The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress Predicts Brain Changes in Children: A Pilot Longitudinal Study on Youth Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Hippocampus
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Does stress damage the brain? Studies of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder have demonstrated smaller hippocampal volumes when compared with the volumes of adults with no posttraumatic stress disorder. Studies of children with posttraumatic stress disorder have not replicated the smaller hippocampal findings in adults, which suggests that smaller hippocampal volume may be caused by neurodevelopmental experiences with stress. Animal research has demonstrated that the glucocorticoids secreted during stress can be neurotoxic to the hippocampus, but this has not been empirically demonstrated in human samples. We hypothesized that cortisol volumes would predict hippocampal volume reduction in patients with posttraumatic symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report data from a pilot longitudinal study of children (n = 15) with history of maltreatment who underwent clinical evaluation for posttraumatic stress disorder, cortisol, and neuroimaging. RESULTS: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and cortisol at baseline predicted hippocampal reduction over an ensuing 12- to 18-month interval. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this pilot study suggest that stress is associated with hippocampal reduction in children with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and provide preliminary human evidence that stress may indeed damage the hippocampus. Additional studies seem to be warranted.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This may be compounded by environment (e.g., poverty (118)), parent (e.g., mental disorders (119)), and youth (e.g., stress (120); psychiatric symptoms (121)) factors—each affecting neuromaturation—and potentially, increasing STB and NSSI vulnerability.”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13 · Cited by 5,147
The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106 · Cited by 5,024
Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2 · Cited by 2,107
Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Atrophy in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Sapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.925 · Cited by 2,016
Allostasis and Allostatic Load Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology
McEwen, B. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00129-3 · Cited by 1,833
Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma
Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn958 · Cited by 1,635
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.7.973 · Cited by 1,610
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Vermetten, E., Staib, L., Bronen, R. A., Mazure, C., Capelli, S., McCarthy, G., Innis, R. B., & Charney, D. S. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00162-x · Cited by 1,283
Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons
Watanabe, Y., Gould, E., & McEwen, B. S. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91597-8 · Cited by 1,212
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Gould E, Tanapat P. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:1472–1479 · DOI
- Subramaniam B, Hennessey JG, Rubin MA, Beach LS, Reiss AL. Software and methods for quantitative imaging in neuroscience. In: Koslow SH, Huerta MF, eds. The Kennedy Krieger Institute Human Brain Project in Neuroinformatics: An Overview of the Human Brain Project. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1997:335–360
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111 · Cited by 1,856
Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12507 · Cited by 1,473
Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2 · Cited by 1,352
“Preliminary support for this hypothesis stems from a longitudinal study of traumatized children in which markers of stress (PTSD symptoms, cortisol levels) predicted reduced hippocampal volume from baseline to follow-up 12–18 months later (Carrion et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultTeicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957 · Cited by 1,050
Stress, sensitive periods and maturational events in adolescent depression
Andersen, S. L., & Teicher, M. H. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.01.004 · Cited by 1,005
Metadata
- Authors
- Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- LSU New Orleans (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2007-03-01
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 509-516
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2170134781
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias de la Salud (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-19908, K23MH063893, MH050047, MH01142, MH63893-01, K02MH001142, R01MH050047, T32MH019908)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD031715, HD31715)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, child abuse, hippocampal volume, cortisol, glucocorticoid neurotoxicity, brain development, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Arousal, Child, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Organ Size, Pilot Projects, Saliva, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
