The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychotropic Medication Use Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide national estimates of psychotropic medication use among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorders and to examine child and health system characteristics associated with psychotropic medication use. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used Medicaid claims for calendar year 2001 from all 50 states and Washington, DC, to examine 60,641 children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Logistic regression with random effects was used to examine the child, county, and state factors associated with psychotropic medication use. RESULTS: Of the sample, 56% used at least 1 psychotropic medication, 20% of whom were prescribed > or = 3 medications concurrently. Use was common even in children aged 0 to 2 years (18%) and 3 to 5 years (32%). Neuroleptic drugs were the most common psychotropic class (31%), followed by antidepressants (25%) and stimulants (22%). In adjusted analyses, male, older, and white children; those who were in foster care or in the Medicaid disability category; those who received additional psychiatric diagnoses; and those who used more autism spectrum disorder services were more likely to have used psychotropic drugs. Children who had a diagnosis of autistic disorder or who lived in counties with a lower percentage of white residents or greater urban density were less likely to use such medications. CONCLUSIONS: Psychotropic medication use is common among even very young children with autism spectrum disorders. Factors unrelated to clinical presentation seem highly associated with prescribing practices. Given the limited evidence base, there is an urgent need to assess the risks, benefits, and costs of medication use and understand the local and national policies that affect medication use.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Mandell et al. reported that 56% were prescribed at least one psychotropic medication and 20% were prescribed three or more [27].”
From An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (2011) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119513469 · Cited by 4,639
The American Society of Health System Pharmacists
Beard, E. L. (2001) · JONA s Healthcare Law Ethics and Regulation · doi:10.1097/00128488-200109000-00003 · Cited by 1,685
Risperidone in Children with Autism and Serious Behavioral Problems
McCracken, J. T., McGough, J., Shah, B., Cronin, P., Hong, D., Aman, M. G., Arnold, L. E., Lindsay, R., Nash, P., Hollway, J., et al. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa013171 · Cited by 1,574
Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An Update
Fombonne, E. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025054610557 · Cited by 1,505
Prevalence of Autism in a US Metropolitan Area
Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Rice, C., Karapurkar, T., Doernberg, N., Boyle, C., & Murphy, C. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.49 · Cited by 1,248
Factors Associated With Age of Diagnosis Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mandell, D. S., Novak, M. M., & Zubritsky, C. D. (2005) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0185 · Cited by 896
Self-citationInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision
National Cancer Institute (2020) · Definitions · doi:10.32388/bd1nux · Cited by 891
McEvoy, G. K. (1994) · Oncology Issues · doi:10.1080/10463356.1994.11904493 · Cited by 888
Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers
Zito, J. M. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.8.1025 · Cited by 863
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bonferroni C. The calculation for the protection against groups of tests. In: Studies in Honor of Professor Salvatore Ortu Carboni. [in Italian] Rome, Italy;1935:13–60
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, S. O. D. A. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., et al. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447 · Cited by 1,798
Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61376-3 · Cited by 651
Self-citationKing, B. H., Hollander, E., Sikich, L., McCracken, J. T., Scahill, L., Bregman, J. D., Donnelly, C. L., Anagnostou, E., Dukes, K., Sullivan, L., et al. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.30 · Cited by 482
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Williams, K., Brignell, A., Randall, M., Silove, N., & Hazell, P. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004677.pub3 · Cited by 415
Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 · Cited by 325
Metadata
- Authors
- Mandell, D. S., Morales, K. H., Marcus, S. C., Stahmer, A. C., Doshi, J., & Polsky, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2008-03-01
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e441-e448
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC2861431
- OpenAlex
- W1980023413
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH077000)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- psychotropic drug use, autism spectrum disorder, Medicaid, children, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, stimulants, prescribing patterns, foster care, county-level factors, racial and ethnic disparities, urban density
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attitude of Health Personnel, Autistic Disorder, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Utilization, Eligibility Determination, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Medicaid, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Probability, Psychotropic Drugs, Retrospective Studies, Sex Factors, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Asperger Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
