Shoes in Buddhist monasteries from India to China: From practical attire to symbol

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Monastic shoes must always be simple to symbolize the humble life of a monk.

“Shoes must always be simple to symbolise the humble life of a monk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Such undesirables cannot possibly have anything valuable to teach the laity.

“Such undesirables cannot possibly have anything valuable to teach the laity”

May combine two claims.

Leaves of the tāla tree may never be used for shoes because cutting them causes the trees to wither, which leads to criticism from the lay community.

“leaves of the tāla tree may never be used because cutting these leaves causes the trees to wither, which in turn leads to criticism from the lay community”

May combine two claims.

Shoes should be removed only upon entering a village and put in a safe place, then put on again when leaving.

“Only when entering the village should the shoes be removed and put in a safe place.They can be put on again when leaving the village (T.1428: 849a14-15, 932c26-29, 933b7-8).”

• cites T.1428: 849a14-15, 932c26-29, 933b7-8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Wooden clogs are prohibited under normal circumstances but may be worn in toilet facilities and washing places.

“wooden clogs (mu ji木屐), prohibited under normal circumstances, although they may be worn in toilet facilities and washing places”

May combine two claims.

All vinayas explicitly allow leather for footwear, though they impose restrictions.

“The Chinese term ge refers to the use of leather -a material that every vinaya explicitly permits for footwear, albeit with several restrictions.”

May combine two claims.

Covered shoes are forbidden because they are associated with vanity; monks who wear them are called foolish.

“Also forbidden are covered shoes, as these are associated with vanity.Monks who wear them are described as foolish people (chi ren 癡人).”

May combine two claims.

In the Pāli vinaya, the Buddha reproaches monks who wear shoes and says they show no respect for the Buddhist teachings.

“In the Pāli vinaya, the Buddha himself reproaches such monks and states that they show no respect for the Buddhist teachings.”

May combine two claims.

The Mahīśāsakavinaya labels wearing shoes during such situations as not polite and equates it with lying down or leaning, standing with arms akimbo, covering the head, or wearing untidy clothes.

“The Mahīśāsakavinaya (T.1421: 128c9-12) castigates those who wear shoes in such situations as”

May combine two claims.

The Dharmaguptakavinaya explains that neither shoes nor boots may be worn when entering or circumambulating a stūpa of the Buddha, and a monk should not carry his shoes in his hands near such stūpas.

“the Dharmaguptakavinaya (T.1428: 710c18 -711a12) cites the importance of showing respect when it explains that neither shoes (gexi 革屣) nor boots (fuluo 富羅, pūla) may be worn when entering or circumambulating a stūpa of the Buddha.Similarly a monk should not carry his shoes in his hands when in the vicinity of these stūpas.”

May combine two claims.

A monk should not wear shoes when attending a ceremony, especially the poṣadha and pravāraṇā, just as he should not wrap his robes around his neck or head during ceremonies.

“a monk should not wear shoes when attending a ceremony, most notably the poṣadhafoot_11 and the pravāraṇā,foot_12 just as he should not wrap his robes around his neck or head during ceremonies”

May combine two claims.

Elderly monks with weak feet may use shoes with covered heels, and visually impaired monks may wear shoes covering the front of the feet and toes.

“elderly monks with weak feet may use shoes with covered heels; and monks who are visually impaired are permitted to wear shoes that cover the front of the feet and the toes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

fuluo is a transliteration of Sanskrit pūla, meaning a short boot.

“fuluo is a known transliteration of the Buddhist Sanskrit term pūlaa short boot.”

May combine two claims.

The Mahīśāsakavinaya instructs a monk asked for water by a thief to remove his shoes, wash his hands, and offer a drink; a similar procedure applies for a lay follower.

“if, on the road, a thief asks a monk for water, the monk should take off his shoes, wash his hands and offer the thief a drink (maybe to protect himself).A similar procedure should be followed when a lay follower asks for water.”

May combine two claims.

Each shoe may not have more than one sole because multi-soled shoes are valuable and unsuitable for monks.

“each shoe may not have more than one sole (T.1428: 846c27-28), because multisoled shoes are very valuable (you guijia 有貴價) and are therefore unsuitable for monks”

May combine two claims.

The Mahīśāsakavinaya permits boots in very cold and snowy regions to prevent freezing; if risk remains, a monk may add soft butter or bear grease, or make boots from bear skin.

“The same passage from the Mahīśāsakavinaya allows boots (fuluo) when a monk is travelling in very cold and snowy regions, to prevent freezing of the feet.If, notwithstanding the boots, there is still a risk of frozen feet, a monk may add a layer of soft butter or bear's grease, or fashion his boots (xue 靴) out of bear's skin.”

May combine two claims.

In the Mahāsāṃghikavinaya, after the Buddha allowed monks to wear shoes, the merchant Anāthapiṇḍada offered him five hundred pairs; the Buddha accepted and declared that when pure monks receive shoes, donors receive great merit.

“After the Buddha has declared that monks may wear shoes, a rich merchant, Anāthapiṇḍada, offers him five hundred pairs.The Buddha accepts the gift and declares that when pure monks receive shoes, donors receive great merit in return.”

May combine two claims.

The Buddha permitted repairs to worn shoes using bark or leather, and to broken soles using tendons, wool, or leather thread sewn with tools such as a knife and awl.

“if shoes wear out quickly, and develop holes in the sole, the Buddha permits repairs using bark or leather.If the sole breaks off altogether, tendons, wool or leather thread may be used to sew it, utilising several instruments, such as a knife and an awl”

May combine two claims.

The Buddha reprimanded monks who put shoes in their begging bowls and explained that the begging bowl should always be handled in a clean and pure way.

“The Buddha reprimands some monks who put their shoes in their begging bowls, and explains that the begging bowl should always be handled in a clean and pure way (qing jing 清淨)”

May combine two claims.

New shoes could be a sign of wealth, whereas used shoes symbolize modesty.

“new shoes could be a sign of wealth, whereas used shoes symbolise modesty.”

May combine two claims.

The xie sandal is made of straw, is vulnerable to water, and may have a rawhide, leather, or bark sole added.

