Psychotropic medication use and polypharmacy in children with autism spectrum disorders
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to examine rates and predictors of psychotropic use and multiclass polypharmacy among commercially insured children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). METHODS: This retrospective observational study used administrative medical and pharmacy claims data linked with health plan enrollment and sociodemographic information from 2001 to 2009. Children with ASD were identified by using a validated ASD case algorithm. Psychotropic polypharmacy was defined as concurrent medication fills across ≥ 2 classes for at least 30 days. Multinomial logistic regression was used to model 5 categories of psychotropic use and multiclass polypharmacy. RESULTS: Among 33,565 children with ASD, 64% had a filled prescription for at least 1 psychotropic medication, 35% had evidence of psychotropic polypharmacy (≥ 2 classes), and 15% used medications from ≥ 3 classes concurrently. Among children with polypharmacy, the median length of polypharmacy was 346 days. Older children, those who had a psychiatrist visit, and those with evidence of co-occurring conditions (seizures, attention-deficit disorders, anxiety, bipolar disorder, or depression) had higher odds of psychotropic use and/or polypharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite minimal evidence of the effectiveness or appropriateness of multidrug treatment of ASD, psychotropic medications are commonly used, singly and in combination, for ASD and its co-occurring conditions. Our results indicate the need to develop standards of care around the prescription of psychotropic medications to children with ASD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies have reported high rates of polypharmacy ranging from 12 to 35% based on the type of studies.
“Studies have reported high rates of polypharmacy ranging from 12 to 35% based on the type of studies [28, 29].”
From An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
The estimate of polypharmacy in this study is higher than reports from prior longitudinal studies in solely pediatric populations with ASD.
“This estimate is higher than reports from prior longitudinal studies in solely pediatric populations with ASD.”
From Medication use in the management of comorbidities among individuals with autism spectrum disorder from a large nationwide insurance database (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Schumm, W. R., & Stevens, J. P. (1993) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2685203 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Murray, C. J. L., Kulkarni, S. C., Michaud, C., Tomijima, N., Bulzacchelli, M. T., Iandiorio, T. J., & Ezzati, M. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030260 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Freund, R. J., & Littell, R. C. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Psychotropic medication use among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorders
Mandell, D. S., Morales, K. H., Marcus, S. C., Stahmer, A. C., Doshi, J., & Polsky, D. E. (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0984 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Comer, J. S., Olfson, M., & Mojtabai, R. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.07.007 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being
Blachman, D., & Lukacs, S. L. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.07.040 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Ganguly, R., Kotzan, J. A., Miller, L. S., Kennedy, K., & Martin, B. C. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n1013 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Trends in Antipsychotic Drug Use by Very Young, Privately Insured Children
Olfson, M., Crystal, S., Huang, C., & Gerhard, T. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.09.003 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders
Oswald, D. P., & Sonenklar, N. A. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders
Coury, D. L., Anagnostou, E., Manning-Courtney, P., Reynolds, A., Cole, L., McCoy, R., Whitaker, A., & Perrin, J. M. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900d · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Concomitant Psychotropic Medication for Youths
Safer, D. J., ZITO, J. M., & dosReis, S. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.438 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Rosenberg, R. E., Mandell, D. S., Farmer, J. E., Law, J. K., Marvin, A. R., & Law, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0878-1 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Does a claims diagnosis of autism mean a true case?
