The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress
Open accessAbstract
Background and aims: The literature has proposed two types of problematic smartphone/internet use: generalized problematic use and specific problematic use. However, longitudinal findings on the associations between the two types of problematic use and psychological distress are lacking among East-Asians. The present study examined temporal associations between both generalized and specific problematic use of the smartphone/internet, and psychological distress. Methods: Hong Kong University students ( N = 308; 100 males; mean age = 23.75 years; SD ± 5.15) were recruited with follow-ups at three, six, and nine months after baseline assessment. All participants completed the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (for generalized problematic smartphone/internet use), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (for specific problematic smartphone/internet use), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (for psychological distress) in each assessment. Latent growth modeling (LGM) was constructed to understand temporal associations between generalized/specific problematic use and psychological distress. Results: The LGM suggested that the intercept of generalized problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (standardized coefficient [ β ] = 0.32; P < 0.01). The growth of generalized problematic use was significantly associated with the growth of psychological distress ( β = 0.51; P < 0.01). Moreover, the intercept of specific problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress ( β = 0.28; P < 0.01) and the growth of psychological distress ( β = 0.37; P < 0.01). Conclusion: The initial level of problematic use of smartphone/internet increased the psychological distress among university students. Helping young adults address problematic use of the smartphone/internet may prevent psychological distress.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a longitudinal sample of Hong Kong university students, both generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use were positively associated with psychological distress over nine months. Initial social media addiction predicted both initial and growth in distress, while growth in generalized problematic use predicted growth in distress.
Key findings
- Generalized problematic use: intercept associated with psychological distress intercept (β = 0.32, P < 0.01); growth associated with growth of psychological distress (β = 0.51, P < 0.01).
- Specific problematic use (social media): intercept associated with psychological distress intercept (β = 0.28, P < 0.01) and with growth of psychological distress (β = 0.37, P < 0.01).
- SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were significantly correlated across all four time points (r = 0.174 to 0.854; all P < 0.01).
- The LGM models supported the direction from problematic use to psychological distress more than the reverse direction; the reverse-direction models had fit concerns, including a Heywood case in the third model and an RMSEA 90% CI of 0.110 in the fourth model.
Methods
- Longitudinal online survey of Hong Kong university students: N = 308 at baseline (mean age = 23.75 years, SD = 5.15); follow-ups at three, six, and nine months; 114 completed all follow-ups, 58 completed two, and 40 completed one.
- Measures: Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) for generalized problematic smartphone/internet use, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) for specific problematic use, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for psychological distress.
- Analysis: latent growth modeling (LGM) within structural equation modeling, adjusting for age and gender; full information maximum likelihood (FIML) for missing data; four models tested problematic use → distress and distress → problematic use.
Limitations
- The paper states: no data on when participants began using social media/smartphones; mental illness was self-reported and not confirmed by psychiatric interview or records; convenience sampling of university students, mostly from one university, limits generalizability; missing data appeared not to be missing at random, with completers differing from non-completers in age and hours of smartphone/social media use; Hong Kong-specific findings may not generalize; impactful life events between assessments were not collected; all data were self-reported and subject to recall and social desirability biases; only one specific form of problematic use (social media) was assessed.
