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What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? The finnish ‘from a boy to a man’ Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to study predictive associations between bullying and victimization at age 8 years and psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. METHODS: The sample comprised 2540 boys born in 1981. Information about bullying and victimization was gathered in 1989 when the boys were 8 years old from parents, teachers, and children. Information about psychiatric disorders was based on military call-up examination and army registry when the subjects were 18 to 23 years old. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression analysis, frequent bullying-only status predicted antisocial personality, substance abuse, and depressive and anxiety disorders; frequent victimization-only status predicted anxiety disorder, whereas frequent bully-victim status predicted antisocial personality and anxiety disorder. When controlled against the effects of parental education level and parent and teacher reports of emotional and behavioral symptoms by using Rutter scales, frequent victimization-only status predicted anxiety disorders, and frequent bullying-only predicted antisocial personality disorder, whereas frequent bully-victimization predicted both anxiety and antisocial personality disorder. Information about frequent bullying and victimization as primary screening for children at risk identified approximately 28% of those with a psychiatric disorder 10 to 15 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Both bullying and victimization during early school years are public health signs that identify boys who are at risk of suffering psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. The school health and educational system has a central role to play in detecting these boys at risk.
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“Experiencing bullying and persecution in school can have long-term consequences in the form of mental health problems in early adulthood. Among them, in addition to the depression above, are anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and addictions (24).”
Citations
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“…recent longitudinal study on Finnish boys, bullying and victimization during early school years are risk factors for psychiatric disorders in early adulthood: Victims of bullying are at risk for anxiety disorder, and bullies are at risk for antisocial personality disorder (Sourander et al., 2007).”
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“…have found that victimization is associated with poorer social and emotional adjustment (Esbensen & Carson, 2009), physical health problems (Fekkes, Pijpers, Fredriks, Vogels, & Verloove-Vanhorick, 2006), and increased incidence of anxiety disorders in young adulthood (Sourander et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSexual Orientation and Bullying Among Adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study
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“Longitudinal studies demonstrate that children who are involved in bullying, in addition to being at risk of future involvement in bullying [17], psychiatric problems and somatic complaints [18, 19], as well as psychiatric disorders in early adulthood [ 20 ].”
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“A longitudinal study has shown that involvement in bullying in childhood can contribute to depression and alcohol use in young adulthood.(43,44) Another explanation could be that existing mental health concerns manifest as aggressive online behavior—previous studies have shown low self-esteem, particularly in middle s…”
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“Bullies are at increased risk for substance abuse (Sourander et al., 2007) with Niemelä and colleagues (2011) demonstrating that bullying others at age 8 positively predicted illicit drug use at age 18 among males.”
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“…we included a sample of participants from Finland, home of much research on adolescents’ social cognitions after victimization or exclusion (e.g., Ojanen, Grönroos, & Salmivalli, 2005; Peets, Hodges, & Salmivalli, 2008; Salmivalli, Ojanen, Haanpää, & Peets, 2005; Sourander et al., 2007).”
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“On the other hand, contrary to previous literature [63], chronic bully/victims did not have increased risk of anxiety problems at age 18.”
ResultRole of the Pediatrician in Youth Violence Prevention
(2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0943 · Cited by 167
Childhood Bullying Behavior and Later Psychiatric Hospital and Psychopharmacologic Treatment
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“Sourander et al. (2007) (sample overlapping with Sourander et al. 2009) 12.”
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Is bullying and teasing associated with eating disorders? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: A study of Danish men born in 1953
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School Success and School Engagement of Immigrant Children and Adolescents
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Boys, Bullying, and Gender Roles: How Hegemonic Masculinity Shapes Bullying Behavior
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“Follow-up studies have suggested that reporting frequent bullying predicts subsequent depressive symptoms among males.(58,68,69) In a nationally representative sample of US adults, the prevalence of major depression was found to be significantly higher among adults with a history of bullying compared to those who had…”
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“Moreover, studies that have followed youths for 6 or more years have sometimes excluded girls (Olweus, 1992; Sourander et al., 2007).”
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“It is noteworthy that the profile seen in young children who received low-quality MCB parallels characteristics of children who engage in bullying behavior, which includes aggressive behavior with peers, as well as proneness to anger (Camodeca & Goossens, 2005); selfreported negative relations with caregivers and low…”
Psychiatric Correlates of Bullying in the United States: Findings from a National Sample
Vaughn, M. G., Fu, Q. J., Bender, K., DeLisi, M., Beaver, K. M., Perron, B. E., & Howard, M. O. (2010) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-010-9128-0 · Cited by 120
“A study in Finland followed elementary school-aged boys who bullied into adulthood [ 4 ].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychiatric conditions associated with bullying
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Peer Group Status of Gender Dysphoric Children: A Sociometric Study
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“Victimization was studied because normative studies have shown that peer relations are important for children’s wellbeing and that childhood victimization has long-term negative consequences (e.g., Bond, Carlin, Thomas, Rubin, & Patton, 2001; Kumpulainen & Räsänen, 2000; Sourander et al., 2007).”
