Cited by 419Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

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What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? The finnish ‘from a boy to a man’ Study

Sourander, Andre, Jensen, Peter, Rönning, John A., Niemelä, Solja, Helenius, Hans, Sillanmäki, Lauri, Kumpulainen, Kirsti, Piha, Jorma, Tamminen, Tuula, Moilanen, Irma, Almqvist, Fredrik·2007·PEDIATRICS

DOI 10.1542/peds.2006-2704

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to study predictive associations between bullying and victimization at age 8 years and psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. METHODS: The sample comprised 2540 boys born in 1981. Information about bullying and victimization was gathered in 1989 when the boys were 8 years old from parents, teachers, and children. Information about psychiatric disorders was based on military call-up examination and army registry when the subjects were 18 to 23 years old. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression analysis, frequent bullying-only status predicted antisocial personality, substance abuse, and depressive and anxiety disorders; frequent victimization-only status predicted anxiety disorder, whereas frequent bully-victim status predicted antisocial personality and anxiety disorder. When controlled against the effects of parental education level and parent and teacher reports of emotional and behavioral symptoms by using Rutter scales, frequent victimization-only status predicted anxiety disorders, and frequent bullying-only predicted antisocial personality disorder, whereas frequent bully-victimization predicted both anxiety and antisocial personality disorder. Information about frequent bullying and victimization as primary screening for children at risk identified approximately 28% of those with a psychiatric disorder 10 to 15 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Both bullying and victimization during early school years are public health signs that identify boys who are at risk of suffering psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. The school health and educational system has a central role to play in detecting these boys at risk.

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“Sourander et al. (2007) have recently examined the associations between bullying and victimization among boys at the age of 8 and psychiatric diagnoses 10 to 15 years later, thus becoming the first to investigate this relation in a prospective study in which psychiatric diagnoses were used.”
Background
Concurrent and prospective associations between bullying victimization and substance use among Australian adolescents
Kelly, E. V., Newton, N. C., Stapinski, L. A., Slade, T. N., Barrett, E. L., Conrod, P., & Teesson, M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.012 · Cited by 56
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Background
Associations of Bullying and Cyberbullying With Substance Use and Sexual Risk Taking in Young Adults
Kritsotakis, G., Papanikolaou, M., Androulakis, E., & Philalithis, A. E. (2017) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12299 · Cited by 59
“…2011; Weiss, Mouttapa, Cen, Johnson, & Unger, 2011), lack of self-esteem (O’Moore & Kirkham, 2001), anxiety and depression symptoms, suicidal ideation, antisocial personality disorder (Sourander et al., 2007), and illegal drug and cannabis use (Maniglio, 2015; Valdebenito, Ttofi, & Eisner, 2015).”
Background
Bullying in Early Adolescence and Antisocial Behavior and Depression Six Years Later: What Are the Protective Factors?
Vassallo, S., Edwards, B., Renda, J., & Olsson, C. A. (2013) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2013.840643 · Cited by 54
“…a normal rite of passage, there is growing evidence to suggest that school bullying has harmful consequences, not only for the victims themselves, but also for those who perpetrate this bullying (Arseneault, Bowes, & Shakoor, 2010; Cross et al., 2009; Rigby, 2003; Sourander et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Association of Childhood Intrafamilial Aggression and Childhood Peer Bullying With Adult Depressive Symptoms in China
Wáng, Q. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12557 · Cited by 54
“24 The items were evaluated as follows: (1) “was bothered by things,” (2) “had trouble keeping mind on tasks,” (3) “felt depressed,” (4) “felt everything he/she did was an effort,” (5) “felt fearful,” (6) “restless sleep,” and (7) “felt lonely.”
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Nabuzoka, D., Rønning, J. A., & Handegård, B. H. (2009) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410903326613 · Cited by 53
“Email: d.nabuzoka@leedsmet.ac.uk scores on measures of mental and physical distress 3–15 years later (Olweus, 1992; Rigby, 1999; Rønning et al., 2009; Sourander et al., 2007).”