- Evident in the text: attrition was substantial (114 of 308 completed all follow-ups), and the reverse-direction LGM models had fit problems, including a Heywood case and an RMSEA confidence interval exceeding the acceptable cutoff in one model.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growth of generalized problematic use was significantly associated with the growth of psychological distress (β = 0.51; P < 0.01).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 3 demonstrates the significant correlations between the SABAS score, BSMAS score, and HADS score in the four assessed time points (r = 0.174 to 0.854; p-values < 0.01).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the intercept of specific problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (β = 0.28; P < 0.01)”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LGM suggested that the intercept of generalized problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (standardized coefficient [β] = 0.32; P < 0.01).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the growth of psychological distress (β = 0.37; P < 0.01).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were missing at random.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This association was not shown in specific problematic use of social media.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“the growth of the problematic use in social media did not show the same relationship”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the intercept of problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (standardized coefficient = 0.32; p < 0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“baseline generalized problematic smartphone/internet use was positively associated with baseline psychological distress”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the growth of generalized problematic smartphone/internet use showed a greater impact than that of the specific problematic social media use on psychological distress.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the initial level of specific problematic use in social media was associated with the growth of psychological distress, while this association was not found with generalized problematic smartphone/internet use.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“the initial level of generalized problematic use only increased the initial level of psychological distress”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the intercept of problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (standardized coefficient = 0.28; p < 0.01) and the growth of psychological distress (standardized coefficient = 0.37; p < 0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“the initial level of the problematic use of social media was positively associated with both the initial level and the growth of psychological distress”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants who completed all the follow-ups comprised fewer males (21.1%) than those who only participated at baseline (41.7%).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such problematic smartphone/internet use has been associated with several comorbid disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Karaka, Canan, Saleh, & Potenza, 2017), depression (Sariyska, Reuter, Lachmann, & Montag, 2015) and substance abuse (Rücker, Akre, Berchtold, & Suris, 2015).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karaka, Canan, Saleh, & Potenza, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Sariyska, Reuter, Lachmann, & Montag, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rücker, Akre, Berchtold, & Suris, 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, the present study takes the similar view to Chen et al. (2020) that applications on smartphones can be a source of problematic behavior among a minority of individuals.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al. (2020)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, the psychometric properties of the BSMAS have been established using English (Andreassen et al., 2016), Italian (Monacis et al., 2017), Persian (Lin, Broström, Nilsen, Griffiths, & Pakpour, 2017), Portuguese (Pontes, Andreassen, & Griffiths, 2016), Taiwanese (Chen et al., 2020; Leung et al., 2019), and Hong Kong versions (Yam et al., 2019).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Methods > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andreassen et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Monacis et al., 2017
- Not checked yetcites Lin, Broström, Nilsen, Griffiths, & Pakpour, 2017; Pontes, Andreassen, & Griffiths, 2016; Chen et al., 2020; Leung et al., 2019; Yam et al., 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following this process, 308 Hong Kong students completed the baseline assessment; 114 Hong Kong students completed all the follow-up assessments; 58 completed two follow-ups; and 40 completed one follow-up.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Methods > Participants and procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 308Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, smartphone addiction may be generalized because of the many different activities that can be engaged in using smartphones (e.g., gambling, gaming, social networking, and working) (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuss & Griffiths, 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants who completed all follow-ups were younger (22.39 years) and spent less time on smartphones (4.10 hours/day) and social media (2.26 hours/day) than those who only participated at baseline (mean age = 25.19 years; time on smartphone = 5.90 hours/day; time on social media = 3.59 hours/day).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two different forms of problematic use of digital technologies have been proposed: generalized internet addictions and specific internet addictions (i.e., generalized problematic smartphone/internet use and specific problematic smartphone/internet use) (Brand, Young, & Laier, 2014; Davis, 2001; Griffiths, 1998, 2000; Montag et al., 2015).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand, Young, & Laier, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Davis, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths, 1998, 2000; Montag et al., 2015