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Rønning, J. A., Sourander, A., Kumpulainen, K., Tamminen, T., Niemelä, S., Moilanen, I. K., Helenius, H. Y. M., Piha, J., & Almqvist, F. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0395-0 · Cited by 107
Costs and Benefits of Bullying in the Context of the Peer Group: A Three Wave Longitudinal Analysis
Reijntjes, A. H. A., Vermande, M. M., Olthof, T., Goossens, F. A., van de Schoot, R., Aleva, L., & der Meulen, M. V. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9759-3 · Cited by 104
The use of homophobic language across bullying roles during adolescence
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Chudal, R., Tiiri, E., Klomek, A. B., Ong, S. H., Fossum, S., Kaneko, H., Kolaitis, G. A., Lesinskienė, S., Li, L., Huong, M. N., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01779-6 · Cited by 128
“Longitudinal population-based studies have shown a strong association between childhood victimization and psychiatric disorders in adulthood [9, 55] and the association was stronger in individuals who had psychiatric symptoms in childhood [55].”
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“…academic and mental health consequences to its victims, such as decreasing school attendance and increasing the risk for emotional problems (Olweus, 1994; Smith & Brain, 2000; Smith, Talamelli, Cowie, Naylor & Chauhan, 2004; Sourander et al., 2007; Storch, Masia-Warner, Crisp & Stein, 2005).”
BackgroundPsychiatric outcomes of bullying victimization: a study of discordant monozygotic twins
Silberg, J. L., Copeland, W., Linker, J., Moore, A. A., Roberson-Nay, R., & York, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000362 · Cited by 100
“This was based upon the very small number of ‘bullyvictim’ discordant MZ pairs (those that are bullied and bully others) and because children who are both victims and perpetrators of bullying behavior show a different profile of psychopathology compared with victims-only (Sourander et al. 2007).”
BackgroundTypes and experiences of bullying in adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder
Kloosterman, P. H., Kelley, E. A., Craig, W., Parker, J. D. A., & Javier, C. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.02.013 · Cited by 111
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“RESULTS Thirty-nine per cent (3,744) of the 9574 students responding to the 1996 US Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey reported being involved in bullying, at least twice or more over the previous 12 months, either as bullies or as victims, or as both bullies and victims (see table 1).”
BackgroundInfluentialSalmivalli, C., Sainio, M., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.759228 · Cited by 93
“For a number of victims, their experiences continue to affect their lives into adulthood (Isaacs, Hodges, & Salmivalli, 2008; Sourander et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMagklara, K., Skapinakis, P., Gkatsa, T., Bellos, S., Araya, R., Stylianidis, S., & Mavreas, V. G. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-8 · Cited by 93
Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: The TRAILS study
van Oort, F. V. A., Greaves‐Lord, K., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20818 · Cited by 100
Allison, S., Roeger, L., & Reinfeld-Kirkman, N. (2009) · Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (Print) · doi:10.3109/00048670903270399 · Cited by 103
The association between bullying and early stages of suicidal ideation in late adolescents in Greece
Skapinakis, P., Bellos, S., Gkatsa, T., Magklara, K., Lewis, G., Araya, R., Stylianidis, S., & Mavreas, V. G. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-22 · Cited by 92
“Bulling in adolescence has been associated with general psychological distress or specific psychiatric disorders [5-10] and is considered to be a risk factor for the development of common mental disorders later in adulthood [11,12].”
The Implementation and effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program in Finland
Salmivalli, C., Poskiparta, E., Ahtola, A., & Haataja, A. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000140 · Cited by 91
Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rodgers, S., Müller, M., & Rössler, W. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.04.004 · Cited by 90
“Because our cross-sectional design does not allow for causal conclusions we deliberately use the term marker, but recent prospective studies suggest that being a victim of constant bullying may constitute a causal risk factor for severe subsequent mental health problems such as antisocial PD and anxiety disorders [47]…”
BackgroundShakoor, S., Jaffee, S. R., Andreou, P., Bowes, L., Ambler, A. P., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9463-5 · Cited by 89
“Victims have reported elevated levels of emotional and behavioral problems (Arseneault et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2005, 2006; Nansel et al. 2004; Sourander et al. 2007; Wolke et al. 2000), self harm and suicidality (Barker et al.”
Sourander, A., Gyllenberg, D., Klomek, A. B., Sillanmäki, L. H., Ilola, A., & Kumpulainen, K. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2419 · Cited by 88
Corvo, K., & deLara, E. W. (2009) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.12.001 · Cited by 85
Trotta, A., Forti, M. D., Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C. M., David, A. S., Mulè, A., Ferraro, L., Formica, I., Murray, R. M., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.001 · Cited by 85
“Sourander et al. (2007) studied predictive associations between bullying and victimization at age 8 years and psychiatric disorders in early adulthood.”
