CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 83Eating Disorders and BehaviorsImpact of Technology on AdolescentsBody Image and Dysmorphia Studies

Adolescents’ Body Shame and Social Networking Sites: The Mediating Effect of Body Image Control in Photos

Gioia, Francesca, Griffiths, Mark D., Boursier, Valentina·2020·Sex Roles
DOI 10.1007/s11199-020-01142-0
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a sample of 693 Italian adolescents, body shame only partially directly predicted problematic social networking site (SNS) use, but it strongly predicted body image control in photos, which in turn mediated indirect effects on problematic SNS use in both male and female adolescents. The indirect effects were generally stronger among female adolescents.

Key findings

  • Body shame directly predicted only some problematic SNS dimensions: mood regulation and negative outcomes in both genders, plus cognitive preoccupation among male adolescents.
  • Body shame strongly predicted body image control in photos, and all indirect paths to problematic SNS use were significant in both genders, with higher coefficients among females (e.g., cognitive preoccupation β = .29 female vs. .12 male; compulsive SNS use β = .25 vs. .11; mood regulation β = .21 vs. .09; negative outcomes β = .14 vs. .11; preference for online social interactions β = .12 vs. .12).
  • Female adolescents reported higher body shame, selfie-related factors, positive and negative body image factors, mood regulation, cognitive preoccupation, and compulsive SNS use; male adolescents reported higher sexual attraction factors and negative outcomes.
  • Body image control in photos categories were: 10.3% occasional, 66.7% habitual, 11.7% risky, and 11.3% problematic; females had higher risky control (13.1% vs. 10%) and problematic control (14.6% vs. 7.1%). The final mediation model fit was MLR χ²(76) = 229.33, p < .001; CFI = .94; TLI = .91; RMSEA = .071; SRMR = .071.

Methods

  • Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 693 Italian adolescents (45% male; M age = 16, SD = 1.58, range 13–19) from five high schools, collected February–April 2017 in classroom settings using smartphones.
  • Measures included the OBCS Body Shame subscale (8 items, α = .79), the Body Image Control in Photos-Revised scale (16 items, α = .82), and the GPIUS2 adapted to SNS use (15 items, α = .88).
  • Analyses used descriptive statistics, independent t-tests with Bonferroni correction, and structural equation modeling path analysis with maximum likelihood robust estimation; a multi-group analysis tested equivalence across male and female subsamples using Satorra-Bentler χ² difference tests.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: self-report survey may introduce method biases such as misunderstanding measures or social-desirability bias; the cross-sectional design limits formal causal testing; only a small number of variables related to problematic SNS use were examined, and photo manipulation/editing was not explored.
  • Evident in the text: the convenience sample from five Italian high schools limits generalizability; some BICP-R subscale reliabilities were modest (positive body image α = .63; negative body image α = .65), though the overall scale α was .82; the authors also note possible bidirectional SNS–self-objectification effects.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11199-020-01142-0

Cites

107 of 107 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 64 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Results only partially confirmed the direct effect of body shame on problematic SNS use.

    “Results only partially confirmed the direct effect of body shame on problematic SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Body shame temporally precedes body image control in photos and problematic SNS use (the mediation model's causal ordering).
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed associations between body shame, body image control in photos, and problematic SNS use are not due to unmeasured confounding.
  • Findingown data
    § Results Descriptive statistics · p. 14

    Male adolescents showed higher mean scores in BICP sexual attraction factors.

    “Male adolescents showed higher mean scores in BICP sexual attraction factors and PSNSU negative outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results Descriptive statistics · p. 14

    In the sample, 66.7% (n = 462) habitually controlled their own body image in photos.

    “In terms of BICP descriptive cut-off categories, findings showed that 10.3% ( n = 72) of the sample occasionally controlled their own body image in photos, 66.7% ( n = 462) habitually controlled it, 11.7% ( n = 81) controlled it in a risky way, and 11.3% ( n = 78) controlled it in a problematic way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results Descriptive statistics · p. 14

    Female adolescents reported higher mean scores in BICP negative body image factors.

    “Female adolescents reported higher mean scores in OBCS body shame, BICP selfie-related factors, BICP positive body image factors, BICP negative body image factors, PSNSU mood regulation, PSNSU cognitive preoccupation, and PSNSU compulsive SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results Descriptive statistics · p. 14

    Female adolescents reported higher mean scores in PSNSU mood regulation.

    “Female adolescents reported higher mean scores in OBCS body shame, BICP selfie-related factors, BICP positive body image factors, BICP negative body image factors, PSNSU mood regulation, PSNSU cognitive preoccupation, and PSNSU compulsive SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 21
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Body shame strongly predicted body image control in SNS photos, leading indirectly to both male and female adolescents' problematic social media use.

    “However, body shame strongly predicted body image control in SNS photos, leading indirectly to both male and female adolescents' problematic social media use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Body shame temporally precedes body image control in photos and problematic SNS use (the mediation model's causal ordering).
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed associations between body shame, body image control in photos, and problematic SNS use are not due to unmeasured confounding.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Results Descriptive statistics · p. 14

    In the sample, 10.3% (n = 72) occasionally controlled their own body image in photos.

    “In terms of BICP descriptive cut-off categories, findings showed that 10.3% ( n = 72) of the sample occasionally controlled their own body image in photos, 66.7% ( n = 462) habitually controlled it, 11.7% ( n = 81) controlled it in a risky way, and 11.3% ( n = 78) controlled it in a problematic way.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Mediation analyses · p. 15

    In male adolescents, BICP was significantly and positively associated with PSNSU preference for online social interactions, PSNSU mood regulation, PSNSU cognitive preoccupation, PSNSU compulsive SNS use, and PSNSU negative outcomes.