“The Mahīśāsakavinaya (T.1421: 146b29-c1) describes it as a sandal made out of various kinds of straw.This makes it vulnerable to water that can easily soak in; so a rawhide, leather or bark sole may be added”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Shoes and begging bowls should not be carried in the same hand.

“shoes and begging bowls should not even be carried in the same hand”

May combine two claims.

A common vinaya formulation instructs one to go to the saṃgha, uncover the right shoulder, remove shoes, honour seniors, place the right knee on the ground, and join the palms.

“one should go to the saṃgha, uncover the right shoulder, take off the shoes (gexi 革屣) and honour the seniors; one should put the right knee on the ground and join the palms”

May combine two claims.

Monks worried about turning in their sleep and resting on shoes placed beside them; the Buddha reassured them this was not the same as deliberately sitting on leather.

“they are concerned about turning over in their sleep and coming to rest on the shoes that they have placed next to themselves.The Buddha reassures them that this is not the same as deliberately sitting on leather”

May combine two claims.

Although leather is allowed, the vinayas stress that it should be avoided if possible.

“Although this material is allowed, the vinayas stress that it should be avoided if possible.”

May combine two claims.

Shoes in blue-green, yellow, red, and white are not permitted; only bad colours may be used.

“Not permitted are a particular shade of blue-green (qing 青), yellow (huang 黃), red (chi 赤) and white (bai 白).27 In fact, only so-called”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If a non-Buddhist ascetic requests water, a monk should follow the respectful routine only if it benefits the Buddhist dharma; otherwise he should offer water with both hands while keeping his shoes on so the ascetic does not think he is being respected.

“if a non-Buddhist ascetic (wai dao 外道) requests water, the monk should follow this routine only if doing so will benefit the Buddhist dharma.If no such benefit is likely, the monk should offer the ascetic water with both hands but keep his shoes on, in order that the ascetic does not conclude that the monk is paying him respect (gongjing 恭敬).”

May combine two claims.

Shoes covered with down, cotton, silk, or various grasses are usually forbidden, as are woollen shoes.

“Shoes covered with down, cotton, silk or various grasses are therefore usually forbidden, as are woollen shoes.”

May combine two claims.

In all vinayas, this regulation is among the śaikṣa rules, and transgressing it is a duṣkṛta, a bad deed.

“In all of the vinayas, this regulation is listed among the śaikṣa rules -minor directives relating to proper behaviour.Anyone who transgresses it commits a duṣkṛta,”

May combine two claims.

Shoes protect the wearer's feet from difficult roads and prevent the monk's body and robes from getting dirty.

“they protect the wearer's feet from difficult roads and prevent the monk's body and robes from getting dirty.”

May combine two claims.

Lay householders criticized monks who kept their shoes on, saying this contradicted Buddhist doctrine and resembled the conduct of kings and high officials; the Buddha therefore forbade it.

“Lay householders had criticised some monks who had kept their shoes on, emphasising that such behaviour goes against the Buddhist doctrine and comparing it to the conduct of kings and high officials.Hence, the Buddha forbids it.”

May combine two claims.

The Buddha taught that monks should be content with little but may wear soled shoes to prevent soiling their bodies, clothes, and sleeping material.

“the Buddha replies that, on the one hand, monks should be content with very little, but, on the other hand, they can wear shoes with soles to prevent soiling their bodies, clothes and sleeping material.”

May combine two claims.

For nuns, shoes combined with umbrellas symbolized frivolity and were associated with prostitutes and thieves.

“Finally, specifically for nuns, shoes are not only a sign of luxury but, in combination with umbrellas, symbolise frivolity -behaviour that is associated with prostitutes and thieves (Dharmaguptakavinaya, T.1428: 770c15-16).”

• cites Dharmaguptakavinaya, T.1428: 770c15-16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Beautiful shoes may symbolize luxury and high social status, so monastic footwear should always be simple and any hint of greed or longing for luxury is forbidden.

“Beautiful shoes may symbolise luxury and the higher echelons of society.So monastics' footwear should always be simple, and any hint of greed and personal longing for luxury is forbidden.”

May combine two claims.

Shoes may be worn when monks have painful feet or when rain and mud are inside the monastery; in the latter case, single-soled shoes are allowed.

“Similarly, shoes may be worn when monks have painful feet or when there is rain and mud inside the monastery.In the latter case, shoes with one sole are allowed (T.1428: 848a25-28).”

• cites T.1428: 848a25-28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Shoes should be wiped clean regularly to prevent soiling feet or sitting and sleeping material.

“Shoes should also be wiped clean regularly, to avoid soiling the feet or sitting and sleeping material (T.1428: 849b4-9).”

• cites T.1428: 849b4-9Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Upon entering a monastery, a monk should wash his feet with water, left first then right, and ensure both feet are dry before putting shoes on again.

“Upon entering the monastery, a monk should wash his feet with water -first the left, then the right -and ensure that both feet are dry before putting on his shoes again.”

May combine two claims.

After monks upset a tree ghost by cleaning shoes against a tree, the Buddha ruled that shoes should be cleaned with stone, wood, bamboo, or by slapping the two shoes together.

“When some monks cleaned their shoes with a tree (presumably by slapping them against the trunk), the ghost of the tree was upset.Thereupon, the Buddha declared that shoes should be cleaned with stone, wood or bamboo, or by slapping the two shoes against each other.”

May combine two claims.

After dogs carried away sleeping monks' shoes, the Buddha said shoes should have been covered with grass or placed under sleeping mats with their undersides together.

“For instance, when dogs carried away the shoes of a group of sleeping monks, the Buddha said that the shoes should have been covered with grass or placed under the monks' sleeping mats (with their undersides together) in order to protect them (Dharmaguptakavinaya, T.1428: 846a28-b2).”

• cites Dharmaguptakavinaya, T.1428: 846a28-b2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan stated that shoes with multiple soles may be worn in border regions with difficult roads, while boots are acceptable in cold regions.

“Similarly, he points out that shoes with multiple soles may be worn in border regions, where the roads tend to be difficult, while boots are acceptable in cold regions (T.1804: 110a28-b1; 110b16-19).”