Background
Cyber Bullying Prevention: Intervention in Taiwan
Lee, M.-S., Zi-Pei, W., Svanström, L., & Dalal, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064031 · Cited by 53
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Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0793-9 · Cited by 59
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Hebron, J., Oldfield, J., & Humphrey, N. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316636761 · Cited by 51
“, 2006), behaviour (Sourander et al., 2007) and educational success (Green et al.”
Background
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Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 51
Bullying at age eight and criminality in adulthood: findings from the Finnish Nationwide 1981 Birth Cohort Study
Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Kumpulainen, K., Puustjärvi, A., Elonheimo, H., Ristkari, T., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I. K., Piha, J., & Rønning, J. A. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0292-1 · Cited by 56
Prevalence and Correlates of School Bullying Victimization in Xi’an, China
Zhu, Y., & Chan, K. L. (2015) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00006 · Cited by 55
“Sourander et al. (2007) identified frequent victimization of bullying as a predictor for APD, even after controlling for the effects of other covariates.”
Background
Women Faculty Distressed: Descriptions and Consequences of Academic Contrapower Harassment
Lampman, C. B., Crew, E. C., Lowery, S. D., & Tompkins, K. A. (2016) · NASPA Journal About Women In Higher Education · doi:10.1080/19407882.2016.1199385 · Cited by 50
“Experiencing workplace harassment is associated with a plethora of mental disorders, such as substance abuse (Sourander et al., 2007) and depression and anxiety (Bond, Carlin, Thomas, Rubin, & Patton, 2001; Fitzgerald, Buchanan, Collinsworth, Magley, & Ramos, 1999).”
Background
Associations between school bullying and anxiety in children and adolescents from an ethnic autonomous county in China
Gong, Z., Reinhardt, J. D., Han, Z., Zhan-long, B., & Lei, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114649 · Cited by 49
The Effect of Bullying and Victimization on Cognitive Empathy Development During the Transition to Middle School
Williford, A., Boulton, A. J., Forrest-Bank, S. S., Bender, K. A., Dieterich, W. A., & Jenson, J. M. (2015) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-015-9343-9 · Cited by 49
The gender discrepancy in high-risk behaviour outcomes in adolescents who have experienced cyberbullying in Indonesia
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“…involvement in bullying in childhood can contribute to and manifest as low self-esteem, aggressive behaviour towards one’s own self (self-harm), and alcohol consumption, especially in young female students in middle and high school (Sourander et al., 2007; Due et al., 2009; Selkie et al., 2015).”
Background
Risk factors of school bullying and its relationship with psychiatric comorbidities: a literature review
Ahmed, G. K., Metwaly, N. A., Elbeh, K., Galal, M. S., & Shaaban, I. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-022-00449-x · Cited by 67
Parenting style influences bullying: a longitudinal study comparing children with and without behavioral problems
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Bullying victimization in adolescence and psychotic symptomatology in adulthood: evidence from a 35-year study
Boden, J. M., van Stockum, S., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002962 · Cited by 53
“In recent years there has been growing research interest in the short- and long-term effects of being bullied in childhood (Sourander et al. 2007; Gini & Pozzoli, 2009; Stapinski et al. 2014; Lereya et al. 2015).”
Background
Sibling bullying at 12 years and high‐risk behavior in early adulthood: A prospective cohort study
Dantchev, S., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21793 · Cited by 56
“Studies on peer bullying suggest that children who act as both the bully and the victim may be at the highest risk of high-risk behavior (Moore et al., 2014; Sourander et al., 2007; Wolke et al., 2013).”
Background
Vulnerability to bullying of children with autism spectrum conditions in mainstream education: a multi‐informant qualitative exploration
Hebron, J., Humphrey, N., & Oldfield, J. (2015) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12108 · Cited by 47
“…bullying are acknowledged as serious, wide-ranging and potentially long-lasting: they include detrimental effects on a child’s well-being (McMahon, Reulbach, Keeley, Perry, & Arensman, 2010), behaviour (e.g. Sourander et al., 2007) and difficulties at school (e.g. Green, Collingwood, & Ross, 2010).”
