blanco, I., & Roberts, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital (TN)
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, and
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1999-03-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e26-e26
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2164074129
- Cited by
- 699
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08dk002440-02)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K08 DK 02440)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR 02635, 2M01 RR02172, M01RR002635, M01RR002172)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- glycemic index, obesity, overeating, voluntary food intake, energy metabolism, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, plasma glucose, serum fatty acids, body weight regulation, adolescent boys, diet composition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Hunger, Insulin, Male, Obesity, Regression Analysis, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Sucrose, Area Under Curve
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