• cites T.1804: 110a28-b1; 110b16-19Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When a teacher returns to the monastery, a monk should shake the teacher's shoes and put them in a dry area on the left side, because the right side is associated with respect.

“A monk should also help his teacher when the latter returns to the monastery (T.1428: 802a19-23): he should shake the teacher's shoes and put them in a dry area (so they do not get moist) on the left side.(The right side is associated with respect, so shoes have no place there.)”

• cites T.1428: 802a19-23Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Da biqiu sanqian weiyi contains rules about dirt at mealtimes: one should step on spit with a shoe sole, and after washing hands one should not touch one's shoes again because carrying shoes soils the hands.

“One should also be aware of dirt at mealtimes: if one needs to spit, one should step on the saliva with the sole of a shoe; and carrying shoes leads to soiled hands, so once the hands have been washed, one should not touch one's shoes again (T.1470: 921a29-b2).”

• cites T.1470: 921a29-b2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Da biqiu sanqian weiyi prohibits taking shoes used in the monastery's backyard to a stūpa and prohibits wearing shoes when sweeping a stūpa.

“Another rule (T.1470: 916a5) stipulates that one should not take shoes used in the monastery's backyard (she hou 舍後) to a stūpa, while a third (T.1470: 923b22) specifies that shoes should not be worn when sweeping a stūpa.”

• cites T.1470: 916a5Not matched

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• cites T.1470: 923b22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Nuns should refrain from wearing shoes and carrying umbrellas; violation is a pācittika offence.

“Therefore, nuns should refrain from wearing shoes and carrying an umbrella.Violation of this rule constitutes a pācittika offence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A monk should avoid making his shoes moist, for example by washing his feet and failing to dry them before putting shoes back on.

“A monk should also avoid making his shoes moist, as may happen, for instance, if he washes his feet and neglects to dry them properly before stepping back into his shoes.”

May combine two claims.

A mural in Yulin cave 25 shows an 8th-century elite woman wearing raised-tip shoes as her hair is shaved before entering a monastic community, and in the next image she wears full monastic clothing but still has the raised-tip shoes, possibly indicating she kept her lay shoes after joining.

“A mural painting in the Yulin cave 25 (close to Dunhuang) features an interesting example of 8th-century elite footwear (Duan 1993, p. 11).First, it shows a lady wearing shoes with raised tips as her hair is shaved prior to en-tering a monastic community.In the next image, the same woman bows to the Buddha while kneeling on a mat.She is now wearing full monastic clothing, yet the shoes with raised”

• cites Duan 1993, p. 11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Mahīśāsakavinaya forbids wooden clogs both because of their distracting noise and because a monk once wore wooden shoes at night, stepped on a snake, and killed it.

“The Mahīśāsakavinaya (T.1421: 146c3-8) also forbids them because of their distracting noise, but then offers a second reason for the prohibition: a monk once wore wooden shoes at night, stepped on a snake and killed it.”

• cites Mahīśāsakavinaya, T.1421: 146c3-8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Da biqiu sanqian weiyi views shoes as dirty and requires soiled shoes to be removed when entering a room at dusk.

“This commentary clearly views shoes as dirty and stipulates that soiled shoes must be removed when entering a room at dusk (T.1470: 915c8).”

• cites T.1470: 915c8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shoes are allowed when a monk travels on the road with his teacher because disciples risk losing their shoes if they must remove them each time they offer something to the teacher.

“First, shoes are allowed when a monk is on the road with his teacher.The Dharmaguptakavinaya (T.1428: 847c19-23) justifies this with the explanation that disciples risk losing their shoes if they are obliged to remove them every time they offer something to their teacher.”

• cites Dharmaguptakavinaya, T.1428: 847c19-23Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In other murals in the cave, footwear tends to be modest, often with only slightly raised tips.

“When footwear features in the other murals in the cave, the shoes tend to be modest, often with only slightly raised tips.”

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan justified the rule of removing shoes for respect by citing the Pinimu jing, which says lay people will criticise a monk's rudeness if he wears shoes when honouring the Buddha, or will themselves become rude.

“He justifies this regulation with reference to the Pinimu jing 毘尼母經 (Vinayamātṛkā?, T.1463),foot_25 stating that lay people will criticise a monk's rudeness if he wears shoes when honouring the Buddha (T.1804: 110b19-20), or will themselves become rude (T.1804: 132b20 -22).”

• cites Pinimu jing, T.1463Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites T.1804: 110b19-20Not matched

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• cites T.1804: 132b20 -22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A monk should wash his teacher's feet.

“Finally, the monk should wash his teacher's feet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Guest monks visiting a monastery should remove their shoes, carry them in one hand, and shake them to remove dirt.

“These rules also apply to guest monks who visit a monastery (T.1428: 930c7-931a15): they should remove their shoes and carry them in one hand, as well as shake them to remove dirt.”

• cites T.1428: 930c7-931a15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the refectory, shoes should be removed and squeezed between the fingers, not kicked off or grasped, and then put to one side.

“In the refectory, shoes should be removed and then squeezed between the fingers (T.1897: 871c9-10).Moreover, the removal must be done properly: shoes should not be kicked off or grasped.Instead, they should be held carefully between the fingers and put to one side.”

• cites T.1897: 871c9-10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the same text, Daoxuan explains that there are two ways of sitting.

“In the same text, Daoxuan explains that there are two ways of sitting (T.1804: 142c13-14):”

• cites T.1804: 142c13-14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Yuanzhao noted that in the West it was inappropriate to wear shoes among lay people, but in China the opposite was true, and that Daoxuan wanted monks to wear shoes according to regional habits.

“Another vinaya master Yuanzhao 元照 (1048-1116), who commented extensively on Daoxuan's works, noted:”

• cites T.1805: 369c12-16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disciples should respect teachers by looking after their shoes, which can be dirty objects.

“Moreover, disciples should pay particular respect to their teachers by looking after their shoes, as these can be rather dirty objects (T.1897: 869c14).”

• cites T.1897: 869c14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan viewed shoes generally as unclean and particularly disliked wooden clogs, which should not be worn near places to be honoured.

