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Cited by 221Impact of Technology on AdolescentsFlow Experience in Various FieldsDigital Media and Philosophy

Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students

Open access
Ye, Jian-Hong, Wu, Yu-Tai, Wu, Yu-Feng, Chen, Mei-Yen, Ye, Jhen-Ni·2022·Frontiers in Public Health
DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2022.847672PMC PMC9127725
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Abstract

While media use can be beneficial in some ways, excessive use of media has led to growing concerns about its potential negative consequences. With the popularity of Chinese video applications (apps) such as DouYin, TikTok, Kwai, and other short video apps sweeping through schools around the world. Due to the diversity and immersion principle of short videos, their popularity continues to grow, and the phenomenon of students being addicted to short videos also brings many hidden dangers to the learning effect. Among other things, the problem of excessive use of the Internet among Chinese youth has led the government to propose a series of control policies to strengthen the monitoring of harmful habits of youth in the use of online applications. In addition, the problem of youth addiction to short videos has become a major concern for education experts and the general public, thus demonstrating that short video addiction is indeed an ongoing research issue. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the causes of short-form video addiction and its impact on the psychology of learning, and to investigate the relationship between short-form video flow experience, short-form video addiction, intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation, and learning well-being from the perspectives of flow experience theory and micro ecological systems. The questionnaire was sent via instant messaging software such as QQ and WeChat, and university students from vocational colleges in China were invited to complete the questionnaire. A total of 517 valid data were collected, including 222 (42.9%) were male students and 295 (57.1%) were female students. The collected questionnaires were analyzed for reliability and validity after removing incomplete data, followed by structural equation modeling for model verification. The findings showed that: (1) short video flow experience had a positive effect on short video addiction; (2) short video addiction had a negative effect on intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation; (3) intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation had a positive effect on learning well-being; (4) short video flow experience had an indirect negative effect on intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation; (5) short video flow and short video addiction had indirect negative effects on learning well-being. According to the results, it is clear that addiction to short videos has a negative impact on learners' learning motivation and positive psychology of learning, so parents and teachers should effectively guide students to use short video apps in a self-controlled way.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study tested a flow-experience and micro-ecological model among Chinese vocational college students and found that short-video flow positively predicted short-video addiction, which in turn negatively predicted intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation and indirectly lowered learning well-being. The authors conclude that short-video addiction harms learning motivation and positive learning psychology, recommending that parents and teachers guide self-controlled short-video use.

Key findings

  • Short video flow had a positive effect on short video addiction (β = 0.77*, t = 15.57), explaining 59% of the variance (f² = 1.44).
  • Short video addiction had negative effects on intrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.49*, t = −10.46) and extrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.47*, t = −9.89), with explanatory power of 24% (f² = 0.32) and 22% (f² = 0.28), respectively.
  • Intrinsic learning motivation (β = 0.57*, t = 8.42) and extrinsic learning motivation (β = 0.24*, t = 3.63) had positive effects on learning well-being; together they explained 45% of the variance (f² = 0.82).
  • Indirect effects were negative: short video flow → intrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.38), short video flow → extrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.36), short video flow → learning well-being (β = −0.30), and short video addiction → learning well-being (β = −0.40); all 95% CIs did not cross 0.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional questionnaire study using snowball sampling via QQ and WeChat among vocational college students in China. Of 600 questionnaires collected, 83 invalid responses were removed, yielding 517 valid questionnaires (86.2% valid recovery rate): 222 male (42.9%) and 295 female (57.1%); mean age 19.19 years (SD = 1.12).
  • Viewing frequency: 56 (10.8%) watched short videos 1–3 days/week, 130 (25.1%) 4–6 days/week, and 331 (64%) every day; daily viewing was <1 h for 61 (11.8%), 1–3 h for 266 (51.4%), and >3 h for 190 (36.8%).
  • Measures were adapted from prior scales and rated on a 5-point Likert scale: short video flow (8 items), short video addiction (8 items), intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation (6 items each), and learning well-being (10 items). After first-order CFA, items were reduced to 6, 6, 5, 5, and 7, respectively. Analysis used SPSS 23.0 for descriptives and reliability/validity, AMOS 20.0 for CFA and structural equation modeling, and Bootstrapping for indirect effects. Reliability was α/CR = 0.93–0.96; AVE = 0.68–0.84; model fit: χ² = 1,314.1, df = 372, χ²/df = 3.53, RMSEA = 0.07, GFI = 0.87, AGFI = 0.85, CFI = 0.94.

