Autism
Open accessAbstract
Autism spectrum disorders are characterised by severe deficits in socialisation, communication, and repetitive or unusual behaviours. Increases over time in the frequency of these disorders (to present rates of about 60 cases per 10,000 children) might be attributable to factors such as new administrative classifications, policy and practice changes, and increased awareness. Surveillance and screening strategies for early identification could enable early treatment and improved outcomes. Autism spectrum disorders are highly genetic and multifactorial, with many risk factors acting together. Genes that affect synaptic maturation are implicated, resulting in neurobiological theories focusing on connectivity and neural effects of gene expression. Several treatments might address core and comorbid symptoms. However, not all treatments have been adequately studied. Improved strategies for early identification with phenotypic characteristics and biological markers (eg, electrophysiological changes) might hopefully improve effectiveness of treatment. Further knowledge about early identification, neurobiology of autism, effective treatments, and the effect of this disorder on families is needed.
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Biological abnormalities have been reported in eye tracking, neuroanatomical pathway connectivity, brain regional volumes, cortical activation during social and communication tasks, serotonin levels, and other biological assays, but not with sufficient consistency to constitute uniform diagnostic biomarkers.
“Biological abnormalities have been reported in eye tracking, neuroanatomical pathway connectivity, brain regional volumes, cortical activation during social and communication tasks as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography, serotonin levels, and other biological assays, but not with sufficient consistency for these to constitute uniform diagnostic biomarkers”
From Negative allosteric modulation of the mGluR5 receptor reduces repetitive behaviors and rescues social deficits in mouse models of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [92]
Co-morbid traits such as depression, anxiety, or inattention/hyperactivity are often associated with ASD and affect general reward processing and intervention response.
“co-morbid traits, such as depression, anxiety, or inattention/hyperactivity, are often associated with ASD [212], and are known to affect general reward processing [213,214] and intervention response [215].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [212]
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Short Form of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist
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Krug Asperger's Disorder Index
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Clinical Utility of Autism Spectrum Disorder Scoring Algorithms for the Child Symptom Inventory-4
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Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder with the Early Childhood Inventory-4
DeVincent, C. J., Gadow, K. D., Strong, G., Schwartz, J. E., & Cuva, S. (2008) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181468c32 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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- [94]National Research Council Educating children with autism 2001 Washington, DC National Academy Press
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The association of maternal obesity and diabetes with autism and other developmental disabilities
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- Authors
- Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., & Schultz, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Susan E
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 9701
- Pages
- 1627-1638
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC2863325
- OpenAlex
- W4211261982
- Cited by
- 651
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-07-ASDRP-CA)
- National Institutes of Health (1-RO1-MH-073807, RO1 ES016443-01, 1-RO1-DC008871-01)
- U.S. Department of Education (IES-NCSER-2008-1)
- National Institute for Materials Science (1 P50 HD055726-01, 1 RO1 HD055741-01, 5RO1MH073084, 5R01mh076189-03)
- Pennsylvania Department of Health (SAP#410042728)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 R01 MH077000-01, 1K01MH067628-1, 1 RO1 MH083717-01A1)
- National Science Foundation (sbe-0542013)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1-U10-DD-000182-03)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, prevalence, early detection, screening, genetic risk factors, synapse maturation, neurobiology, comorbid symptoms, autism treatment, biomarkers, electrophysiology, family impact
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child, Preschool, Communication, Diagnosis, Differential, Forecasting, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mass Screening, Neurobiology, Socialization, Stereotyped Behavior, Genetic Variation, Comorbidity, Causality, Prevalence, Early Intervention, Educational, Risk Assessment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Early Diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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