CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 530Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFamily Support in IllnessMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Family-Based Approach to the Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Children at Risk: Evidence of Parental and Child Change

Beardslee, William R., Gladstone, Tracy R. G., Wright, Ellen J., Cooper, Andrew B.·2003·Pediatrics
DOI 10.1542/peds.112.2.e119
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Depression in parents is a prevalent and impairing illness that is encountered frequently in medical practice. Children of depressed parents are at risk for psychopathology and other difficulties. A series of recent national reports have recommended the development of prevention efforts targeting children of depressed parents. Yet, to date, few controlled prevention studies of depression in children and adolescents have been conducted. In this study, we report the evaluation of 2 preventive intervention strategies that target children living in homes with depressed parents. Both are public health approaches that were designed to be used by a wide range of practitioners from a variety of disciplines, including pediatricians, internists, school counselors, nurses, and mental health practitioners. We adopted a developmental perspective and intervened with families when children were entering the age of highest risk for depression onset (ie, adolescence). We chose a family-based approach to prevention and sought to reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors for early adolescents by increasing positive interactions between parents and children, and by increasing understanding of the illness for everyone in the family. Our prevention approaches were designed to provide information about mood disorders to parents, to equip parents with the skills they need to communicate information to their children, and to open a dialogue with their children about the effects of parental depression. We hypothesized that participation in these prevention programs would result in parental change in child-related behaviors and attitudes about depression and its impact on the family. In addition, we hypothesized that this parental change would produce change in children's self-understanding, and in children's depressive symptomatology. METHODS: We conducted a large-scale efficacy trial of 2 manual-based preventive intervention programs that were designed to be used widely in public health settings. These interventions target the relatively healthy children (ages 8-15) of parents with mood disorder. Ninety-three families (88.5% of our initial sample), including 121 children, participated in this study through the fourth assessment point. These families were assigned randomly to either a lecture or a clinician-facilitated intervention. Both interventions were specified in manuals. The lecture condition consisted of 2 separate meetings delivered in a group format without children present. The clinician-facilitated condition consisted of 6 to 11 sessions, including separate meetings with parents and children, and a family meeting in which the parents led a discussion of the illness and of positive steps that can be taken to promote healthy functioning in the children. In addition, telephone contacts or refresher meetings were conducted at 6- to 9-month intervals. In both conditions, psychoeducational material about mood disorders, risk, and resilience was presented and efforts were made to decrease feelings of guilt and blame in children. Parents were helped to build resilience in their children through encouraging their friendships, their success outside of the home, and their understanding of parental illness and of themselves. In addition, in the clinician-facilitated condition, efforts were made to link the psychoeducational material presented to the family's own unique illness experience. To address directly how their lives had changed, all family members in both conditions were assessed for psychopathology and for overall functioning at intake, and for psychopathology, functioning, and response to intervention immediately postintervention, approximately 1 year postintervention, and again approximately 2.5 years postintervention. RESULTS: We examined the outcomes of child understanding and internalizing symptomatology, and a number of predictor variables, using repeated measures analyses with generalized estimating equations. We found that parents in both conditions reported significant change in child-related behaviors and and attitudes, and that the amount of change reported increased over time from time 3 to time 4 (chi2(1) = 18.1). Moreover, relative to parents in the lecture program (mean number of changes = 6.3), parents in the clinician-facilitated program reported more change in child-related behaviors and attitudes (mean number of changes = 9.8). Children in both conditions reported increased understanding of parental illness attributable to participation in our intervention programs. There was a positive association between the amount of change children reported in their understanding of parental illness and the number of changes couples reported in child-related behaviors/attitudes (chi2(1) = 37.3; ie, parents who had changed the most in response to intervention had children who also changed the most). Finally, internalizing scores for all children decreased with increased time since intervention (chi2

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1542/peds.112.2.e119

Cites

70 of 70 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Lavoie R, Hodgins S. Mental disorders among children with one parent with a lifetime diagnosis of major depression. In: Hodgins S, Lane C, Lapalme M, et al, eds. A Critical Review of the Literature on Children at Risk for Major Affective Disorders. Ottawa, Canada: Strategic Fund for Children’s Mental Health; 1994: 37–82
  2. Beardslee WR. The development of a clinician-based preventive intervention for families with affective disorders. J Prev Psychiatry Allied Disciplines.1990;4:39–61

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 530

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Beardslee, W. R., Gladstone, T. R. G., Wright, E. J., & Cooper, A. B.
Affiliations
  • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
  • Judge Baker Children's Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Pediatrics
Publisher
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published
2003-08-01
Volume
112
Issue
2
Pages
e119-e131
ISSN
  • 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-4275
DOI
10.1542/peds.112.2.e119
OpenAlex
W2147472234
Cited by
530
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 33
FWCI
17.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • William T. Grant Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01mh048696-10)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH48696)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Support in Illness
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
parental depression, children of depressed parents, family intervention, mood disorders, adolescent depression, parent-child communication, psychoeducation, resilience, protective factors, risk factors, child depressive symptoms, family functioning, early adolescence, telephone follow-up, school-based prevention
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior, Psychology, Child, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Family, Family Relations, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Parents, Patient Education as Topic, Psychotherapy, Risk Factors, Child of Impaired Parents, Mood Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review