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The construct validity of the HADS has been confirmed in Hong Kong adolescents (Chan, Leung, Fong, Leung, & Lee, 2010) with acceptable Cronbach's alphas (0.79 for anxiety and 0.67 for depression).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Methods > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chan, Leung, Fong, Leung, & Lee, 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The psychometric properties of the SABAS have been established using English (Csibi et al., 2018), Hungarian (Csibi et al., 2016), Persian (Lin et al., 2018), Taiwanese (Chen et al., 2020; Leung et al., 2019), and Hong Kong versions (Yam et al., 2019).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Methods > Instruments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Csibi et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Csibi et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Lin et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020; Leung et al., 2019; Yam et al., 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although prior research suggests a relationship between different types of problematic smartphone/internet use and poor mental health (Pontes et al., 2015; Rücker et al. 2015)”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pontes et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rücker et al. 2015
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite such polarized views, strong relationships exist between smartphone addiction and social media addiction, most likely because social media use is primarily engaged in via smartphones (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017; Sha, Sariyska, Riedl, Lachmann & Montag, 2019).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuss & Griffiths, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Sha, Sariyska, Riedl, Lachmann & Montag, 2019
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The internal consistency of the HADS was acceptable across all the assessments in the present study: α = 0.85 and ω = 0.85 at baseline; α = 0.84 and ω = 0.84 at first follow-up; α = 0.85 and ω = 0.85 at second follow-up; α = 0.85 and ω = 0.85 at third follow-up.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Methods > Instruments
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“data on when participants began using social media or smartphones were not collected.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, the magnitude of the association was of note (0.37, a moderate effect size; Cohen, 1988).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, 1988
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Griffiths (2000, 2005) has proposed salience, mood, modification, tolerance, withdrawal conflict, and relapse as the six main criteria for addiction and these have been modeled to assess generalized or specific problematic smartphone/internet use.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths (2000, 2005)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The present study's findings echo the current evidence concerning the associations between problematic smartphone/internet use and mental health (Bányai et al., 2017; Csibi et al., 2018; Monacis et al., 2017; Sha et al., 2019).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bányai et al., 2017
- Not checked yetcites Csibi et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Monacis et al., 2017
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fit index of RMSEA (0.083–0.092) was close to the suggested cutoff. However, its 90% CI covers acceptable cutoff scores and does not exceed the worst value for RMSEA (i.e., 0.10), except for the fourth model (Fig. 2b; 90% CI of RSMEA = 0.110).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only one type of specific smartphone/internet problematic use (i.e., social media use) was assessed.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This finding supports those scholars who distinguish generalized problematic smartphone/internet use from specific problematic use (Brand et al., 2014; Davis, 2001; Griffiths, 1998, 2000; Montag et al., 2015).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brand et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Davis, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths, 1998, 2000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although missing data in the present study appeared not to be missing at random, significant differences were found between those completing the survey only once, those completing twice, those completing three times, and those completing all four assessments in age, hours spent on using smartphone per day, and hours spent on using social media per day.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the results of the present study provided insights into the debate concerning whether problematic smartphone/internet use should be considered as an independent diagnosis or a negative consequence of other disorders (Pies, 2009).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Practical and clinical implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pies, 2009
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Generalized problematic smartphone/internet use has been associated with other dysfunctions including impaired family functioning, lowered life satisfaction, problematic family interaction, poor emotional wellbeing, and decreased academic performance (Rücker et al. 2015; Wartberg, Kriston, Kammerl, Petersen, & Thomasius, 2015).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rücker et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Wartberg, Kriston, Kammerl, Petersen, & Thomasius, 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all data were self-reported using Google Forms and are subject to biases including memory recall and social desirability.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, there is a Heywood case in the third model (Fig. 2a; a standardized coefficient is larger than 1).”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only university students (with the majority from one university) were recruited using convenience sampling.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although participants who self-reported having any mental illness were excluded, such diagnoses were not confirmed by formal psychiatric interviews or data from medical records.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The present study corroborates and extends prior findings (Bányai et al., 2017; Csibi et al., 2018; Monacis et al., 2017; Sha et al., 2019) that problematic smartphone/internet use is associated with (and may further impact) psychological distress among individuals with problematic smartphone/internet use.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bányai et al., 2017
- Not checked yetcites Csibi et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Monacis et al., 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“data were collected from Hong Kong and the extent to which the findings generalize to other populations also warrants further investigation.”
§ Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Rarely has research used a longitudinal design to examine relationships between problematic smartphone/internet use and poor mental health in an East-Asian context.