Burke, J. P., Jain, A., Yang, W., Kelly, J. P., Kaiser, M. Y., Becker, L. K., Shea, L., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312467709 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationOff-label psychopharmacologic prescribing for children: History supports close clinical monitoring
ZITO, J. M., Derivan, A., Kratochvil, C. J., Safer, D. J., Fegert, J. M., & Greenhill, L. L. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-24 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Frazier, T. W., Shattuck, P. T., Narendorf, S. C., Cooper, B. P., Wagner, M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0057 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Nontricyclic Antidepressants: Current Trends in Children and Adolescents
Emslie, G. J., Walkup, J. T., Pliszka, S. R., & Monique Ernst, D. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199905000-00013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Psychotropic Drug Use in Very Young Children
Coyle, J. T. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.8.1059 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Rappley, M. D., Mullan, P. B., Alvarez, F. J., Eneli, I. U., Wang, J., & Gardiner, J. C. (1999) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.10.1039 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Psychopharmacology for Young Children: Clinical Needs and Research Opportunities
Vitiello, B. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.4.983 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Trends in Antipsychotic Drug Use by Very Young, Privately Insured Children
Olfson, M., Crystal, S., Huang, C. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-201001000-00005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Geographic Variation in Access to Care — The Relationship with Quality
Radley, D., & Schoen, C. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1204516 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Logan, S. L., Nicholas, J. S., Carpenter, L. A., King, L. B., Garrett-Mayer, E., & Charles, J. M. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.10.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Polypharmacy in Children and Adolescents Treated for Major Depressive Disorder
McIntyre, R. S., & Jerrell, J. M. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04212 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Definition and Prevalence of Pediatric Psychotropic Polypharmacy
Chen, H., Patel, A., Sherer, J. T., & Aparasu, R. R. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.000642011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gerhard, T., Chavez, B., Olfson, M., & Crystal, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181a20c8a · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorders: A selective review
Mohiuddin, S. S., & Ghaziuddin, M. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312453776 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dardas, P. S., Thanopoulos, V. D., Theofilogiannakos, E. K., Ninios, V. N., Kallifatidis, A., & Pitsis, A. A. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.007877 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Management of Psychotropic Medication Side Effects in Children and Adolescents
García, G., Logan, G. E., & Gonzalez–Heydrich, J. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.07.012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, S. O. D. A. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., et al. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review
Jobski, K., Höfer, J., Hoffmann, F., & Bachmann, C. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12644 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders
Theoharides, T. C., Tsilioni, I., Patel, A., & Doyle, R. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.77 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aishworiya, R., Valica, T., Hagerman, R., & Restrepo, B. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01183-1 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Vohra, R., Madhavan, S., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316665222 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Translational Mouse Models of Autism: Advancing Toward Pharmacological Therapeutics
Kazdoba, T. M., Leach, P. T., Yang, M., Silverman, J. L., Solomon, M., & Crawley, J. N. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5003 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Unhealthy Weight Gain and Obesity among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dhaliwal, K. K., Orsso, C. E., Richard, C., Haqq, A. M., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133285 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mast cells, brain inflammation and autism
Theoharides, T. C., Stewart, J. M., Panagiotidou, S., & Melamed, I. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.086 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Depression in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
DeFilippis, M. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5090112 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Conner, C. M., Golt, J., Shaffer, R., Righi, G., Siegel, M., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2450 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Primary Care for Adults on the Autism Spectrum
Nicolaidis, C., Kripke, C. C., & Raymaker, D. (2014) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.06.011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Houghton, R., Ong, R. C., & Bolognani, F. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1848 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Tan, Q., Orsso, C. E., Deehan, E. C., Kung, J. Y. C., Tun, H. M., Wine, E., Madsen, K. L., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Haqq, A. M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2560 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Chandrasekhar, T., & Sikich, L. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.2/tchandrasekhar · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kumar, H., & Sharma, B. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.052 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Service and Treatment Use Among Children Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Zablotsky, B., Pringle, B. A., Colpe, L. J., Kogan, M. D., Rice, C. E., & Blumberg, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000127 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Services for children with autism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Alnemary, F. M., Aldhalaan, H., Simon‐Cereijido, G., & Alnemary, F. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316664868 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Advances in management of movement disorders in children