“It is clear that he views shoes in general as unclean, and he has a particular aversion to wooden clogs (mu tu 木揬),foot_32 which should not be worn in the vicinity of places that are to be honoured (T.1897: 870a21-22).”

• cites T.1897: 870a21-22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Jiaojie xinxue biqiu xinghu lüyi, when walking, heels should touch the ground first to minimise footstep noise and show respect to fellow monks.

“For instance, when walking, the heels should always touch the ground first in order to keep the noise of one's footsteps to a minimum and display respect for one's fellow monks (T.1897: 870a23-24).”

• cites T.1897: 870a23-24Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Daoxuan highlighted that Chinese people meet superiors in halls and therefore do not remove shoes, while in Central India, because of humid heat, leather shoes are worn and removed when meeting a superior, and in cold regions shoes are worn as appropriate.

“A little later in the Shimen guijing yi, he again highlights the importance of respect when discussing some variations that have arisen as pragmatic responses to climatic conditions (T.1896: 863a16-20):”

• cites T.1896: 863a16-20Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan expressed doubts about removing shoes when greeting a superior by referring to the Fo shuo Mulian wen jie lü zhong wu bai qing zhong shi (T.1483), which concludes that shoes or boots may be worn when paying homage if the footwear is 'pure' (jing jie).

“He expresses doubts about the appropriateness of removing one's shoes when greeting a superior (T.1804: 110b20-21) by referring to the Fo shuo Mulian wen jie lü zhong wu bai qing zhong shi 佛說目連問戒律中五百輕重事 (On the five hundred questions asked by Maudgalyāyana on light and heavy things, as told by the Buddha, T.1483).52 In this compilation of questions and answers relating to vinaya matters, the”

• cites T.1483Not matched

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• cites T.1483: 979c15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In his vinaya commentaries, Daoxuan consistently used the standard vinaya term gexi for monastic footwear, where ge refers to leather, and also used pi for hide used to make shoes.

“In his commentaries on the vinayas, he consistently adopts the standard vinaya term for monastic footwear -gexi 革屣 -in which 'ge' refers to leather.He also uses the term pi 皮 ('skin, hide'; see, for instance, T.1804: 110b27-28) when referring to material that is used to make shoes.”

• cites T.1804: 110b27-28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the Shimen guijing yi, Daoxuan remarked that respect is shown differently in India and China: Indians honour by circumambulation and bare shoulder and feet, while Chinese cover themselves and wear sandals when paying respect.

“In a study of regional customs, Yifa (2002, p. 273, note 53) refers to another text compiled by Daoxuan -the Shimen guijing yi 釋門歸敬儀 (Buddhist rites on obeisance and veneration, T.1896) -in which the vinaya master makes a most interesting remark (T.1896: 862a24-27):”

• cites T.1896: 862a24-27Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao, Daoxuan stipulates that monks should sit (ju zuo) when eating, just as the Buddha did.

“In his Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao, for instance, he simply stipulates that monks should sit (ju zuo 踞坐) when eating, just as the Buddha did (T.1804:137a4-6).”

• cites T.1804:137a4-6Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At night, shoes hung in the sleeping room should not hang directly above a monk's head pointing at his face.

“At night, for instance, when shoes are hung up in the sleeping room, they should not hang directly above a monk's head, pointing at his face (T.1897: 871a28-29).”

• cites T.1897: 871a28-29Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chanyuan qing gui says nothing about special toilet shoes.

“The text does not mention special toilet shoes.”

May combine two claims.

This symbolic act solves the problem by allowing the monk to accept the gift while honouring the notion of living a simple life.

“The problem is solved by this symbolic act: the monk can accept the gift because the notion of living a simple life has been honoured.”

May combine two claims.

Shoes have the potential to degrade the saṃgha and demean the dharma.

“So they have the potential to degrade the saṃgha and, as we have seen above, demean the dharma.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The term cutting off life used in this passage suggests the rule was formulated specifically to avoid killing a living thing.

“This passage uses the term”

May combine two claims.

Although shoe use is strictly prescribed, the vinayas acknowledge practical issues and give detailed reasons for wearing shoes in certain circumstances.

“although the use of shoes is strictly prescribed, the vinayas acknowledge that many practical issues need to be considered, and they provide detailed explanations for why shoes may -or indeed should -be worn in such circumstances.”

May combine two claims.

This criticism shows that vinaya compilers were acutely conscious of the Buddhist saṃgha's role in social life and that monks had to earn respect for themselves, their community, and the dharma.

“This again indicates that the compilers of the vinayas were acutely conscious of the role of the Buddhist saṃgha in social life: monks had to earn respect for themselves, their community and the Buddhist dharma.”

May combine two claims.

This guideline shows that vinaya compilers sought to distinguish themselves from non-Buddhist ascetics and to avoid paying them explicit respect.

“this guideline reveals that the compilers of the vinaya took pains to distinguish themselves from the wai dao, and they were determined not to pay them any explicit respect.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

A dirty community can never offer a truly worthy dharma, deserves less respect, and is less capable of providing karmic benefits for lay followers.

“A dirty community can never offer a truly worthy dharma.Such a community deserves less respect and it is less capable of providing karmic benefits for its lay followers.”

May combine two claims.

Shoes accumulate dirt because they walk on dirty streets, and thus symbolize uncleanliness; bringing them into contact with others signifies lack of respect.

“The logic is obvious: shoes walk on dirty streets, so they accumulate dirt.In that sense, they symbolise uncleanliness, so bringing them into contact with other people signifies a lack of respect.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Shoes inevitably become dirty from contact with the ground.

May combine two claims.

In vinaya thought, dirt is perceived as problematic because it shows lack of respect and is associated with reduced value, and is sometimes linked to impurity.

“the main concern remains cleanliness, as dirt is perceived as problematic: it shows a lack of respect and it is often associated with reduced value.Moreover, as we will discuss below, it is sometimes linked to impurity.”

May combine two claims.

Monastic shoe regulations generally encourage a simple, modest life free of desire while remaining socially appropriate.

“Generally, the above regulations promote a simple, modest life, free from any desire but still socially appropriate.”

May combine two claims.

The donor's return for giving shoes is both material and spiritual.