Limitations

  • The paper states it could not confirm whether perceived learning well-being differs by age within the same educational system, and recommends future comparisons across elementary, junior high, high school, and university students.
  • The paper states it could not deeply understand the meaning and value of short videos to students with addictive tendencies or why addictive behavior affects their learning; it recommends qualitative research and future demographic analyses by gender, school, city, financial income, personal identities, skills, and personality.
  • Evident from the text: the cross-sectional, self-report design limits causal inference, and the authors note possible self-report/social-norm bias in the low mean levels of short video flow and addiction, though they argue the path relationships remain valid.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpubh.2022.847672

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 56 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Short video addiction had a negative effect on extrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.47, t = −9.89).

    “short video addiction had a negative effect on extrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.47***; t = −9.89)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Short video addiction had a negative effect on intrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.49, t = −10.46).

    “short video addiction had a negative effect on intrinsic learning motivation (β = −0.49***; t = −10.46)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Short video flow had a positive effect on short video addiction (β = 0.77, t = 15.57).

    “short video flow had a positive effect on short video addiction (β = 0.77***; t = 15.57)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Intrinsic learning motivation had a positive effect on learning well-being (β = 0.57, t = 8.42).

    “intrinsic learning motivation had a positive effect on learning well-being (β = 0.57***; t = 8.42)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Short video addiction explained 22% of the variance in extrinsic learning motivation (f2 = 0.28).

    “the explanatory power of short video addiction on extrinsic learning motivation was 22% with an f2 of 0.28”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 44
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    Premisecitation

    Most short video content attracts users' attention within seconds and makes them keep watching.

    “most of the video content will attract users' attention within seconds and make them keep watching (7)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Zhang, 2019, Exploring short-form video application addiction: socio-technical and attachment perspectives, Telematics Inform. source

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    Premisecitation

    Flow experience is related to media addiction (e.g., online addiction, Internet addiction, video addiction).

    “Several studies have implied that flow experience is related to media addiction (e.g., online addiction, Internet addiction, video addiction) (17, 18).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Hernández, 2019, Depressed and swiping my problems for later: the moderation effect between procrastination and depressive symptomatology on internet addiction, Comput Human Behav. source

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    • cites [18] Liang, 2016, Gender differences in the relationship between internet addiction and depression: a cross-lagged study in Chinese adolescents, Comput Human Behav.. source

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    Psychological distress is associated with the degree of Internet use.

    “Chen et al. (6) study found that psychological distress was associated with the degree of Internet use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Chen, 2021, Problematic internet-related behaviors mediate the associations between levels of internet engagement and distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 lockdown: a longitudinal structural equation modeling study, J Behav Addict. source

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    Premisecitation

    Motivation is a main factor of how much information students absorb from learning materials or how much they learn in a learning activity.

    “One study has suggested that motivation is a main factor of how much information students absorb from the learning materials presented to them or how much they learn in a learning activity (27).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Rehman, 2020, Linking burnout to psychological well-being: the mediating role of social support and learning motivation, Psychol Res Behav Manag. source

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    Premisecitation

    Addiction can have a negative effect on emotional reactions, mood, and psychological problems.

    “Several studies have shown that addiction can have a negative effect on emotional reactions, mood, and psychological problems (22, 23).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] Błachnio, 2017, The role of personality traits in Facebook and Internet addictions: a study on Polish, Turkish, Ukrainian samples, Comput Human Behav. source

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    • cites [23] Tang, 2016, Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, Facebook addiction, Telematics Inform. source

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    Premisecitation

    Short videos cause users to become silently immersed and can gradually create addictive behaviors.

    “which also causes users to become silently immersed, and can gradually create addictive behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Zhang, 2019, Exploring short-form video application addiction: socio-technical and attachment perspectives, Telematics Inform. source

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    Students with good learning motivation will potentially have better learning processes and results when they do not have other things on their mind such as short videos.

    “Therefore, students with good learning motivation will potentially have better learning processes and results when they do not have other things on their mind (24) such as short videos.”
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    • cites [24] Rahayu, 2021, The relationship of online game addiction with learning motivation in school age children on COVID-19 pandemic, Linguist Cult Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    PPC can be used to explore PPC interaction in educational settings, especially in the context of Internet-based addictive behaviors.