Background
Issues in the assessment of bullying: Implications for conceptualizations and future directions
Jia, M., & Mikami, A. Y. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.004 · Cited by 47
Brief Report: Bullying and Anxiety in High-Functioning Adolescents with ASD
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Childhood Maltreatment, Bullying Victimization, and Psychological Distress Among Gay and Bisexual Men
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“Peer victimization is associated with poor mental health outcomes in both general (Sourander et al., 2007; Stapinski et al., 2014; Zwierzynska, Wolke, & Lereya, 2013) and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations (Burton, Marshal, Chisolm, Sucato, & Friedman, 2013; Lewis, Derlega, Griffin, & Krowinski…”
Background
Bullying and victimisation are common in four‐year‐old children and are associated with somatic symptoms and conduct and peer problems
Ilola, A., Lempinen, L., Huttunen, J., Ristkari, T., & Sourander, A. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13327 · Cited by 50
Bullying Behaviour And Substance Abuse Among Underage Psychiatric Inpatient Adolescents
Luukkonen, A.-H., Riala, K., Hakko, H. H., Räsänen, P. K., & workgroup, S.-7. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.12.002 · Cited by 44
Bullying Victimization Among Chinese Middle School Students: The Role of Family Violence
Zhu, Y., Chan, K. L., & Chen, J. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515621082 · Cited by 44
“Besides these commonly studied correlates, there is evidence showing that insecure attachment (Perry, Hodges, & Egan, 2001; Walden & Beran, 2010), antisocial personality disorder (APD; Sourander et al., 2007), borderline personality disorder (BPD; Sansone, Lam, & Wiederman, 2010), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PT…”
Background
Psychological adjustment and behaviours in children of migrant workers in China
Wang, F., Zhou, X., & Hesketh, T. M. (2017) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12499 · Cited by 47
“Such children are at risk of psychological problems into adolescence and adulthood (Caspi, Moffitt, Newman, & Silva, 1996; Sourander et al., 2007).”
Background
Association of Early-Life Exposure to Income Inequality With Bullying in Adolescence in 40 Countries
Elgar, F. J., Gariépy, G., Dirks, M. A., Walsh, S. D., Molcho, M., Cosma, A. P., Malinowska-Cieślik, M., Donnelly, P., & Craig, W. (2019) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1181 · Cited by 44
Long-term consequences of bullying involvement in first grade
Bettencourt, A. F., Clary, L. K., Ialongo, N. S., & Musci, R. J. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2023.01.004 · Cited by 63
Prevention of public health risks linked to bullying: A need for a whole community approach
Srabstein, J. C., Ρ Joshi, Due, Ρ., Wright, J. L., Leventhal, B. L., Merrick, J., Ys, K., Silber, T. J., Kumpulainen, K., Menvielle, E. J., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.2.185 · Cited by 43
“A comprehensive psychobiosocial assessment should review the genetic and environmental precursors that could facilitate the development of psychiatric conditions that precede or are triggered by participating in bullying behaviors (9,10,20,112-114).”
Influential
Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiant Problems as Antecedents of School Bullying
Verlinden, M., Jansen, P. W., Veenstra, R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., Shaw, P., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.002 · Cited by 41
Anchoring Bullying and Victimization in Children within a Five–Factor Model–Based Person–Centred Framework
Bolle, M. D., & Tackett, J. L. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1901 · Cited by 49
“…that victimization-only status predicts subsequent internalizing problems (e.g. anxiety and depression disorder), whereas bullying-only status predicts subsequent externalizing problems (e.g. antisocial personality disorder; Bond, Carlin, Thomas, Rubin, & Patton, 2001; Sourander et al., 2007).”
Background
Bullying involvement in relation to personality disorders: a prospective follow-up of 508 inpatient adolescents
Antila, H., Arola, R., Hakko, H. H., Riala, K., Riipinen, P. K., & Kantojärvi, L. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0946-6 · Cited by 40
Peer bullying among children with autism spectrum disorder in formal education settings: Data from Turkey
Eroğlu, M., & Kılıç, B. G. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101572 · Cited by 45
The Association of Childhood Experience of Peer Bullying with DSM-IV Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidality in Adults: Results from a Nationwide Survey in Korea
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Socio-Cultural Context and Bulling Others in Childhood
Morcillo, C., Ramos-Olazagasti, M. A., Blanco, C., Sala, R., CANINO, G. J., Bird, H., & Duarte, C. S. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0026-1 · Cited by 38
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript (Nansel et al 2001, Nansel et al 2004, Sourander et al 2010, Klomek et al 2009, Sourander et al 2007, Ttofi et al 2011, Sourander et al 2009, Swearer et al 2010).”