Koy, A., Lin, J., Sanger, T. D., Marks, W. A., Mink, J. W., & Timmermann, L. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00132-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Memantine ameliorates autistic behavior, biochemistry & blood brain barrier impairments in rats
Kumar, H., & Sharma, B. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.013 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Kerns, C. M., Roux, A. M., Connell, J. E., & Shattuck, P. T. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.06.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Preventing Home Medication Administration Errors
Yin, H. S., Neuspiel, D. R., Paul, I. M., Franklin, W. H., Tieder, J. S., Adirim, T. A., Álvarez, F., Brown, J., Bundy, D. G., Ferguson, L. E., et al. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-054666 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Feroe, A. G., Uppal, N., Gutiérrez-Sacristán, A., Mousavi, S., Greenspun, P., Surati, R., Kohane, I. S., & Avillach, P. (2021) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1329 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mental Health Services for Individuals with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lake, J. K., Perry, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/502420 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Defining pediatric polypharmacy: A scoping review
Bakaki, P. M., Horace, A. E., Dawson, N. V., Winterstein, A. G., Waldron, J., Staley, J., Pestana‐Knight, E., Meropol, S. B., Liu, R., Johnson, H. K., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208047 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Oakley, B. F. M., Loth, E., & Murphy, D. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1872506 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Psychotropic Medication Use in Autism Spectrum Disorders May Affect Functional Brain Connectivity
Linke, A. C., Olson, L., Gao, Y., Fishman, I., & Müller, R. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.06.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fieiras, C., Chen, M. H., Liquitay, C. M. E., Meza, N., Rojas, V., Franco, J. V. A., & Eva Madrid, A. (2022) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111804 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Muszkat, D., Polanczyk, G. V., Dias, T. G. C., & Brunoni, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0172 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Age-related trends in treatment use for children with autism spectrum disorder
Mire, S. S., Raff, N. S., Brewton, C. M., & Goin‐Kochel, R. P. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.03.001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Feinstein, J. A., Feudtner, C., Valuck, R. J., & Kempe, A. (2015) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3843 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Evaluation and Management of the Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Baumer, N., & Spence, S. J. (2018) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000578 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Polypharmacy in pediatric patients and opportunities for pharmacists' involvement
Horace, A. E., & Ahmed, F. (2015) · Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice · doi:10.2147/iprp.s64535 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy of Disruptive and Impulse Control Disorders
Reeves, G. M., Wehring, H. J., & Riddle, M. A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch25 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Thapa, R., Pokorski, I., Ambarchi, Z., Thomas, E., Demayo, M., Boulton, K., Matthews, S., Patel, S., Sedeli, I., Hickie, I. B., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2437 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy in autism spectrum disorders, including promising older drugs warranting trials
Hellings, J. A. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.262 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Fishman, I., Linke, A. C., Hau, J., Carper, R. A., & Müller, R. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Carroll, A. R., Johnson, J. A., Stassun, J. C., Greevy, R. A., Mixon, A. S., & Williams, D. J. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50969 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Vohra, R., Madhavan, S., Sambamoorthi, U., StPeter, C., Poe, S. G., Dwibedi, N., & Ajmera, M. (2016) · Drugs - Real World Outcomes · doi:10.1007/s40801-016-0096-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Logan, S. L., Carpenter, L. A., Leslie, R. S., Garrett-Mayer, E. S., Hunt, K. J., Charles, J. M., & Nicholas, J. S. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0119 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Psychotropic Polypharmacy in the US Pediatric Population: A Methodologic Critique and Commentary
ZITO, J. M., Zhu, Y., & Safer, D. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644741 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sanberg, S. A., Kuhn, B. R., & Kennedy, A. E. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3644-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Children and Youth with Autism: A Systematic Review
Ritter, C., Hewitt, K., & McMorris, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2020.0110 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Houghton, R., Liu, C., & Bolognani, F. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2040 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Olson, L., Mash, L. E., Linke, A. C., Fong, C., Müller, R., & Fishman, I. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320938194 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Blakeley‐Smith, A., Meyer, A. T., Boles, R. E., & Reaven, J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12854 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kalb, L. G., Vasa, R. A., Ballard, E. D., Woods, S. W., Goldstein, M. A., & Wilcox, H. C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2820-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Advances, challenges, and promises in pediatric neuroimaging of neurodevelopmental disorders