    “Hong et al. (13) further found that PPC can be used to explore the PPC interaction in educational settings, especially in the context of Internet-based addictive behaviors.”
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    • cites [13] Hong, 2021, Perceived helicopter parenting related to vocational senior high school students' academic achievement and smartphone addiction, J Res Educ Sci. source

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    Premisecitation

    Addiction can cause negative learning motivations in children.

    “Most recently, it has been found that addiction can cause negative learning motivations in children (24).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Rahayu, 2021, The relationship of online game addiction with learning motivation in school age children on COVID-19 pandemic, Linguist Cult Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    There is a close connection between the individual and the environment.

    “according to which there is a close connection between the individual and the environment.”
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    • cites [12] Bronfenbrenner, 1979 source

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    Bronfenbrenner's micro ecological system explores the interaction between person-process-content (PPC).

    “Brofenbrenner's (12) micro ecological system was proposed to explore the interaction between person-process-content (PPC)”
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    • cites [12] Bronfenbrenner, 1979 source

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    Premisecitation

    The development of motivation is essential for individuals to have the ability to cope with new environments.

    “Therefore, the development of motivation is essential for individuals to have the ability to cope with new environments (26).”
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    • cites [26] Deci, 2000, The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior, Psychol Inq. source

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    Happiness is not only the disappearance of negative emotions and emotional states, but also the existence of positive emotions and emotional states.

    “This means that happiness is not only the disappearance of negative emotions and emotional states, but also the existence of positive emotions and emotional states (10).”
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    • cites [10] Pérez-Benito, 2019, A happiness degree predictor using the conceptual data structure for deep learning architectures, Comput Methods Programs Biomed. source

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    Premisecitation

    Addiction can be derived from positively reinforcing psychological processes.

    “Some researchers have argued that addiction can be derived from positively reinforcing psychological processes (7)”
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    • cites [7] Zhang, 2019, Exploring short-form video application addiction: socio-technical and attachment perspectives, Telematics Inform. source

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    Premisecitation

    Internet addiction is widespread worldwide, including in Asian countries, and is associated with a number of negative outcomes and other behavioral addictions.

    “Internet addiction has been found to be widespread worldwide, including in Asian countries, and is associated with a number of negative outcomes and other behavioral addictions (5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Leung, 2020, Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), and internet gaming disorder scale-short form (IGDS-SF9) (study Part A), Addict Behav. source

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    Study design and conductnone given

    Informed consent was provided in the survey, and participants were aware of their participation and that their data were presented anonymously.

    “Informed consent was provided in the survey, so that all participants were aware that they were participating in this study and that the data they provided were presented anonymously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Teenagers' psychological health is affected by the risk of Internet addiction.

    “Teenagers' psychological health is affected by the risk of Internet addiction (1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Cerniglia, 2017, Internet addiction in adolescence: neurobiological, psychosocial and clinical issues, Neurosci Biobehav Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    Well-being refers to an individual's quality of life and is an important factor that predicts individuals' natural and social environments.

    “Well-being also refers to an individual's quality of life, is an important factor that predicts individuals' natural and social environments (36)”
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    • cites [36] Hsu, 2020, How sport tourism event image fit enhances residents' perceptions of place image and their quality of Life, Sustainability. source

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    Study design and conductown data

    AVE values ranged from 0.68 to 0.84, exceeding the >0.50 threshold.

    “the AVE values ranged from 0.68 to 0.84”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Study design and conductown data

    First-order CFA reduced short video flow from eight to six items, short video addiction from eight to six, intrinsic learning motivation from six to five, extrinsic learning motivation from six to five, and learning well-being from 10 to 7.

    “Short video flow was reduced from eight to six items; short video addiction from eight to six; intrinsic learning motivation from six to five; extrinsic learning motivation from six to five; and learning well-being from 10 to 7.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Online game flow has a negative and weak relationship with overall well-being.

    “Laffan et al. (35), who explored online game participation and players' overall well-being, found a negative and weak relationship between online game flow and overall well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Laffan, 2016, The relationships between the structural video game characteristics, video game engagement and happiness among individuals who play video games, Comput Human Behav. source

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    Well-being can be affected by behavioral addiction.

    “and can be affected by behavioral addiction (5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Leung, 2020, Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), and internet gaming disorder scale-short form (IGDS-SF9) (study Part A), Addict Behav. source

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    Premisecitation

    When playing games, addicts present a highly entertaining state where they cannot stop their activities, desire more time to play games, and feel empty, depressed, and irritable when they are not playing, with harmful consequences on life.