“The donor offers a little -shoes -but gains a lot.The return is material as well as spiritual”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A monk should not claim illness casually in order to use the illness exception for wearing shoes.

“with the implication being that a monk should not claim illness casually”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Similar rules against damaging trees seem to have been devised for the same reason in other vinaya texts.

“Similar rules seem to have been devised for the same reason in other vinaya texts.”

May combine two claims.

The relationship between outward cleanliness and inner morality led vinaya compilers to pay special attention to community cleanliness and to produce more regulations about shoes.

“This relationship between outward cleanliness and inner morality prompts the compilers of the vinayas to pay special attention to the cleanliness of the community, and leads to more regulations about shoes.”

May combine two claims.

The guideline about shoes and begging bowls concerns not only dirt but also respect and protection of the begging bowl as a powerful symbol linking lay followers to monks as alms receivers and merit sources.

“That this guideline is concerned not only with dirt but also with respect and the importance of protecting such a powerful symbol as the begging bowl -the physical connection between lay followers and the monks as receivers of alms and sources of merit -is clear from the next guideline which states that shoes and begging bowls should not even be carried in the same hand”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The passage implicitly acknowledges that shoes can soil both robes and begging bowl.

“this passage implicitly acknowledges that shoes can soil both the robes and the begging bowl.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to DeMello, cloth soles were made by stitching them together, soaking them in water, hammering, and drying.

“DeMello (2009, p. 55) briefly explains how the soles were made: they were first stitched together, then soaked in water, hammered and dried.”

• cites DeMello (2009, p. 55)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

When footwear is unavoidable, it must be very modest and removed in any situation that calls for respect.

“In such circumstances, the shoes must be very modest, and they should be removed in any situation that calls for respect to be paid.”

May combine two claims.

As potential luxury items, shoes conflict with the Buddhist community's ideal of a simple life; as symbols of frivolity, they threaten the ideal of a non-sexual life, especially for women.

“As potentially luxury artefacts, shoes are opposed to the image of a simple life that is cherished by the Buddhist community; and, as they symbolise frivolity, they threaten the ideal of a non-sexual life (which is especially important for women).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The monastic community is expected to be a model of decorum, high moral values, cleanliness, and dignity.

“The monastic community is expected to be a model of decorum and high moral values, a paragon of cleanliness and dignity.”

May combine two claims.

Within the monastic order, shoes disturb deferential relations between seniors and juniors; when worn during ceremonies or near a stūpa, they disregard the Buddha, dharma, and saṃgha.

“Inside the monastic order, shoes disturb the deferential relations between seniors and juniors; and when monks and nuns wear shoes during ceremonies or in the vicinity of a stūpa, they disregard the Buddha, the dharma and the saṃgha.”

May combine two claims.

In mediaeval China, as in India, people were accustomed to removing their shoes in certain ceremonial situations, including when taking a seat and receiving guests inside a probably upper-class house, usually without exposing their feet.

“In addition to being familiar with the types of shoes mentioned in the vinayas, many Chinese readers surely had an implicit understanding of at least one of the customs outlined in the texts, because, as in India, they were used to removing their shoes in certain ceremonial situations (see Luo 1990, pp. 92-94; 2007, pp.73-76).Specifically, in mediaeval China -as demonstrated by Luo (2014, pp.92-95”

• cites Luo 1990, pp. 92-94; 2007, pp.73-76Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Luo (2014, pp.92-95Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Daoxuan's Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao is primarily an analysis of the Dharmaguptakavinaya but also contains references to and interpretations of many other vinaya texts.

“One of Daoxuan's most famous commentaries is the Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao 四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔 (An abridged and explanatory commentary on the Dharmaguptakavinaya, T.1804) in which he discusses the rules for monks and nuns.As the title suggests, this is primarily an analysis of the Dharmaguptakavinaya, but it also contains references to and interpretations of many other vinaya texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In mediaeval China, leather, straw, and silk shoes were very common, as they were in India.

“In mediaeval China, leather, straw and silk shoes were very common, as they were in India.43”

• cites [43]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Da biqiu sanqian weiyi's stūpa-related rules indicate that shoes are inherently dirty and could be associated with lack of respect, though these rules are less strict and less consistent than the vinaya texts.

“Regulations relating to behaviour in and around a stūpa also leave readers in no doubt that shoes are inherently dirty, and could therefore be associated with a lack of respect.Still, these stipulations are not as strict as those that appear in the vinaya texts.In addition, they are not wholly consistent.”

May combine two claims.

Shoes are permitted inside the monastery for practical reasons, except when attending a ceremony, greeting a senior, or walking near a stūpa.

“Clearly, shoes are permitted inside the monastery for a variety of practical reasons, except, as we saw above, when attending a ceremony, greeting a senior, or walking in the vicinity of a stūpa.”

May combine two claims.

At the poṣadha ceremony, the Da biqiu sanqian weiyi prohibits white shoes and clogs but says nothing about shoes of other colours, making it less rigid than Indian vinaya texts.

“Also, when the Da biqiu sanqian weiyi discusses which footwear may be worn at the poṣadha ceremony, although it stipulates that both white shoes (commonly associated with lay people) and clogs are prohibited, it has nothing to say about shoes of any other colour (T.1470: 925b11-12).Hence, it is somewhat less rigid than the Indian vinaya texts.”

• cites T.1470: 925b11-12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the Yulin cave 25 mural, the woman removes her shoes before bowing to the Buddha, likely as a sign of respect, and covers her feet with her robes in accordance with Chinese customs and disciplinary texts.

“Interestingly, though, she has removed them before bowing to the Buddha, in all likelihood as a sign of respect.As we will discuss later, she has also covered her feet with her robes, in accordance with Chinese customs and as demanded in the disciplinary texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Luo, wooden clogs were initially worn mostly in southern China and in the mountainous regions of the north, where they featured removable wooden spikes at least from the Tang dynasty onward.

“According to Luo (1990, pp.38-40; 2007, pp.15-17), wooden clogs were initially worn mostly in the south of China and in the mountainous regions of the north.45 In the latter region they featured wooden spikes, which were removable, at least from the Tang dynasty (618-907) onwards.”