Bednarz, H., & Kana, R. (2018) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.025 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Autistic traits are associated with faster pace of aging: Evidence from the Dunedin study at age 45
Mason, D., Ronald, A., Ambler, A. P., Caspi, A., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Wertz, J., Moffitt, T. E., & Happe, F. G. E. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2534 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Alfageh, B. H., Man, K. K. C., Besag, F., Alhawassi, T. M., Wong, I. C. K., & Brauer, R. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04291-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Esler, A., Hewitt, A. S., Hall‐Lande, J., Pettingell, S. L., & Houseworth, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03903-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Deprescribing psychotropic medications in children: results of a national qualitative study
Barnett, E. R., Trepman, A. Z., Fuson, H. A., Acquilano, S. C., McLaren, J., Woloshin, S., & Leyenaar, J. K. (2019) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010033 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Espadas, C., Ballester, P., Londoño, A. C., Almenara, S., Aguilar, V., Belda, C., Pérez, E., & Peiró, A. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113321 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kommu, J. V. S., K.R., G., Srinath, S., Girimaji, S. C., P. Seshadri, S., Gopalakrishna, G., & Doddaballapura K., S. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.017 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychotropic Medication Use in Children and Youth with Autism Enrolled in Medicaid
Rast, J. E., Tao, S., Schott, W., Shea, L., Brodkin, E. S., Kerns, C. M., Leonard, C. E., Murray, M. J., & Lee, B. K. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06182-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Initial severity and efficacy of risperidone in autism: Results from the RUPP trial
Levine, S. Z., Kodesh, A., Goldberg, Y., Reichenberg, A., Furukawa, T. A., Kolevzon, A. L., & Leucht, S. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychotropic medications for highly vulnerable children
McLaren, J., Barnett, E. R., Concepción-Zayas, M. T., Lichtenstein, J. D., Acquilano, S. C., Schwartz, L. M., Woloshin, S., & Drake, R. E. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1445720 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Multiple Antipsychotic Medication Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wink, L. K., Pedapati, E. V., Horn, P. S., McDougle, C. J., & Erickson, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0123 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Soria-Saucedo, R., Liu, X., Hincapie‐Castillo, J. M., Zambrano, D. H., Bussing, R., & Winterstein, A. G. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700260 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Popow, C., Ohmann, S., & Plener, P. L. (2021) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Medhekar, R., Aparasu, R. R., Bhatara, V. S., Johnson, M. L., Alonzo, J. P., Schwarzwald, H. L., & Chen, H. (2018) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.06.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Uliana, J. C., Agnese, C. C. D., Antoniazzi, R. P., & Kantorski, K. Z. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05500-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Emergency Department Utilization Among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Liu, G., Pearl, A. M., Kong, L., Brown, S. L., Ba, D. M., LESLIE, D. L., & Murray, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04166-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fragile X-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) in Young Fragile X Premutation Carriers
Aishworiya, R., Protic, D. D., Tang, S. J., Schneider, A., Tassone, F., & Hagerman, R. J. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13122399 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Grosse, S. D., Nichols, P., Nyarko, K. A., Maenner, M. J., Danielson, M. L., & Shea, L. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05269-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lake, J., Denton, D., Lunsky, Y., Shui, A., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., & Anagnostou, E. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3058-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Therapy and Psychotropic Medication Use in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ziskind, D., Bennett, A. E., Jawad, A. F., & Blum, N. J. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1895m · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lake, J. K., Weiss, J. A., Dergal, J. M., & Lunsky, Y. (2014) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0011 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
House, S. A., Goodman, D. C., Weinstein, S. J., Chang, C., Wasserman, J. R., & Morden, N. E. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.027 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Psychotropic Use Among Youths With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
McLaren, J., Lichtenstein, J. D., Metcalfe, J. D., Charlot, L., Drake, R. E., & Beasley, J. B. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900465 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Long‐term functional stability of problem behavior exposed to psychotropic medications
Cox, A. D., & Ortega, J. V. (2021) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.873 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Montagner, P. S. S., Medeiros, W., da Silva, L. C. R., Borges, C. N., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Barbosa, V. D. D. S., Caixeta, F. V., & Malcher‐Lopes, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1210155 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Screening for ASD in adults with ID—moving toward a standard using the DiBAS‐R and the ACL
Mutsaerts, C., Heinrich, M., Sterkenburg, P. S., & Sappok, T. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12290 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Neurodiversity 2.0 - Harnessing cross-disciplinary disability insights