    “when playing games, addicts present a highly entertaining state where they cannot stop their activities, desire more time to play games, and feel empty, depressed, and irritable when they are not playing, with all the harmful consequences that these symptoms have on the individual's life (34).”
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    • cites [34] Griffiths, 2008, Diagnosis and management of video game addiction, N Dir Addict Treat Prev

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    Study design and conductown data

    Cronbach's α and CR values in this study were between 0.93 and 0.96, meeting the acceptable standard of >0.70.

    “the Cronbach's α value and CR value in this study were between 0.93 and 0.96, which meets the suggested standard”
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    Well-being has been conceptualized as both an outcome and a process in education.

    “Many elements have proven valuable to well-being in youth and adults, while in the field of education, well-being has been conceptualized as both an outcome and a process (31).”
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    • cites [31] Shoshani, 2017, Positive education for young children: effects of a positive psychology intervention for preschool children on subjective well being and learning behaviors, Front Psychol. source

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    Study design and conductown data

    Eighty-three invalid questionnaires were deleted, resulting in 517 valid questionnaires, with a valid recovery rate of 86.2%.

    “83 invalid questionnaires with incomplete answers or that took <3 min to complete were deleted, resulting in 517 valid questionnaires, with a valid recovery rate of 86.2%.”
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    Premisecitation

    When in flow, people are highly focused and concentrate on what they are doing at a given moment.

    “However, when in flow, people are highly focused and concentrate on what they are doing at a given moment (33).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “However, when in flow, people are highly focused and concentrate on what they are doing at a given moment (33).”
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    • cites [33] Piniel, 2019, Motivation flow. In: Lamb M., Csizér K., Henry A., Ryan S, editors source

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    The intensity of online activity is negatively associated with subjective well-being.

    “However, recent studies have shown that the intensity of online activity is negatively associated with subjective well-being (37).”
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    • cites [37] Abi-Jaoude, 2020, Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health, Can Med Assoc J. source

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    Study design and conductnone given

    All processes involving humans were in accordance with the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association and in compliance with Chinese regulatory requirements.

    “In this study, it was ensured that all processes conducted in the study comprising humans were in accordance with the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association and in compliance with Chinese regulatory requirements.”
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    Study design and conductown data

    All retained questions met the FL > 0.50 criterion, with mean FL values ranging from 0.71 to 0.93.

    “all the questions retained in this study met the criteria suggested by the scholars, where the mean FL values of the configurations ranged from 0.71 to 0.93”
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    Past studies have confirmed that addiction may negatively affect users' well-being.

    “Past studies have confirmed that addiction may negatively affect users' well-being (7).”
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    • cites [7] Zhang, 2019, Exploring short-form video application addiction: socio-technical and attachment perspectives, Telematics Inform. source

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    Study design and conductreasoning

    The questionnaire content was adapted from past research instruments and theories, revised three times, and reviewed by three educational experts for content validity.

    “The content of the questionnaire was adapted from past research instruments and associated theories. Three revisions were made for the fluency and comprehensibility of the text description of the item, and the completeness of the connotation of the aspect was reviewed by three educational experts for content validity.”
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    Premisecitation

    Excessive participation in social media may be problematic and may have a negative impact on the physical and mental health of young people.

    “This result is consistent with Kwok et al. (53) that excessive participation in social media may be problematic and may have a negative impact on the physical and mental health of young people.”
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    • cites Kwok et al. (53) Kwok, 2021, The effects of internet gaming and social media use on physical activity, sleep, quality of life, and academic performance among university students in Hong Kong: a preliminary study, Asian J Soc Health Behav. source

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    Motivation is an important factor for students' learning success rate.

    “Several studies have indicated that motivation is an important factor for students' learning success rate (25)”
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    • cites [25] Levpuscek, 2009, Math achievement in early adolescence: the role of parental involvement, teachers' behavior, and students' motivational beliefs about math, J Early Adolesc. source

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    Most studies indicated that addiction has more of a negative than a positive effect on emotional reactions, mood, and psychological problems.

    “Most studies indicated that addiction has more of a negative than a positive effect on emotional reactions, mood, and psychological problems (22, 23).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] Błachnio, 2017, The role of personality traits in Facebook and Internet addictions: a study on Polish, Turkish, Ukrainian samples, Comput Human Behav. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Tang, 2016, Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, Facebook addiction, Telematics Inform. source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Despite possible biased responses, the hypothetical paths between constructs are still valid because this was a correlation study aimed to investigate the correlation between paths.