• cites Luo (1990, pp.38-40; 2007, pp.15-17)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shoes and shoe-related practices are linked to positive concepts such as humility, cleanliness, and respect, and to negative concepts such as luxury, dirt, and disrespect.

“Shoes and practices related to shoes are connected to a wide range of positive concepts, including humility, cleanliness and respect, as opposed to negative concepts, such as luxury, dirt and disrespect.”

May combine two claims.

Chinese vinaya masters studied Indian disciplinary texts and, given the importance of shoes in daily life, some felt a need to amend or supplement traditional regulations to promote a proper Buddhist attitude toward footwear, clothes, and the body in China.

“China's vinaya masters pored through these guidelines when they started to study the Indian disciplinary texts.Given the significance of shoes in daily life, it is unsurprising that some of these masters felt the need to amend or supplement the traditional regulations in order to promote a proper Buddhist attitude towards footwear, clothes and the body in a Chinese context.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Shoes had significance in daily life.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Da biqiu sanqian weiyi was probably compiled in China in the 5th century, despite its colophon presenting it as a 2nd-century Han translation by An Shigao.

“Although the colophon to the text presents it as a Han translation by An Shigao (安世高, 2nd century), the Da biqiu sanqian weiyi was probably compiled in China during the 5th century.See Hirakawa (1970, pp.193 -196).”

• cites Hirakawa (1970, pp.193 -196)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Daoxuan was a 7th-century monk, influential during his lifetime, whose writings are now standard interpretations in Chinese Buddhism, and he is seen as founder of the Nanshan lüzong.

“Perhaps the most prominent vinaya master of mediaeval China was the 7th-century monk Daoxuan (道 宣, 596-667).Already very influential during his lifetime, his writings are now considered to be standard interpretations in Chinese Buddhism, and he is seen as the founder of the Nanshan lüzong 南山律宗 ('vinaya school of Nanshan') which promoted vinaya rules and especially those found in the Dharmaguptakav”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Luo, cloth soles were used in China well before the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC).

“According to Luo (1990, pp.46-47; 2007, pp.25-27), cloth soles were used in China well before the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC).46”

• cites Luo (1990, pp.46-47; 2007, pp.25-27)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Shoes are merely practical clothing items and should be avoided as much as possible.

“In sum, shoes are no more than practical items of clothing, and they should be avoided as much as possible.”

May combine two claims.

Although shoes have many undesirable aspects, they are often necessary to protect the body and robes from dirt or the feet from injury, and they allow monastics to travel long distances.

“They have many undesirable aspects, yet they are often necessary to shield the body and robes from dirt or to protect the feet from injury.They also allow monastics to travel over long distances.”

May combine two claims.

Wearing shoes is easily associated with low moral values of improperly behaving monks and nuns and can imply that such people are not fully committed to monastic life.

“Wearing shoes is thus easily connected to the low moral values of monks and nuns who behave improperly, and it can imply that such people are not totally committed to a monastic life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cloth shoes with multiple cloth soles were apparently popular in mediaeval China but are not specifically mentioned in any vinaya.

“Cloth shoes, often with multiple cloth soles, were apparently popular in mediaeval China, but these are not specifically mentioned in any of the vinayas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Luo argues that practical reasons, such as keeping feet cool indoors, motivated the tradition of removing shoes when receiving guests.

“Luo argues that there were practical reasons for this tradition, such as to keep the feet cool indoors.”

• cites LuoNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lay people commonly wore boots and wooden clogs, both mentioned in vinaya texts.

“Lay people commonly wore boots and wooden clogs, both of which are mentioned in the vinaya texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If a teacher enters a village and leaves his shoes in a safe place, the disciple should, if asked, guard them and wait for the teacher to return.

“This implies that if the teacher enters a village and leaves his shoes in a safe place (such as a house or a shop), the disciple should, if asked, guard them and wait for the teacher to return.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The basic meaning of ju zuo is 'to squat on one's heels', but it is difficult to imagine monks squatting in a refectory because these rooms always had a bench.

“The basic meaning of ju zuo is 'to squat on one's heels', but it is difficult to imagine monks squatting in a refectory, as these rooms always had a bench.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Refectory rooms always had a bench.

May combine two claims.

All types of shoes can spoil clean environments or demean a monk's reputation when used improperly.

“All types of shoes have the potential to spoil clean environments, or demean a monk's reputation when used improperly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Privy shoes must not be kept in a place where monks frequently pass wearing clean shoes.

“privy shoes must never be stored in a place where monks often walk by with clean shoes”

• cites T.1897: 873a9-10, 14-15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Footwear may be adapted to local conditions, so short boots are permitted in cold areas.

“It is also acceptable to adapt footwear to regional conditions; so, for instance, short boots are allowed in cold regions.”

• cites T.2125: 206c12-21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yijing describes his travels, often citing vinaya texts, in the Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan.

“He discusses his travel experiences -with frequent reference to the vinaya texts -in the Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan”

• cites T.2125Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In his manuals, Daoxuan used terms for footwear such as ju and xie lü that have no connection with leather, and these differences may be explained by the manuals' aim to prescribe Chinese normative standards.

“In his manuals, however, he uses other terms for footwear -including ju 屨 ('sandal') and xie lü 鞋履 ('shoe'; see, for instance, T.1897: 869c14) -words that have no connection with leather.These differences may be explained by the fact that Daoxuan's manuals mainly aim to prescribe Chinese normative standards.”

• cites T.1897: 869c14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yijing's account supplies valuable evidence of how he pictured the ideal monastic life.

“his account indisputably provides invaluable information on how this influential monk envisaged the (ideal) monastic life”

May combine two claims.

Yijing instructs that monks should go barefoot before a statue worthy of veneration or when approaching a teacher.

“Yijing reminds his readers that monks should be barefoot in the presence of a statue that is to be venerated or when approaching a teacher”

• cites T.2125: 206c12-21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Yijing argues that the texts require the feet to be washed after eating, which shows they touched the ground during the meal.

“He supports his argument by saying that the texts insist that the feet must be washed after eating, so they must have touched the ground during the meal itself.”