“rarely has research used a longitudinal design to examine such relationships in an East-Asian context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The direction between problematic use and psychological distress is still a matter of debate in the literature.
“given that the direction between problematic use and psychological distress is still a matter of debate in the literature”
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores were missing at random.
“A full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method was used to impute missing data in SABAS, BSMAS, and HADS scores for all the participants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The convenience sample of Hong Kong university students is representative of university students in general.
“Convenience sampling was used and 400 students were invited to participate (response rate = 77%).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The association between problematic use and psychological distress is not confounded by unmeasured variables.
“two models were constructed adjusting for age and gender.”
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“This suggests that initial levels of issue-specific use in social media are associated with increased psychological distress (57).”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Female proportion is reported as the male proportion
MinorThe results say 32.5% of participants were female, but Table 1 identifies 100 of 308 participants (32.5%) as male.
“Slightly less than one-third of participants were female (32.5%)”
“| Gender (Male) | 100 (32.5%) | 24 (21.1%) | 17 (29.3%) | 19 (47.5%) | 40 (41.7%) |”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 213
Üztemur, S., Lin, C., Gökalp, A., Kartol, A., Avcı, G., & Pakpour, A. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04119-9 · Cited by 16
“Compulsive and problematic use of SNSs negatively affects users in behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains 49–52 .”
Self-citationGıca, Ş., Yunden, S., Kirkas, A., Sevil, F., Özdengül, F., & Ak, M. (2020) · Selçuk Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.30733/std.2020.01471 · Cited by 16
“Recent studies indicate that smartphone use and social media addiction are on the rise and cause many negative effects, both physically and spiritually (5, 9-16).”
BackgroundStefano, R. D., Cedro, C., Iannuzzo, F., Infortuna, C., Lombardo, C., Pandolfo, G., Muscatello, M. R. A., & Bruno, A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114914 · Cited by 11
Tao, Z., Zhao, X., Wang, Z., Yu, C., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1038470 · Cited by 11
“Multiple studies have found the negative consequences of IA, IA was significantly associated with individual fatigue, depression, anxiety, headache, and other mental and physical health problems (Bener, 2017; Upadhayay and Guragain, 2017; Chen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChoi, D.-H., & Jung, Y.-S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811643 · Cited by 11
Gan, X., Wang, P., Xiang, G.-X., & Jin, X. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287729 · Cited by 11
Lecuona, O. Z., Lin, C., Montag, C., Pontes, H. M., & Pakpour, A. H. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01320-1 · Cited by 11
“…in two forms: either a generalized form of problematic use (e.g., a person overuses several online channels) or a specific form problematic use (e.g., gaming that was examined in the present study) (Chen et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020b; Leung et al., 2020; Montag et al., 2015; Pontes, et al., 2015).”
Self-citationНиколаевич, П. Д., & Rylskaya, E. A. (2022) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2022.0407 · Cited by 10
The Role of Desire Thinking and Craving in Problematic Smartphone Use
Fioravanti, G., Spada, M. M., & Benucci, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00544-3 · Cited by 10
Garcia, M. A., & Cooper, T. V. (2024) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-024-10085-8 · Cited by 13
Tan, C. S. Y., & Chew, P. K. H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07015-z · Cited by 9
“Similarly, the correlation between IGD and SMA was weak and positive (Sigerson et al., 2017 ).”
InfluentialLi, C., Xia, Z., Liu, Y., Li, S., Ren, S., & Zhao, H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29895 · Cited by 18
“The third approach emphasizes a bidirectional hypothesis, suggesting that addictive disorders or other mental illnesses may mutually increase vulnerability [16].”
Sirola, A., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112709 · Cited by 11
Yang, Z., Yan, Z., & Hussain, Z. (2022) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2022.2066880 · Cited by 9
“Many empirical studies have identified the relationships between PSU and mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, and loneliness (e.g., Chen, Pakpour et al., 2020; Eichenberg et al., 2021; Guo et al., 2020; Kim, 2018; Kim et al., 2015).”