BackgroundJadambaa, A., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., Graves, N., Brain, D., & Pacella, R. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000489 · Cited by 94
“18 Sourander et al. (2007) Finland, Europe From a Boy to a Man Males Bullying victimisation 8 The child himself/ herself, a parent, and a teacher were asked about being victims of bullying Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders 18–23 The ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses were based on health examinations performed by g…”
MethodInfluentialBiggs, B. K., Vernberg, E. M., Little, T. D., Dill, E. J., Fonagy, P., & Twemlow, S. W. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025409348560 · Cited by 84
“Indeed, recent evidence indicates that frequent victimization in early elementary school conveys increased risk of having a psychiatric disorder in early adulthood, with a specific increased risk of an anxiety disorder (Sourander et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRenda, J., Vassallo, S., & Edwards, B. (2011) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.805 · Cited by 83
Peer victimization and social phobia: a follow-up study among adolescents
Ranta, K., Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Fröjd, S. A., & MARTTUNEN, M. J. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0583-9 · Cited by 100
“[56], and psychiatric hospitalization and being prescribed antidepressants or anxiolytic among girls [57], but only among girls were the outcomes maintained after controlling for childhood psychopathology.”
BackgroundResultFluid Intelligence and Psychosocial Outcome: From Logical Problem Solving to Social Adaptation
Huepe, D., Roca, M., Salas, N., Canales‐Johnson, A., Rivera-Rei, Á. A., Zamorano, L., Concepción, A., Manes, F. F., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024858 · Cited by 84
Plight of Victims of School Bullying: The Opposite of Well-Being
Olweus, D., & Breivik, K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_100 · Cited by 81
Chou, W., Wang, P., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Hu, H., & Yen, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00009 · Cited by 79
Vernberg, E. M., Nelson, T. D., Fonagy, P., & Twemlow, S. W. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3415 · Cited by 79
The relationship of bullying and physical violence to mental health and academic performance
AlBuhairan, F. S., Abbas, O. A., Sayed, D. E., Badri, M., AlShahri, S., & de Vries, N. K. (2017) · International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijpam.2016.12.005 · Cited by 75
Associations Between Frequency of Bullying Involvement and Adjustment in Adolescence
Gower, A. L., & Borowsky, I. W. (2013) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.02.004 · Cited by 73
Salmivalli, C., & Poskiparta, E. (2012) · doi:10.4119/ijcv-2920 · Cited by 72
Espelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., & Mebane, S. E. (2016) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-016-9352-z · Cited by 85
Holt, M. K., Green, J. G., Reid, G. M., DiMeo, A., Espelage, D. L., Felix, E. D., Furlong, M. J., Poteat, V. P., & Sharkey, J. D. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.947990 · Cited by 78
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Family Intervention for Children Bullied by Peers
Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.06.001 · Cited by 69
“…12 years of age (Fisher et al., 2012; Schreier et al., 2009), and increased incidence of depression and psychiatric problems in early adulthood and up to 32 years later (Farrington, Loeber, Stallings, & Ttofi, 2011; Sourander et al. 2007), after controlling for early adjustment and family factors.”
BackgroundParenting Practices, Children’s Peer Relationships and Being Bullied at School
Healy, K. L., Sanders, M. R., & Iyer, A. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9820-4 · Cited by 68
“Other studies controlling for earlier adjustment, found that being bullied at 6–8 years of age predicts increased incidence of depression and psychiatric problems in early adulthood and up to 32 years later (Sourander et al. 2007; Farrington et al. 2011).”
BackgroundChen, Y., & Huang, J. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1798 · Cited by 67
Thornton, L. C., Frick, P. J., Crapanzano, A. M., & Terranova, A. M. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031153 · Cited by 72
Forgiveness Reduces Anger in a School Bullying Context
Watson, H., Rapee, R. M., & Todorov, N. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515589931 · Cited by 65
“Vengeful reactions lead victims to become bullies themselves, putting them in the highest risk category for negative outcomes (Sourander et al., 2007), and avoidance behaviors also result in negative life impacts for the individual (Hutzell & Payne, 2012).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sourander, A., Jensen, P., Rönning, J. A., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., Sillanmäki, L., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I., & Almqvist, F.
- Affiliations
- Departments of Child Psychiatry
- Columbia University (US)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tromsö University, Tromsö, Norway
- University of Turku (FI)
- Biostatistics, Turku University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 397-404
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2120938021
- Cited by
- 419
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 28.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- bullying, bullying victimization, early adulthood, mental illness, antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, boys, school health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aggression, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Crime Victims, Conduct Disorder
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