    “Although there may be biased responses in this study, since this was a correlation study, not a descriptive statistical study, which aimed to investigate the correlation between paths (13), it is evident from the validation results that the hypothetical paths between constructs are still valid.”
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    • cites [13] Hong, 2021, Perceived helicopter parenting related to vocational senior high school students' academic achievement and smartphone addiction, J Res Educ Sci. source

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    Premisecitation

    There is a negative and weak relationship between online game flow and overall well-being.

    “Furthermore, Laffan et al.'s (35) online gaming study; they found a negative and weak relationship between online game flow and overall well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Laffan et al.'s (35)

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    One study pointed out that addiction can cause negative learning motivations in children.

    “In recent year, one study also pointed out that addiction can cause negative learning motivations in children (24)”
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    • cites [24] Rahayu, 2021, The relationship of online game addiction with learning motivation in school age children on COVID-19 pandemic, Linguist Cult Rev. source

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    Motivation is an important indicator to determine whether students have the ability to cope in that environment.

    “and is an important indicator to determine whether students have the ability to cope in that environment (26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Deci, 2000, The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior, Psychol Inq. source

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    Internet addiction is often challenged as a factor that influences teenagers' psychological health.

    “Internet addiction is often challenged as a factor that influences teenagers' psychological health (1).”
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    • cites [1] Cerniglia, 2017, Internet addiction in adolescence: neurobiological, psychosocial and clinical issues, Neurosci Biobehav Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    Past studies have found a significant positive relationship between problematic Internet use and psychological distress.

    “Chen et al. (54) and Chen et al. (55) indicated that past studies have found a significant positive relationship between problematic Internet use and psychological distress.”
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    • cites Chen et al. (54) Chen, 2020, Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 school suspension, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. source

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    • cites Chen et al. (55) Chen, 2021, - Internet addiction and psychological distress among Chinese school children before and during the COVID-19 outbreak: a latent class analysis, J Behav Addict. source

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    Premisecitation

    Addiction may negatively affect users' wellbeing.

    “Several studies have found that addiction may negatively affect users' wellbeing”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Zhang, 2019, Exploring short-form video application addiction: socio-technical and attachment perspectives, Telematics Inform. source

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    • cites [37] Abi-Jaoude, 2020, Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health, Can Med Assoc J. source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    If learners are in a state of high enjoyment when watching short videos, they will become addicted to them, which will have a negative impact on their learning motivation.

    “In line with this, if learners are in a state of high enjoyment when watching short videos, they will become addicted to them, which will have a negative impact on their learning motivation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    The subjective well-being of individuals who use online activities intensely may be affected.

    “and that the subjective well-being of individuals who use online activities intensely may be affected (7, 37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Zhang, 2019, Exploring short-form video application addiction: socio-technical and attachment perspectives, Telematics Inform. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Abi-Jaoude, 2020, Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health, Can Med Assoc J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    It was not possible to confirm whether there were differential situations in the perceived learning well-being of learners at different ages within the same educational system.

    “it was not possible to confirm whether there were differential situations in the perceived learning well-being of learners at different ages within the same educational system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Failure to monitor or limit Internet behavior can have unintended negative consequences.

    “Therefore, failure to monitor or limit Internet behavior can have unintended negative consequences (58).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Chen, 2021, Psychological distress and internet-related behaviors between schoolchildren with and without overweight during the COVID-19 outbreak, Int J Obes. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    According to the software characteristics of short videos, it is inevitable that users will have a high level of flow experience, so it is difficult to eliminate this enjoyment experience.

    “according to the software characteristics of short videos, it is inevitable that users will have a high level of flow experience, so it is difficult to eliminate this enjoyment experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Addiction to short videos has a negative impact on learners' motivation and positive psychology of learning.

    “From the above results, it is clear that addiction to short videos has a negative impact on learners' motivation and positive psychology of learning”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of Chinese vocational college students is representative of the population to which the study's conclusions are generalized.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    It was not possible to understand more deeply what is the meaning and value of short videos to students with addictive tendencies, and why the addictive behavior affects their learning.

    “it was not possible to understand more deeply what is the meaning and value of short videos to students with addictive tendencies, and why the addictive behavior affects their learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The low reported levels of addictive behaviors may be due to participants choosing to conform to social norms, and also due to a cognitive gap and not considering their use behavior as an addiction.

    “which may be due to the idea that they would choose to conform to social norms, as suggested by scholars, but also due to a cognitive gap and that they did not consider their use behavior as an addiction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The self-report measures used in the study validly and reliably capture short video flow, short video addiction, intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation, and learning well-being for Chinese vocational college students.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Initial levels of issue-specific use in social media are associated with increased psychological distress.