Li, L., Mamun, M. A., Al‐Mamun, F., Ullah, I., Hosen, I., Zia, S. A., Poorebrahim, A., Pourgholami, M., Lin, C., Pontes, H. M., et al. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03284-8 · Cited by 9
Self-citationLin, Y., Lin, C., Fan, C.-W., Liu, C.-H., Ahorsu, D. K., Chen, D., Weng, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s386967 · Cited by 9
Self-citationSocial Media Use and Psychological Distress Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Review
Davis, C. E., Eche, I. J., & Alcindor, N. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20240502-03 · Cited by 10
Lee, M., Potenza, M. N., & Bhang, S. (2025) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.250018 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDo the core symptoms play key roles in the development of problematic smartphone use symptoms
Huang, S., Lai, X., Li, Y., Dai, X., Wang, W., Li, J., Wang, H., Li, D., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.959103 · Cited by 10
“Researchers suggested that, during the COVID-19 outbreak, adolescents increase smartphone use to search for information related to COVID-19, seek social support, and as a coping strategy (9, 50).”
BackgroundConnolly, T., Atherton, G., Cross, L., Piovesan, A., & Kaye, L. K. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106965 · Cited by 11
Rozgonjuk, D., Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2022) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04772-5_4 · Cited by 9
Choi, M. J., Lee, S.-J., Lee, S. J., Rho, M. J., Kim, D., & Choi, I. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.571795 · Cited by 8
Colella, G. M., Servidio, R. C., Palermiti, A. L., Bartolo, M. G., García-Carrera, P., Ruiz, R. O., & Romera, E. M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22030389 · Cited by 9
“This decision aligns with the current literature, which distinguishes between problematic usage patterns and clinically diagnosable addiction [54].”
Arrivillaga, C., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-4-7 · Cited by 10
“Because this classification was proposed before smartphones were ubiquitous, recent studies have suggested that PSU could be considered a problematic Internet-related behavior with a generalized pattern (Chen et al., 2020; W. Su et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLuque, W. C., Vallejos-Flores, M. A., Mayorga-Falcón, L. E., Portillo, A. M., Livia, Y. P., Amésquita, J. J. S., & Barboza-Navarro, E. (2022) · Propósitos y Representaciones · doi:10.20511/pyr2022.v10n2.1517 · Cited by 15
Neuroticism and Adolescent Problematic Mobile Social Media Use: A Moderated Mediation Model
Huang, J., Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2023.2209885 · Cited by 8
Nurmala, I., Muthmainnah, M., Hsieh, G.-J., Salim, L. A., Nadia, A., Devi, Y. P., Chen, C., Huang, R.-Y., Chen, J., Griffiths, M. D., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01517-y · Cited by 6
“The former refers to individuals that have generalized PSMU (i.e., their problematic use is not specific to a particular social media platform), whereas the latter refers to individuals that have specific problems with a particular social media platform (e.g., Instagram, Facebook, YouTube) (Chen et al., 2020a, b).”
Self-citationRisk level prediction for problematic internet use: A digital health perspective
Suh, Y., & Yoo, J. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100863 · Cited by 6
“According to (Chen et al., 2020), problematic smartphone/Internet use is a risk factor for psychological distress in users, and furthermore, problematic Internet use has a negative impact on mental illness.”
Remondi, C., Tona, A. L., Schimmenti, A., Coco, G. L., Compare, A., & Brugnera, A. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2295955 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, PSU has been viewed both as a speci fi c (for an overview, see Billieux et al. 2015) and generalised (Chen et al. 2020; Kuss and Gri ffi ths 2017) feature of PIU, complicating distinction of the constructs.”