• cites T.2125: 206c22-207a16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to Yuanzhao's commentary, ju zuo denotes a posture in which both feet rest on the ground.

“踞坐謂兩足路地。”

• Also stated in: § 坐法有二。一結加趺。二踞坐。 · plain

  “Ju zuo means that both feet touch the ground.”

• cites T.1805: 320b20-21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yijing complains that many monks break these rules.

“He also complains that many monks violate these rules (a recurring theme in much of his writing).”

• cites T.2125Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Jiaojie xinxue biqiu xinghu lüyi provides extensive guidelines for novice monks on daily matters to integrate them into ideal monastic life, focusing on cleanliness and respect.

“This text provides extensive guidelines for novice monks on a variety of daily matters with the aim of integrating the newcomers into the (ideal) monastic life.Once again, Daoxuan focuses on the themes of cleanliness and respect.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Daoxuan's text states that there are two ways of sitting: cross-legged and ju zuo.

“坐法有二。一結加趺。二踞坐。”

May combine two claims.

It is reasonable to infer that monks were meant to eat barefoot, though Yijing never says so.

“Extending this rationale, it seems reasonable to conclude that the monks were supposed to eat barefoot, although Yijing himself never mentions this.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yijing holds that each monk should sit on a small chair with his feet on the ground, a practice he saw in India and which the Buddha laid down.

“He states that each monk should sit on a small chair, with his feet on the ground, as Yijing witnessed in India and as the Buddha stipulated”

• cites T.2125: 206c22-207a16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A monk who sees that the toilet shoes are soiled should clean them.

“if a monk notices that the toilet shoes are dirty, he should clean them”

• cites T.1897: 873a9-10, 14-15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan argued that the Dharmaguptakavinaya permits entering a village without removing shoes or uncovering the shoulder, based on the Buddha's instruction to act according to circumstances when accepting and giving.

“Moreover, he suggests that, far from being a breach of the vinaya rules, the guidelines -and specifically the Dharmaguptakavinaya -permit such behaviour (at least on careful reading).His argument goes as follows (T.1804: 110b26-27):”

• cites T.1804: 110b26-27Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At some point during the Jin dynasty (265-420) an error arose and Chinese monks began sitting cross-legged on long benches.

“at some point in the Jin dynasty (265-420), an error occurred and Chinese monks started to sit cross-legged (jia zuo 跏坐) on long benches”

• cites T.2125Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

On reaching the toilet facilities, a monk should swap his ordinary shoes for privy shoes, taking care that the two pairs never come into contact.

“when a monk arrives at the toilet facilities, he should exchange his regular shoes for privy shoes, 60 always ensuring that the two types of shoes never touch each other”

• cites T.1897: 873a9-10, 14-15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The term chu lü ('shoes that touch [dirt]') denotes the shoes used at the toilet.

May combine two claims.

By using Maudgalyāyana's questions as supporting evidence, Daoxuan permitted monks to wear shoes made according to the rules when greeting a superior, a practice probably common in China.

“Thus, by using Maudgalyāyana's questions as supporting evidence, Daoxuan permits monks to wear their shoes (as long as these are made in accordance with the rules) when greeting a superior -a practice that was probably very common in China.”

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan interpreted 'pure' in that source as referring primarily to rules rather than cleanliness, because his next line discusses the Mahīśāsakavinaya rule about a lay attendant walking in new shoes.

“However, Daoxuan seems to think that it refers primarily to the rules, since his next line discusses the aforementioned stipulation in the Mahīśāsakavinaya: a monk may wear new shoes as long as a jing ren 淨人 has walked a few steps in them first.This latter regulation is clearly concerned with adhering to the rules, rather than cleanliness.”

May combine two claims.

Daoxuan advocated a flexible interpretation of the vinaya rule that one should enter a village barefoot, suggesting that Chinese monks usually did not remove their shoes in such circumstances and possibly were not expected to do so.

“Daoxuan also seems to advocate a flexible interpretation of the vinaya rules when discussing the stipulation that one should enter a village barefoot.His reasoning clearly suggests that Chinese monks usually did not remove their shoes in such circumstances and, possibly, that they were not even expected to do so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The tea ceremony rules require that shoes be removed and placed carefully to one side.

“The regulations also insist that shoes must be removed and carefully set to one side.”

• cites W 111: 883a11-12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Once seated he should take care not to expose his knees or underwear.

“Once seated, he should be careful not to reveal his knees or underwear”

• cites T.2025: 1144a7-10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

No reason is given for removing the shoes; perhaps the compilers judged it impractical to sit cross-legged while shod.

“No explanation is given for why this is necessary; perhaps the compilers simply thought that it was impractical to sit cross-legged while wearing shoes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Once taken off, the shoes should be arranged tidily.

“Once removed, they should be arranged neatly.”

• cites W 111: 912a9Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Shoes are unavoidably associated with dirt because they stand between the wearer and the ground.

“shoes are inevitably connected to dirt because they form a barrier between the wearer and the muddy, thorny or dusty ground”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A monk should not go into the bathhouse barefoot but should wear special sandals.

“A monk should not enter the bathhouse with bare feet, but instead wear special sandals”

• cites T.2025: 1131b20; 1146a15-16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the refectory he should sit with his feet on a wooden bench, having pushed his shoes under the bench with his feet.

“In the refectory, he should sit with his feet on a wooden bench (so, presumably, crossed-legged) after putting his shoes under the bench using his feet.”

• cites T.2025: 1144a7-10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A new genre of rules, the 'rules of purity' (qing gui), emerged from the 8th century and became especially popular with Chan monks.

“From the 8th century onwards, a new genre of rules started to appear -the so-called”

May combine two claims.

Yijing appears convinced that Chinese monks sat cross-legged at mealtimes and, following Daoxuan, took off their shoes beforehand.

“Yijing seems certain that Chinese monks sat cross-legged during mealtimes, and, as indicated by Daoxuan, removed their shoes before doing so.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In India the tendency is to wear shoes as little as possible, while in China there is a broad dislike of going barefoot.

“In India the inclination is to keep shoe-wearing to a minimum, whereas in China there is a general aversion to going barefoot.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Shoes should always be plain and, where possible, clean, since cleanliness is a strong mark of respect.