Long-term psychosocial consequences of peer victimization: From elementary to high school.
Smithyman, T. F., Fireman, G. D., & Asher, Y. M. (2014) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000053 · Cited by 38
“…the current study has a larger sample of victimized youth (35 compared with 15 in Olweus, 1993b), includes both boys and girls (Olweus, 1993b; Sourander et al., 2007), examines both overt and relational peer victimization (Kumpulainen & Räsänen, 2000; Sourander et al., 2007), and reviews…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Bullying victimization and adverse health behaviors among school‐going adolescents in South Asia: Findings from the global school‐based student health survey
Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M., Khan, M. M. A., Hasan, M., & Choudhury, K. N. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23033 · Cited by 39
“…between being bullied and illicit drug use and smoking (Goebert et al., 2011; Niemelä et al., 2011; Tharp‐Taylor et al., 2009), whereas other studies have found no association (Coomber et al., 2011; Copeland et al., 2013; Nansel, Craig, Overpeck, Saluja, & Ruan, 2004; Sourander et al., 2007).”
Result
Effects of a Social and Emotional Competence Enhancement Program for Adolescents Who Bully: A Quasi-Experimental Design
Song, Y.-M., & Kim, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127339 · Cited by 37
Bullying in Childhood, Externalizing Behaviors, and Adult Offending: Evidence From a 30-Year Study
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2013) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2013.840642 · Cited by 37
Changes in Mental Health, Bullying Behavior, and Service Use Among Eight-Year-Old Children Over 24 Years
Sourander, A., Lempinen, L., & Klomek, A. B. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.018 · Cited by 36
The association between preschool behavioural problems and internalizing difficulties at age 10–12 years
Slemming, K., Sørensen, M. J., Thomsen, P. H., Obel, C., Henriksen, T. B., & Linnet, K. M. (2010) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0128-2 · Cited by 41
“This has also been indicated by previous cross-sectional and small studies on bullying behaviour and internalizing difficulties in both childhood [18;48] and adolescence [9].”
Result
[Bullying and its association with psychiatric disorders in a Mexican students sample].
Albores‐Gallo, L., Sauceda-García, J. M., Ruiz‐Velasco, S., & Roque-Santiago, E. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 35
How do social fears in adolescence develop? Fear conditioning shapes attention orienting to social threat cues
Haddad, A. D. M., Lissek, S. M., Pine, D. S., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.524193 · Cited by 34
“Peer victimisation, or repeated subjection to negative peer social experiences, predicts later psychological problems, particularly social anxiety (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; McCabe, Antony, Summerfeldt, Liss, & Swinson, 2003; Sourander et al., 2007).”
Background
Did Bullying Victimization Decrease After Nationwide School-Based Antibullying Program? A Time-Trend Study
Tiiri, E., Luntamo, T., Mishina, K. E., Sillanmäki, L. H., Klomek, A. B., & Sourander, A. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.03.023 · Cited by 33
Interpersonal sensitivity, bullying victimization and paranoid ideation among help‐seeking adolescents and young adults
Masillo, A., Valmaggia, L., Saba, R., Brandizzi, M., Cascio, N. L., Telesforo, L., Venturini, P., Izzo, A., Mattioli, M. T., D’Alema, M., et al. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12447 · Cited by 32
Like Father, like Child: Early Life Family Adversity and Children’s Bullying Behaviors in Elementary School
de Vries, E. E., Verlinden, M., Rijlaarsdam, J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., Arseneault, L., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0380-8 · Cited by 37
“Both children who bully and those who are the victims of bullying have more behavioral and emotional problems and tend to perform less well at school than children who are not involved in bullying (Sourander et al. 2007; Arseneault et al. 2010).”