    “This suggests that initial levels of issue-specific use in social media are associated with increased psychological distress (57).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Chen, 2020, Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress, J Behav Addict. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Few studies have examined the correlation between age and well-being, and existing findings are not very consistent.

    “Garaigordobil (42) suggested that few studies have examined the correlation between age and well-being, and the existing findings are not very consistent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Garaigordobil (42) Garaigordobil, 2015, Predictor variables of happiness and its connection with risk and protective factors for health, Front Psychol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Problematic gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic smartphone use are important mediators of the association between psychological distress and increased time spent on Internet-related activities during the COVID-19 outbreak.

    “In the more recent study, Chen et al. (56) found that problematic gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic smartphone use are important mediators of the association between psychological distress and increased time spent on Internet-related activities during the COVID-19 outbreak.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al. (56) Chen, 2021, Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during the COVID-19 school hiatus, Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. source

      Not checked in the free run.

53 of 53

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Students being addicted to short videos brings hidden dangers for learning effects.

    “the phenomenon of students being addicted to short videos brings many hidden dangers for the effects of learning.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little discussion on the negative impact of short video addiction in the learning psychology literature.

    “However, there is still little discussion on the negative impact of short video addiction in the learning psychology literature.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a lack of related study on the topic of short video addiction.

    “there is still a lack of related study on the topic of short video addiction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of 517 vocational college students is representative of Chinese vocational college students.

    “university students from vocational colleges in China were invited to complete the questionnaire.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cross-sectional survey design and structural equation modeling can establish the causal directions among short video flow, short video addiction, learning motivation, and learning well-being.

    “This study used a descriptive and relevant cross-sectional method, and the snowball sampling method when issuing the questionnaire.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The self-report measures used in the study validly and reliably capture short video flow, short video addiction, intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation, and learning well-being for Chinese vocational college students.

    “participants in this study perceived lower levels of short video flow (M = 2.30, SD = 1.16).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of Chinese vocational college students is representative of the population to which the study's conclusions are generalized.

    “This study aims to understand the causes of short video addiction and its impact on the psychology of learning, and to develop a research model that combines the perspectives of mind flow theory and ecosystem theory to investigate the relationship between short video flow, short video addiction, intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation, and learning well-being.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Binge-scrolling is associated with various negative psychological outcomes, including decreased learning motivation, reduced well-being, declines in sleep quality, heightened anxiety, attention deficits, and increased ADHD symptoms.

    “This behavior has been associated with various negative outcomes, including decreased learning motivation and reduced well-being during academic activities7, as well as declines in sleep quality30.”

    From The binge scrolling scale measures excessive scrolling through a validated three-factor structure (2025) · cites this paper as [7]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The paper says it proposes five hypotheses but lists nine

    Minor

    The path analysis says the study proposes five research hypotheses, but the hypotheses section numbers them from H1 through H9.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Lopez, 2009, A case for positive psychology. In: Lopez SJ, Snyder RC, editors, 3
  2. Shen, 2007, Development of teenager psychological health and construction of ecological system of knowing rducation, Theory Pract Educ., 27, 28
  3. Lu, 2003, Academic achievement and self-concept: Chinese and Japanese adolescents, Fu Jen Stud., 37, 43
  4. Lin, 2008, The relationship between school factors and subjective well-being for high school students, J Guid Counsel., 30, 83, 10.7040/jgc.200811.0083 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ye, J.-H., Wu, Y.-T., Wu, Y.-F., Chen, M.-Y., & Ye, J.-N.
Affiliations
  • National Taipei University of Technology (TW)
  • Ming Chi University of Technology (TW)
  • National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
Corresponding author
  • Wu, Yu-Feng
  • Chen, Mei-Yen
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Public Health
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-05-10
Volume
10
Pages
847672-847672
ISSN
2296-2565 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpubh.2022.847672
PMC
PMC9127725
OpenAlex
W4229439658
Semantic Scholar
45cdd213e1d7c2725ed1b65ab26ceed0c396ebd5
Cited by
221
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 79 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 3
FWCI
51.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Science Council (MOST 105-2410-H-003-059-MY3, MOST 105)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
Keywords
short video addiction, flow experience, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, vocational college students, excessive media use, Chinese youth, Douyin, TikTok
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Students, Universities, Reproducibility of Results, Behavior, Addictive

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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