“They should always be simple and, if at all possible, clean because, as many Buddhist masters emphasise, cleanliness is a strong sign of respect.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When shoes are removed, which is rare, they should be set aside carefully and the feet covered by the monk's robes.

“on the rare occasions when shoes are removed, they should be put to one side carefully, and the feet must be covered with the monk's robes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Shoes may be dried at a fireplace provided they are not scorched.

“shoes may be dried at a fireplace, as long as care is taken not to scorch them”

• cites T.2025: 1146b2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Footwear was tied to respect and cleanliness in the vinaya texts and early Chinese commentaries, but these themes are far more prominent in the 'rules of purity'.

“footwear was linked to respect and cleanliness in the vinaya texts and the early Chinese commentaries, but both of these concepts are much more prevalent in the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Shoes become filthy, so they should be removed at mealtimes.

“shoes can get filthy, so they should be removed during mealtimes”

May combine two claims.

He did so by examining the vinaya texts closely and arguing that they do not actually require shoes to be removed on entering a village.

“He did this by scrutinising the vinaya texts in depth and arguing that they do not, in fact, demand the removal of shoes when entering a village.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After the feet are washed, the sandals should be replaced by shoes and socks worn inside the monastery.

“After washing the feet, these sandals should be exchanged for shoes and socks which are then worn within the precincts of the monastery.”

• cites W 111: 878b1-2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

On arriving at a monastery a monk should wash his feet and then put on shoes and socks suitable for wearing inside.

“When arriving at a monastery, a monk should wash his feet and then change into shoes and socks that may be worn inside”

• cites T.2025: 1140a11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shoes can dirty one's clothes, which is why the Chanyuan qing gui requires their removal before entering a toilet.

“shoes can soil one's clothes, which is why the Chanyuan qing gui insists on their removal before entering a toilet”

• cites W 111: 912a9Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Chinese monks wear shoes and socks for most of their time in the monastery, because bare feet and ankles are thought worse than footwear.

“Chinese monks also wear shoes and socks most of the time within the monastery, since naked feet (and ankles) are seen as even worse than footwear.”

May combine two claims.

These rules were regularly updated and became the standard code for organising all Chinese public monasteries, whatever their school.

“These rules have been updated regularly and have become the standard code for the organisation of all Chinese public monasteries, regardless of school affiliation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All these texts set out the ideal organisation of a monastery as their authors or compilers imagined it.

“all of these texts outline the ideal organisation of a Buddhist monastery, as envisaged by their authors/compilers”

May combine two claims.

The vinayas generally treat removing one's shoes as a mark of respect, whereas in mediaeval China the same act could be seen as disrespectful.

“the vinayas generally advocate the removal of one's shoes as a sign of respect, whereas doing so could be considered disrespectful in mediaeval China”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He must never enter a Buddha hall or dharma hall wearing his travelling shoes.

“He should never enter a Buddha hall or a dharma hall in his travelling shoes.”

• cites T.2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He should make sure his robes cover his feet.

“Still, he should ensure that his robes cover his feet”

• cites W 111: 881a3-4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the tea ceremony the monk sits on a chair rather than a platform, possibly cross-legged, though this is not stated.

“rather than sitting on a platform (chuang 床), the monk would sit on a chair (yizi 椅子) -possibly cross-legged, although this is not specified”

• cites W 111: 883a11-12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The practices these texts describe must have mattered at least somewhat to their readers.

“the practices they outline must have had at least some significance for their readers”

May combine two claims.

Because exposing the body is often tied to respect, the Chanyuan qing gui urges monks to stay covered, especially during ceremonies.

“exposure of the body is often discussed in relation to respect, so the Chanyuan qing gui stresses that monks should attempt to keep themselves covered, especially during ceremonies”

May combine two claims.

The Chixiu Baizhang qing gui endorses all these guidelines and adds further details.

“The Chixiu Baizhang qing gui confirms all of these guidelines and then provides some additional details.”

• cites T.2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shoes are plainly tied to simplicity, cleanliness or dirt, and respect in Buddhist communities in both India and China.

“shoes are clearly linked to the concepts of simplicity, cleanliness/dirt and respect in the Buddhist communities of both India and China”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Shoes shield the body from dirt and from injury.

“they protect the body from both dirt and injury”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yijing accepts that he will never persuade his fellow monks to adopt the traditional sitting posture.

“Yijing acknowledges that he will never be able to convince his fellow monks to sit in the traditional way.”

• cites T.2125Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Shoes are worn only because the feet need protection, so they should show no luxury or frivolity.

“They are worn only because they are necessary to protect the feet, so they should not display any hint of luxury or frivolity”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These sandals are probably worn throughout bathing, since the feet may not be put in the water.

“These sandals are probably kept on throughout the bathing process, since feet may not be dipped in the water”

• cites T.2025: 1146a21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Shoes separate the body from the ground and so inevitably come into contact with dirt.

“shoes separate the body from the ground, so they inevitably touch dirt”

May combine two claims.

Chinese masters instead devised rules for various kinds of footwear, so that some shoes stay relatively clean while others are used for travel or the toilet.

“Chinese masters developed guidelines for a range of footwear so that some shoes can be kept relatively clean, while others are worn when travelling or visiting toilet facilities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Socks are required in Chinese monasteries as part of keeping the whole body covered.

“socks are compulsory in Chinese monasteries in a bid to keep the whole body covered”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such journeys should be undertaken in straw sandals without socks.

“Such journeys should be made in straw sandals (cao xie 草鞋) without socks.”

• cites W 111: 878b1-2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He should not wear 'monastic shoes' on bare feet.

“He should also not wear”

• cites T.2025: 1145c15-16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Shoes should be changed at the toilet facilities, and neither monastic shoes nor toilet shoes should be left untidily.

“Shoes should be exchanged at toilet facilities: neither monastery shoes nor toilet shoes should be left in disarray”

• cites T.2025: 1145b20, b23Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rules for attending a tea ceremony are equally detailed, again to prevent the body being exposed.

“Regulations for attending a tea ceremony are similarly detailed, again to avoid exposing the body”

• cites W 111: 883a11-12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.