Srinivasan, H. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202652 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Feucht, C. L., Patel, D. R., & Bovid, K. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18096-0_141 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Coucouvanis, J., Hallas, D. M., & Farley, J. N. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118704660.ch13 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quebles, I., Solomon, O., Smith, K. A., Rao, S. R., Lu, F., Azen, C. G., Anaya, G., & Yin, L. (2020) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-125.5.369 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wink, L. K., Pedapati, E. V., Adams, R. E., Erickson, C. A., Pedersen, K. A., Morrow, E. M., Kaplan, D., & Siegel, M. S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3153-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Cai, R., Hardan, A., & South, M. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102432-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bird, F. L., Harper, J. M., Luiselli, J. K., Shlesinger, A., & Gold, J. (2022) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-022-00699-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Psychotropic Medications as Treatments for People with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Poling, A. D., Ehrhardt, K. E., & Li, A. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_25 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
McLaren, J., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796018000604 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lake, J. K., Vogan, V. M., Sawyer, A., Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0106 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Valenza, P., McGinley, T. C., Feldman, J., Patel, P., Cornejo, K. M., Liang, N., Anmolsingh, R., & McNaughton, N. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.69169 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bowden, N., Thabrew, H., Kokaua, J., & Braund, R. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101642 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pedapati, E. V., Mooney, L. N., Wu, S. W., Erickson, C. A., Sweeney, J. A., Shaffer, R. C., Horn, P. S., Wink, L. K., & Gilbert, D. L. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0614-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Moharreri, F., Abdollahian, E., Hosseini, S. A., & Mirzadeh, M. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22038/ijp.2017.18557.1516 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Potential drug–drug interaction in Mexican patients with schizophrenia
Ocaña-Zurita, M. C., Juárez‐Rojop, I. E., Genis, A. D., Tovilla‐Zárate, C. A., González‐Castro, T. B., López‐Narváez, M. L., de la O, M. E. D. L. O., & Nicolini, H. (2016) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2016.1213854 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shurtz, L., Schwartz, C., DiStefano, C., McPartland, J. C., Levin, A. R., Dawson, G., Kleinhans, N. M., Faja, S., Webb, S. J., Shic, F., et al. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221121425 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hong, M., Lee, S. Y., Han, J., Park, J. C., Lee, Y. J., Hwangbo, R., Chang, H., Cho, S. W., Bhang, S., Kim, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1687 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wiggins, L. D., Nadler, C. B., Rosenberg, S. A., Moody, E. J., Reyes, N., Reynolds, A., Alexander, A. A., Daniels, J. L., Thomas, K. C., Giarelli, E., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.043 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
High School Students on The Autism Spectrum
Shattuck, P. T., Rast, J. E., Roux, A. M., Anderson, K. A., Benevides, T. W., Garfield, T., Hassrick, E. M., & Kuo, A. A. (2019) · doi:10.17918/nairhighschool2019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yoshida, K., Lunsky, Y., Müller, D. J., & Desarkar, P. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06208-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aishworiya, R., Valica, T., Hagerman, R. J., & Restrepo, B. (2024) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.24022006 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yoshida, K., Koyama, E., Zai, C. C. H., Beitchman, J. H., Kennedy, J. L., Lunsky, Y., Desarkar, P., & Müller, D. J. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720971950 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
McLay, L., Schlüter, P. J., Eggleston, M. J. F., Woodford, E. C., & Bowden, N. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.028 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Myers, S. M., & Challman, T. D. (2018) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610021357-19 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Medical Care Burden of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Lin, J. (2014) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-014-0023-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Symptom scores and medication treatment patterns in children with ADHD versus autism
Mayes, S. D., Waxmonsky, J. G., Baweja, R. K., Mattison, R. E., Memon, H., Klein, M., Hameed, U., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112937 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Medication Use in Youth With Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Rast, J. E., Anderson, K. A., Roux, A. M., & Shattuck, P. T. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
McLay, L. K., Bowden, N., Eggleston, M., Thabrew, H., Braund, R., & Schluter, P. (2022) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101948 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spencer, D., Marshall, J., Post, B., Kulakodlu, M., Newschaffer, C., Dennen, T., Azocar, F., & Jain, A.
- Affiliations
- Optum (United States) (US)
- Lewin Group (United States) (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- OptumHealth Behavioral Solutions, San Francisco, California
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 833-840
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC3813388
- OpenAlex
- W2153868538
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, psychotropic drugs, polypharmacy, children, comorbidities, psychiatric comorbidity, prescribing patterns, standard of care
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Psychotropic Drugs, Retrospective Studies, Polypharmacy, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