InfluentialLakhdir, M. P. A., Hameed, A. N., Hasnani, F. B., Angez, M., Nawaz, M. T., Khan, M. M. H., Peerwani, G., Nathwani, A. A., & Azam, S. I. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221138671 · Cited by 10
Development and Factor Structure of Problematic Multidimensional Smartphone Use Scale
Geçer, E., Yıldırım, M., Bağcı, H., & Atar, C. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01265-5 · Cited by 7
“However, unfortunately, they lead to physical, social, and psychological addic-tions increasingly as Griffiths et al., (2020) describe and categorize two different forms of problematic use of digital technologies have been proposed: generalized internet addic-tions and specific internet addictions…”
Indonesian Validation of the YouTube Addiction Scale Among Young Adults
Ruckwongpatr, K., Nurmala, I., Muthmainnah, M., Salim, L. A., Nadia, A., Devi, Y. P., Hsieh, G.-J., Lin, Y.-C., Pramukti, I., Chen, C., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0081 · Cited by 6
“18 While existing evidence elucidates the connections between SMA and psychosocial health issues, further research is warranted, particularly given the diverse array of social media platforms available.”
Self-citationKaya, B. (2025) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2025.2584991 · Cited by 7
Lei, Y., Xu, J., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102684 · Cited by 6
Use of social networks in emerging adults: The role of irrational beliefs
Stojković, I. B., & Vukosavljević‐Gvozden, T. (2021) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh20-32793 · Cited by 5
“Longitudinal studies suggest that the relationship between social networks use and psychopathological tendencies might be bidirectional, with psychopathology predicting an increase in social network use (Gámez-Guadix, 2014) and vice versa (Chen et al., 2020; GámezGuadix, 2014).”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of the smartphone addiction risk children questionnaire (SARCQ)
Conte, S., Ghiani, C., Nicotra, E. F., Bertucci, A., & Truzoli, R. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08874 · Cited by 6
“In fact, generalized problematic smartphone use refers to a multidimensional and generalized behavioral patterns of smartphone use that could cause negative effects (Ponte et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKURTULUŞ, H. Y., Deniz, M. E., & Satıcı, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241311013 · Cited by 4
“…the relationship between body dissatisfaction (i.e. weight stigma) and psychological distress in a two-wave longitudinal study; Chang et al. (2022), Chen et al. (2020) showed the longitudinal relationship between problematic smartphone use and psychological distress through students’ social media…”
Kartol, A., & Üztemur, S. (2025) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2024.2436030 · Cited by 4
“The use of the internet poses a threat due to potentially addictive features (e.g. accessibility, anonymity, convenience, etc.) and online activities (e.g. gaming, gambling, social media use, etc.) (Chen et al., 2020a; Leung et al., 2020).”
Borges, H. M., & Maia, R. D. S. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37422 · Cited by 7
Chen, I., Pramukti, I., Gan, W. Y., Ruckwongpatr, K., Pham, L. A., Huang, P., Mamun, M. A., Ullah, I., Jahrami, H., Lin, C., et al. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70133 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLi, X., & Li, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313362 · Cited by 4
“Within this broader context, two distinct patterns of problematic use have been identified: generalized problematic smartphone/internet use and specific problematic smartphone/internet use [3].”
InfluentialNie, Y., Pan, T., Zheng, Y., Fan, L., & He, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01395-2 · Cited by 4
El educador social y su relación con Internet. Uso o abuso de este medio
Díaz, V. M., & Requena, B. E. S. (2021) · Digital Education Review · doi:10.1344/der.2021.39.76-88 · Cited by 4
“Pontes, Caplan and Griffiths (2016), as well as Chen et al. (2020), have indicated that the problematic use of the Internet has been associated to an increase in anxiety, depression, an elevated deficit in attention, deterioration of family and social relations, increase in loneliness, a low emotional state, and a sta…”
BackgroundSoraci, P., Bevan, N., Campedelli, L., Pálmai, T., Somogyi, A., & Szabó, A. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00540-z · Cited by 3
Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Yao, F., Cao, P., Guo, S., & Liu, S. (2025) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.70068 · Cited by 6
“…adolescents are more prone to be addicted to smartphones (Kwon et al. 2013), problematic social media use (Tung et al. 2025), and SNS addiction (Kuss and Griffiths 2011), which may lead to mental disorders (Chen et al. 2020), such as anxiety (Ranjan et al. 2021) and depression (Lin et al. 2016).”
