The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 21 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube?
Open accessAbstract
Background: YouTube, the online video creation and sharing site, supports both video content viewing and content creation activities. For a minority of people, the time spent engaging with YouTube can be excessive and potentially problematic. Method: This study analyzed the relationship between content viewing, content creation, and YouTube addiction in a survey of 410 Indian-student YouTube users. It also examined the influence of content, social, technology, and process gratifications on user inclination toward YouTube content viewing and content creation. Results: The results demonstrated that content creation in YouTube had a closer relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing. Furthermore, social gratification was found to have a significant influence on both types of YouTube activities, whereas technology gratification did not significantly influence them. Among all perceived gratifications, content gratification had the highest relationship coefficient value with YouTube content creation inclination. The model fit and variance extracted by the endogenous constructs were good, which further validated the results of the analysis. Conclusion: The study facilitates new ways to explore user gratification in using YouTube and how the channel responds to it.
Checked 2026-10-09 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This survey of 410 Indian student YouTube users examined how content viewing and content creation relate to YouTube addiction, and how four perceived gratifications (content, social, process, technology) influence those activities. Content creation had a stronger relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing, and social gratification significantly influenced both viewing and creation.
Key findings
- YouTube content creation inclination had a stronger positive relationship with YouTube addiction (β = 0.512, p < .001) than content viewing inclination (β = 0.319, p < .001).
- Content gratification had the highest relationship with YouTube content creation inclination (β = 0.660, p < .001), while it was not significantly related to content viewing inclination.
- Social gratification significantly influenced both content creation (β = 0.294, p < .001) and content viewing (β = 0.277, p < .001); process gratification significantly influenced content viewing (β = 0.442, p < .001) but not content creation.
- Technology gratification was not significantly related to either content creation or content viewing, and mediation analysis found content, social, and process gratifications had significant indirect effects on YouTube addiction via viewing/creation, whereas technology gratification did not.
Methods
- A survey of 410 Indian student YouTube users: 243 men (59.3%) and 167 women (40.7%); 219 undergraduates, 165 postgraduates, and 26 doctoral students. Respondents averaged 44.66 min/day on YouTube during working hours and 70.55 min/day during non-working hours.
- The questionnaire included 38 statements measuring content, social, process, and technology gratifications; YouTube content viewing and creation affinity; and YouTube addiction. The YouTube Addiction Scale (six items) was adapted from the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale by replacing “Facebook” with “YouTube.”
- Hierarchical structural equation modeling was used, with first- and second-order measurement models, maximum likelihood estimation, Baron and Kenny mediation analysis, and 2,000 bootstrap iterations; MANOVA and ANOVA examined gender and age differences.
Limitations
- The paper states the study was confined to content viewing and content creation as major YouTube addiction variables, used a non-clinical convenience Indian-student sample aged 16–34, and relied on self-report and self-selected data subject to recall and social desirability biases.
- The paper notes future research should use clinical and non-clinical samples from other countries and age ranges, examine mature age groups, explore more gratifications, and study content creation and viewing separately.
- Evident from the design: the cross-sectional survey cannot establish causal direction between gratifications, YouTube activities, and addiction, and the addiction measure was adapted from a Facebook scale rather than developed specifically for YouTube.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 15 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 4 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, social gratification was found to have a significant influence on both types of YouTube activities”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among all perceived gratifications, content gratification had the highest relationship coefficient value with YouTube content creation inclination.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results demonstrated that content creation in YouTube had a closer relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The univariate analysis of variance also explained that the factors individually were not significantly different within the categories at 95% confidence level, YouTube addiction (gender f = 2.899, p = .089; age f = 0.798; p = .496), YouTube content creation inclination (gender f = 1.754, p = .186; age f = 0.481; p = .695), YouTube content viewing inclination (gender f = 0.150, p = .699; age f = 1”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between content gratification and YouTube content creation affinity was identified to have highest coefficient (β = 0.569, p < .05).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the proposed 10 hypotheses for the main structural model, six hypotheses were significantly supported.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multivariate analysis of variance results explained that there were no significant differences among the exogenous and endogenous factors within the categories at 95% confidence level, gender (Wilk’s λ = .988, f = 0.701, p = .678) and age (Wilk’s λ = .931, f = 1.361, p = .127).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social gratification was the only exogenous construct that had a significant relationship with both YouTube content creation affinity (β = 0.256, p < .05) and content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, technology expectations were found not to have a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing as well as content creation affinity.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Even so, technology failed to establish a linear pattern with YouTube affinity.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“On the other hand, it is surprising to see that technological gratifications did not significantly relate to the content inclination.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also surprising to see that the addiction construct was highly correlated with content creation affinity compared with content viewing affinity.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas technology gratification did not significantly influence them.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model fit and variance extracted by the endogenous constructs were good”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 410 Indian students participated in a survey study, of which 243 were men (59.3%) and 167 were women (40.7%).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this research, it was found that content gratifications had a significant positive relationship with YouTube content creation affinity, but there was no significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Technology gratification was found to have an insignificant relationship with both YouTube content creation and content viewing inclination.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both content creation and viewing were found to have considerable effect on addiction, with content creation having a slightly higher coefficient of influence.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study respondents spent an average of 44.66 min daily on YouTube during working hours and 70.55 min daily on YouTube during non-working hours.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, analysis also demonstrated that technology gratifications had no mediation or strong total effect toward YouTube addiction.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Process gratification was found to have a significant relationship with YouTube content viewing affinity but not with YouTube content creation affinity.