Background
Contributions of childhood peer victimization and/or maltreatment to young adult anxiety, depression, and suicidality: a cross-sectional study
Macalli, M., Orri, M., Tzourio, C., & Côté, S. M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03354-4 · Cited by 38
Maternal Ratings of Bullying and Victimization: Differences in Frequencies between Psychiatric Diagnoses in a Large Sample of Children
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Baweja, R. K., & Mahr, F. (2015) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/16.pr0.116k30w8 · Cited by 32
The relationship between exposure to adverse life events in childhood and adolescent years and subsequent adult psychopathology in 49,163 adult prisoners: A systematic review
Bowen, K. L., Jarrett, M., Stahl, D. R., Forrester, A., & Valmaggia, L. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.023 · Cited by 39
“…physical maternal maltreatment=77.5%, verbal paternal maltreatment=89.1%, physical paternal maltreatment=67.4%, CSA with penetration=29.6% Specht et al. (2009) USA 117 33.9 (8.5) Offences not listed, correctional facility CTQ SCID-II Young Schema Questionnaire CPA, CEA and perceived…”
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On the Association Between Repeat Bully Victimizations and Carrying a Firearm
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Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy for Bullying-Related Anxiety and Depression: Initial Development and Pilot Study
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Maltrato entre iguales e intento suicida en sujetos adolescentes escolarizados
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Jokela: The Social Roots of a School Shooting Tragedy in Finland
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Violence and Men’s Health
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Bullying as a style of personal relating: Personality characteristics and interpersonal aspects of self‐reports of bullying behaviours among Italian adolescent high school students
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“This is similar to previous findings demonstrating that being a victim of bullying increases the risk of later victimisation [8, 16, 56], which suggests a continuity of being bullied.”
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Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents
Zottis, G. A. H., Salum, G. A., Isolan, L., Manfro, G. G., & Heldt, E. (2014) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2013.12.009 · Cited by 28
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Television viewing through ages 2-5 years and bullying involvement in early elementary school
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Bullying Perpetration and Subsequent Delinquency: A Regression-Based Analysis of Early Adolescent Schoolchildren
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Health and behavioural outcomes of bullying victimisation among Indonesian adolescent students: findings from the 2015 Global School-based Student Health Survey
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“…and tobacco use (Niemela et al., 2011), while others reported either a negative association for alcohol use (Moore et al., 2014; T. R. Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, Ruan, Simons-Morton, Scheidt et al., 2001a) or no strong association for substance use (Copeland et al., 2013; Sourander et al., 2007).”
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Gender effects in bullying: Results from a national sample
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“Also, bullying others is predictive of poor academic achievement (Nansel et al., 2001, 2004), antisocial personality and other psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation in adulthood (Klomek et al., 2009; Sourander et al., 2007, 2009, 2011; Ttofi et al., 2011).”
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Does forgiveness mediate the impact of school bullying on adolescent mental health?
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Behavioural problems and bullying at school: can cognitive neuroscience shed new light on an old problem?
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Bullying behaviour and criminality: A population-based follow-up study of adolescent psychiatric inpatients in Northern Finland
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“As it has been shown earlier that being a bully in childhood increases the risk of later antisocial personality disorder [14] and that antisocial personality disorder is known to be associated with habitual violent behaviour [15], we suggest that bullying among severely psychopathological adolescents may be a sign of…”
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The Interconnected Arctic — UArctic Congress 2016
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School Violence, Depressive Symptoms, and Help-seeking Behavior: A Gender-stratified Analysis of Biethnic Adolescents in South Korea
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Young men’s suicidal behavior, depression, crime, and substance use risks linked to childhood teasing
Kerr, D., Gini, G., & Capaldi, D. M. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.026 · Cited by 28
Developmental pathways between peer victimization, psychological functioning, disordered eating behavior, and body mass index: A review and theoretical model
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Under the skin: does psychiatric outcome of bullying victimization in school persist over time? A prospective intervention study
Jantzer, V., Ossa, F. C., Eppelmann, L., Parzer, P., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13502 · Cited by 30
School Bullying: Why Quick Fixes Do Not Prevent School Failure
Casebeer, C. M. (2012) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2011.633283 · Cited by 23
“Moreover, bullying is associated with long-term, negative effects, including poor psychosocial adjustment (Sourander et al., 2007) and ongoing physical and mental health problems (Rigby, 1999).”