Efrati, Y., Shmulewitz, D., Skvirsky, V., Vider, M., Kor, A., Lev‐Ran, S., & Mikulincer, M. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108589 · Cited by 3
Exploring the relationship between college students’ adaptability and nomophobia
Ren, S.-X., He, J., Liu, T., & Zhang, D. (2024) · Behavior and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2314755 · Cited by 1
“This indicates that people’s dependency on mobile phones is caused not only by the symptoms of problematic mobile phone use (Chen et al. 2020; Elhai et al. 2017; Pancani, Preti, and Riva 2020) but also by the adaptive usage of mobile phones with advanced functions that are essential for human life…”
Foláyan, M. O., Zúñiga, R. A. A., Ezechi, O., Aly, N. M., Lusher, J. M., Nguyen, A. L., & Tantawi, M. E. (2023) · BioMed · doi:10.3390/biomed3010010 · Cited by 3
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“, 2018; Lowe-Calverley and Pontes, 2020) and are associated with poor health outcomes (Chen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWang, D., Xu, B., Scherffius, A. M., Wei, H., Li, Y., Chen, H., Ma, Z., & Fan, F. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70069 · Cited by 2
“Alarmingly, the problem of IA has only worsened in recent years (Chen et al. 2020), particularly as the COVID-19 lockdown directed more adolescents online for reasons such as online education and socialisation (Kovacic et al. 2022).”
Problematic Smartphone Use Is Associated With Current and Previous Major Depressive Disorder
Seong, S. J., Hong, J. P., Hahm, B., Chang, S. M., Kim, B., Lee, D. W., Cho, S., Park, J., Park, J. E., & Jeon, H. J. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0011 · Cited by 3
“22 High mobile phone use is associated with depressive symptoms one year later among adolescents 53 and young adults.”
Zhang, Q., Li, C., & Liu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1666004 · Cited by 6
Convergent and divergent predictors of extensive use time and problematic TikTok use
Zsila, Á., Aruguete, M. S., Shabahang, R., Buvár, Á., & Orosz, G. (2025) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2025-4-8 · Cited by 2
“Although much of the user experience appears to be positive and gratifying, prolonged use can elevate the risk of negative experiences such as cyberbullying (Vaterlaus & Winter, 2021), which have been associated with psychological and social problems (Chen et al., 2020; Fahy et al., 2016).”
Bullying victimization and sleep quality in adolescents: a chain mediation model
Wang, J., Deng, L., Pan, M., Liu, Y., Xiao, T., & Chen, S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08372-z · Cited by 2
“Anxiety, in turn, serves as a key risk factor for poor sleep quality (Jamieson et addiction psychology (Chen et al., 2020).”
Chen, S., Yang, L., Qu, Y., & Zhou, N. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108531 · Cited by 2
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“It suggests that students with poorer sleep may use smartphones excessively to cope with fatigue or fill wakeful time at night, and such behavior may gradually develop into compulsive dependence (72).”
İnsan Sağlığında Koruyucu Yaklaşımlar
Yücel, H., Özgöbek, H. R., Toptaner, N. E., Kolcu, M., Korkmaz, N., Ünveren, Y., Aracı, A., Uzlaşır, S., Sari, M. E., KILINÇ, H. E., et al. (2022) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.944 · Cited by 3
The Impact of Digitalization on the Evolution of Competencies and Changing Needs in the Labor Market
Roman, Y., Dembitska, S., Kobylianskyi, O. V., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85652-5_19 · Cited by 2
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A Solution to Evade Social Media Distraction
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“[2][5]”
Vaezpour, P., Jahani, M. A., Gholamnia-Shirvani, Z., Nikbakht, H., Hamzehpour, R., Pakpour, A. H., & Mirzaie, A. (2024) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-024-06895-5 · Cited by 3
“Chen et al.’s study in Taiwan suggested that one of the early signs of problems related to smartphone addiction is a disorder of psychological distress [52].”