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Social media is increasingly being used for communicating, learning, and collaborating, and for a small minority has become a potential problematic, compulsive, and/or addictive habit (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuss & Griffiths, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Griffiths (1999) noted many years ago that online addictions are primarily about addictions on the Internet rather than addiction to the Internet, and that most of those with online problematic behavior are addicted to the online content rather than the Internet itself”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Griffiths (1999)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which further validated the results of the analysis.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these four gratifications are important in both content viewing and content creation and may lead to YouTube addiction.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > YouTube Uses and Gratifications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A structural equation modeling program is effective when the latent variables and paths are well defined, since the total and direct effects are calculated separately in the model, and the indirect effect and mediation can be calculated effectively (Preacher & Hayes, 2004).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Preacher & Hayes, 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The factor loadings of all constructs were more than 0.6, thus satisfying the necessary condition of the content validity (Nunnally, 1978).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Measurement model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nunnally, 1978
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The values in the diagonal demonstrate that most cases are seen to be larger than the respective construct correlation with other factors and therefore satisfy the condition of discriminant validity to a greater extent (Sánchez-Franco & Roldán, 2005).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Measurement model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sánchez-Franco & Roldán, 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Items for YouTube content creation, content sharing, and addiction scales were derived from previous research (Andreassen et al., 2012; Haridakis & Hanson, 2009; Rubin, 1983).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andreassen et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Haridakis & Hanson, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Rubin, 1983
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Real-life difficulties, such as introversion and difficulty in social expression, are overcome in the virtual medium of social networking, which can potentially lead to addiction (Ferris, 2001).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferris, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Previous literature has examined information sharing as a dependent behavior to flow and satisfaction experienced by users (Lu, Lin, Hsiao, & Cheng, 2010).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lu, Lin, Hsiao, & Cheng, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of the first-order measurement model satisfied the requirements of convergent and discriminant validity.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Measurement model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of technology gratification are a unique observation with reference to YouTube, which warrants further investigation.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Technology is an important factor that encourages users to engage in any social media domain.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In either case, there is a potential risk of a minority of users becoming addicted to YouTube.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > YouTube Content Viewing and Content Creation Inclination
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stafford et al. (2004) proposed three gratifications (i.e., content, process, and social gratification); Liu et al. (2010) later added technology gratification to their research.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stafford et al. (2004)
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al. (2010)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Haridakis and Hanson (2009) consider YouTube content creation as a “co-viewing” activity, but the assessment of “co-viewing” is more concerned with engagement and participation with family and friends.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haridakis and Hanson (2009)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Caplan and High (2010) postulate that online users compensate for their real-life disappointments through online messages and networking.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Caplan and High (2010)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, YouTube content creation inclination (r2 = .410) and YouTube content viewing inclination (r2 = .300) had adequate values to validate the model.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fit indices of first-order and second-order measurement models met the ideal satisfactory values.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Measurement model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Technology acceptance is subjective to the experience of users, user beliefs, usage pattern, usefulness, system design, trust, risk, etc. (Davis, 1993; Pavlou, 2003; Venkatesh, 2000; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis, 1993
- Not checked yetcites Pavlou, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Venkatesh, 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was approved by the first author’s university ethics committee.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Ethics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In all cases, average variance extracted was more than 0.50, maximum shared squared variance and average shared squared variance, which further validates the convergent validity requirements (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Measurement model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fornell & Larcker, 1981
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the possibility of getting addicted is equal to, if not more, in YouTube than in the traditional television medium.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The multiple functions offered by YouTube have attracted many users to it.
- Rests on an assumption: The uniqueness of YouTube as an entertainment medium is that it facilitates both content viewing and creation activities.
In the paper
“Content viewing is like hedonic activity (Olney, Holbrook, & Batra, 1991), but content creation is an informing and self-explaining activity.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olney, Holbrook, & Batra, 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Ethics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although users tend to spend more time on viewing YouTube content, their involvement and passion in content creation in YouTube can lead users to addiction in a minority of cases.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Content creation is a passionate activity, unlike content viewing, which is largely passive.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the study was confined only to content viewing and content creation as major variables of YouTube addiction.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Conclusions > Limitations and future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study utilized a non-clinical convenience Indian-student sample with age group from 16 to 34 years, which may affect the generalizability of the study results from an age, cultural, and clinical perspective.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Conclusions > Limitations and future research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the data were self-report and self-selected, and subject to biases (such as recall biases and social desirability biases).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Conclusions > Limitations and future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“YouTube content viewing affinity is more of an entertainment and passing time activity, whereas content creation may be more than merely entertaining”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed earlier, content creation is a passionate activity rather than mere entertaining activity.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results are consistent with past research, and there is no major deviation from past literature.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
YouTube allows two major user functions: content creation and content seeking.