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Self-Reported Peer Victimization and Child Mental Health: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey Among French Primary School Children
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The Role of Disability in the Relationship Between Mental Health and Bullying: A Focused, Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies
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“These studies used medical records as outcomes regarding suicide and suicide attempts [36] or all types of psychiatric diagnosis [33, 38].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Timing Effect of Bullying in Childhood and Adolescence on Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors
Lee, Y., Liu, X., & Watson, M. W. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515581908 · Cited by 22
“Also, Sourander et al. (2007) found that childhood bullying was related to adolescent delinquency such as property offense and traffic offense.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
TRAJECTORIES OF PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES IN DISCOVERING, REPORTING, AND LIVING WITH THE AFTERMATH OF MIDDLE SCHOOL BULLYING
Brown, J. R. (2010) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/1170 · Cited by 22
Bullying Victimization Among Peruvian Children: The Predictive Role of Parental Maltreatment
Benavides, M., Almonte, J. L. J., Stuart, J., & Riva, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518817780 · Cited by 21
“Several studies have shown significant associations between being bullied and subsequently internalizing problems such as anxiety, depression, suicidality, and low self-esteem (Lereya, Copeland, Costello, & Wolke, 2015; O’Moore & Kirkham, 2001; Sourander et al., 2007).”
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Childhood Predictors of Adulthood Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptomatology
Krastins, A., Francis, A. J. P., Field, A. M., & Carr, S. N. (2014) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12048 · Cited by 21
Why Worry about Bullying?
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An evaluation of police officers in schools as a bullying intervention
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The Magnitude and Impact of Bullying among School Pupils in Muscat, Oman: A Cross-Sectional Study
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“Other studies are consistent with this view [17].”
Result
Peer victimisation and its association with psychological and somatic health problems among adolescents in northern Russia
Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Koposov, R. A., McKee, M., Roberts, B., & Ruchkin, V. V. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-15 · Cited by 19
“It is possible that these negative effects may even stretch beyond childhood as frequent victimisation in school has also been associated with an increased risk of experiencing anxiety disorders in early adulthood [5].”
Background
Joint production of research priorities to improve the lives of those with childhood onset conditions that impair learning: the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership for ‘learning difficulties’
Lim, A. K., Rhodes, S., Cowan, K., & O'Hare, A. E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028780 · Cited by 19
Self-esteem importance beliefs: A new perspective on adolescent self-esteem
Vaughan-Johnston, T., Lambe, L. J., Craig, W., & Jacobson, J. A. (2020) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1711157 · Cited by 19
Examining Student–Teacher Relationship and Callous–Unemotional Traits in Children with Adverse Childhood Experiences
Stoppelbein, L., McRae, E. M., & Smith, S. B. (2020) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-020-09397-4 · Cited by 19
The role of the pediatrician in youth violence prevention
Kim, S. K., & Kim, N. S. (2013) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2013.56.1.1 · Cited by 19

Authors: Sourander, A., Jensen, P., Rönning, J. A., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., Sillanmäki, L., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I., & Almqvist, F.
Affiliations: Departments of Child Psychiatry
Columbia University (US)
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsö, Norway
University of Turku (FI)
Biostatistics, Turku University, Turku, Finland
Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland
Tampere University (FI)
University of Oulu (FI)
University of Helsinki (FI)
ORCID: Jensen, Peter
Tamminen, Tuula
Almqvist, Fredrik
Venue: PEDIATRICS
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2007-08-01
Volume: 120
Issue: 2
Pages: 397-404
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-2704
OpenAlex: W2120938021
Cited by: 419
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 28.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: bullying, bullying victimization, early adulthood, mental illness, antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, boys, school health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Crime Victims, Conduct Disorder

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What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? The finnish ‘from a boy to a man’ Study

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