BackgroundSelf-citationUniversity Students’ Problematic Mobile Phone Use
Karaahmetoğlu, G. U., & Arabacı, Z. (2024) · Journal of Higher Education and Science · doi:10.5961/higheredusci.1315316 · Cited by 2
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“While internet use can have many benefits, such as facilitating relationships, problematic internet use (PIU) can adversely affect a person’s psychosocial and physical health (Chen et al., 2020).”
Technological Advancements and Market Segmentation in the Smartphone Industry: an Analytical Study
Dachawar, M., Iyer, L., Moolya, R., et al. (2025) · International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) · doi:10.1109/icirca65293.2025.11089810 · Cited by 1
“The primary technique involves: • Correlation Analysis: This method determines the strength of relations among variables such as RAM, internal storage, and processor speed, and how these affect smartphone price[20].”
Ahmed, O., Walsh, E., Dawel, A., & Cherbuin, N. (2025) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/6575876 · Cited by 2
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“Longitudinal studies have also identified SMA as a significant risk factor for social isolation and deterioration in mental health (Chen et al., 2020; Di Blasi et al., 2022).”
Nawaz, S., Linden, T., Mitchell, M., & Bhowmik, J. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102569 · Cited by 3
What is the evidence for social media addiction?
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Psychological predictors and “protectors” of students’ Internet addiction
Kolmogortseva, A. A., & Rylskaya, E. A. (2022) · The Education and science journal · doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2022-5-122-146 · Cited by 1
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION COUNSELING FOR SEX AND GADGET ADDICTION
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“karakter yang berperan untuk menyenangkan dan memberikan bantuan dari ketidaknyamanan dengan hal lain yang memiliki akibat buruk lebih besar dibandingkan manfaatnya dan sering disertai bahaya secara fisik, sosial, atau psikologis.(1,2) Keinginan untuk mengurangi, menghentikan, atau mengubah perilaku berproses dengan c…”
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Smartphone addiction and adolescent mental health: a cross-sectional study in West Sumatra province
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#ConnectedTeens: Social media use and adolescent wellbeing
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Phubbing y redes sociales: Análisis de una muestra de universitarios del Perú: El phubbing
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A Review on the Impacts of Social Media on the Mental Health
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Insights in Addictive Disorders: 2022
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Building a Better Normal, Where to Now?
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“…on the Internet, such as problematic gaming and problematic shopping) and generalized IA (i.e., the addiction toward a medium or device used for engagement, such as problematic smartphone use) (Chang et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2020; Kamolthip et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2023; Pramukti et al., 2023).”
Habits on Social Networks at Workplace: A Survey of Motivations and Behaviour
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“…of control on the usage behavior (Moretta & Wegmann, 2025), which is associated with significant negative consequences in their everyday life such as psychological distress and insomnia (Chen et al., 2020; Pagano et al., 2023) as well as psychopathological symptoms (Huang, 2022; Wang et al., 2022).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, I.-H., Pakpour, A. H., Leung, H., Potenza, M. N., Su, J.-A., Lin, C.-Y., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Minnan Normal University (CN)
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Yale University (US)
- Chang Gung University (TW)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Chung-Ying
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 410-419
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- 2063-5303
- PMC
- PMC8939406
- OpenAlex
- W3037865145
- Semantic Scholar
- 3d02484d45e179e134ee5e60f61ca2b7f9318e93
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 39.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- CityU Scholars (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- smartphone addiction, problematic internet use, social media addiction, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, university students, young adults, longitudinal associations
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Psychological Distress, Internet Addiction Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Stress, Psychological, Students, Universities, Young Adult, Social Media
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