“YouTube allows two major user functions (i.e., content creation and content seeking).”
The paper relies on this without support.
There have been few studies that have analyzed user gratification and addiction to YouTube use.
“There have been few studies that have analyzed user gratification and addiction to YouTube use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The multiple functions offered by YouTube have attracted many users to it.
“The multiple functions offered by YouTube have attracted many users to it.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The uniqueness of YouTube as an entertainment medium is that it facilitates both content viewing and creation activities.
“The uniqueness of YouTube as an entertainment medium is that it facilitates both content viewing and creation activities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content creation is a dynamic activity that incorporates both personal satisfaction and social approval.
“Content creation is a dynamic activity that incorporates both personal satisfaction and social approval.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content creation is an enhanced function of user engagement.
“Content creation is an enhanced function of user engagement.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Content creation is a passionate activity, unlike content viewing, which is largely passive.
“Content creation is a passionate activity, unlike content viewing, which is largely passive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Communication and content are the basics for building a social interpersonal relationship.
“Communication and content are the basics for building a social interpersonal relationship.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-documentation is dependent upon content.
“Similarly, self-documentation is dependent upon content.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Although there is no monetary reward associated with content creation, users create video content on YouTube to create and share videos exhibiting their interest and passion and comment on those that pique their interest.
“Although there is no monetary reward associated with content creation, users create video content on YouTube to create and share videos exhibiting their interest and passion and comment on those that pique their interest.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Technology is an important factor that encourages users to engage in any social media domain.
“Technology is an important factor that encourages users to engage in any social media domain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Students are the relevant sample for the study objectives.
“Although students are considered to be the relevant sample for the study objectives”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies investigating YouTube use from the U> perspective have reported different motivations such as content creation and viewing, social gratification, relaxing entertainment, social interaction, and information seeking (Balakrishnan and Griffiths 2017;Haridakis and Hanson 2009;Khan 2017).”
From Uses and Gratifications of Problematic Social Media Use Among University Students: a Simultaneous Examination of the Big Five of Personality Traits, Social Media Platforms, and Social Media Use Motives (2020) · cites this paper as Balakrishnan and Griffiths 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“The relationship between content gratification and YouTube content creation affinity was identified to have highest coefficient (β = 0.569, p < .05).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“| | Content gratification | 0.660*** | | H1 – supported |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“Social gratification was the only exogenous construct that had a significant relationship with both YouTube content creation affinity (β = 0.256, p < .05) and content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05).”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“| YouTube content creation inclination | Social gratification | 0.294*** | .410 | H3 – supported |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“YouTube content creation inclination (r2 = .410) and YouTube content viewing inclination (r2 = .300) had adequate values to validate the model.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“| YouTube content viewing inclination | Social gratification | 0.277*** | .207 | H4 – supported |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Methods > Measures
“| Self-expression | Show my personality | 3.14 (1.18) | 0.86*** | 0.817 | 0.623 (0.399, 0.234) |”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Measurement model
“| Self-expression (V8) | 0.569 | −0.113 | −0.020 | −0.057 | 0.368 | 0.283 | 0.500 | 0.831 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Discussion
“the indirect effects are relatively higher with the aforementioned three gratifications, which imply strong partial mediation.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“| Effect b | −0.413*** | −0.068ns | −0.487*** | 0.096** | 0.936*** | 0.528*** |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“YouTube addiction (r2 = .404), the end endogenous construct accounted for 30% of the total variance extracted via its two immediate exogenous constructs.”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“| YouTube addiction | YouTube content creation inclination | 0.512*** | .404 | H9 – supported |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“content viewing affinity (β = 0.281, p < .05)”
§ Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube? > Results > Structural model
“| YouTube content viewing inclination | Social gratification | 0.277*** | .207 | H4 – supported |”
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
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Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward A Unified View1
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30036540 · Cited by 45,035
A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 · Cited by 23,066
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383
Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship
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Metadata
- Authors
- Balakrishnan, J., & Griffiths, M. D.
- Affiliations
- 1 Thiagarajar School of Management, Madurai, India
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Griffiths, Mark D.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 364-377
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- 2063-5303
- PMC
- PMC5700732
- OpenAlex
- W2756435224
- Semantic Scholar
- 629959749148f00bf1de3dc53f7a04d8f50912ba
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 30.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Keywords
- social media addiction, content creation, user gratification, social gratification, online video platforms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Communication, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reward, Social Behavior, Students, Video Recording, Multivariate Analysis, Likelihood Functions, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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