    “Moreover, BICP was significantly and positively associated with PSNSU preference for online social interactions, PSNSU mood regulation, PSNSU cognitive preoccupation, PSNSU compulsive SNS use, and PSNSU negative outcomes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Mediation analyses · p. 15

    In male adolescents, body shame had significant direct effects on BICP, PSNSU mood regulation, PSNSU cognitive preoccupation, and PSNSU negative outcomes.

    “In the male sample, body shame had a significant direct effect on BICP, PSNSU mood regulation, PSNSU cognitive preoccupation, and PSNSU negative outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion · p. 18

    Feelings of body shame directly predicted only problematic SNS use as a mood regulator and negative outcomes resulting from their misuse in both male and female subsamples.

    “More specifically, feelings of body shame directly predicted only problematic SNS use as a mood regulator and negative outcomes resulting from their misuse in both male and female subsamples.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Mediation analyses · p. 15

    In female adolescents, body shame had significant direct effects on BICP, PSNSU mood regulation, and PSNSU negative outcomes.

    “though, in the female sample, body shame had a significant direct effect on BICP, PSNSU mood regulation, and PSNSU negative outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § References · p. 39

    There was no significant gender difference in PSNSU preference for online social interactions (M = 2.47, SD = 1.51 for females vs M = 2.46, SD = 1.50 for males; t = .10, p = .920, d = .01).

    “PSNSU preference for online social interactions | 2.47 (1.50) [2.343, 2.583] | 2.46 (1.50) [2.290, 2.632] | 2.47 (1.51) [2.32, 2.621] | .10 | .920 | .01”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Mediation analyses · p. 15

    The indirect effect between body shame and problematic SNS use was statistically significant for all paths in both female and male groups, with higher significance among young women.

    “In relation to the indirect effect between body shame and problematic SNS use, all paths were statistically significant in both female and male groups, with higher significance among young women (see Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion · p. 19

    Body shame strongly predicted photo investment and control, leading to problematic social networking in both male and female groups, but with higher effects among young women.

    “However, body shame strongly predicted photo investment and control, leading to problematic social networking in both male and female groups, but with higher effects among young women (Hypothesis 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion · p. 17

    Female adolescents had more obsessive thought patterns and poorer self-regulation of SNS use than young men.

    “They also had more obsessive thought patterns and poorer selfregulation of SNS use than young men.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    The present findings showed that body shame and body image control in photos strongly influence problematic social networking.

    “Furthermore, the present findings showed that body shame and body image control in photos strongly influence problematic social networking”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract · p. 2

    Young people's engagement in internet-based activities has grown rapidly and dramatically over the past few years, especially in activities concerning social media use.

    “Young people's engagement in internet-based activities has grown rapidly and dramatically over the past few years (Boursier & Manna, 2018a; Franchina & Lo Coco, 2018; Gioia & Boursier, 2019; Kırcaburun, Kokkinos, Demetrovics, Király, Griffiths, & Çolak, 2019), especially in activities concerning social media use (D'Arienzo, Boursier, & Griffiths, 2019; Kuss & Griffiths, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Boursier & Manna, 2018a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Franchina & Lo Coco, 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gioia & Boursier, 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 6

    Men and male adolescents are increasingly facing self-objectification experiences and becoming involved in body image-related activities.

    “However, scholars' findings highlighted how men and male adolescents are increasingly facing self-objectification experiences and becoming involved in body image-related activities (Daniel, & Bridges, 2010; Dakanalis et al., 2012, 2015; Holland & Tiggemann, 2016; Karsay et al., 2018; Manago et al., 2015; Moradi, 2010; Moradi & Huang, 2008; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Daniel, & Bridges, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Dakanalis et al., 2012, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Holland & Tiggemann, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract · p. 5

    Individuals' higher engagement in body image monitoring might lead to problematic social media use, reinforcing an appearance-based behavior-reward feedback loop and suggesting a possible bidirectional relation of SNS-appearance issues.

    “In line with this possibility, individuals' higher engagement in body image monitoring might lead to problematic social media use (Wang, Xie, Fardouly, Vartanian, & Lei, 2019b), reinforcing an appearance-based behavior-reward feedback loop and suggesting the possible bidirectional relation of SNS-appearance issues (Boursier et al., 2020a, 2020b; Hawk, van den Eijnden, van Lissa, & ter Bogt, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wang, Xie, Fardouly, Vartanian, & Lei, 2019b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Boursier et al., 2020a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hawk, van den Eijnden, van Lissa, & ter Bogt, 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract · p. 5

    Visual attention directed toward body appearance might trigger behaviors such as body monitoring, potentially related to self-objectification and body shame experiences.

    “The visual attention directed toward body appearance (for example, in a mirror or pictures) might trigger behaviors such as body monitoring, potentially related to self-objectification and body shame experiences (Butkowski et al., 2019; De Vries & Peter, 2013; Fox & Vendemia, 2016; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Butkowski et al., 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites De Vries & Peter, 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fox & Vendemia, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 6

    According to objectification theory, repeated objectification experiences gradually influence individuals (especially women) to treat themselves as objects, assuming and internalizing an outside observer's perspective on their physical selves.

    “Specifically, according to the objectification theory framework (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), repeated objectification experiences are thought to gradually influence individuals (especially women) to treat themselves as objects, assuming and internalizing an outside observer's perspective on their physical selves.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 7

    Boursier et al. (2020a) showed a negatively predictive role of OBC appearance control beliefs on problematic social networking.

    “Indeed, Boursier, et al. (2020a) recently showed the negatively predictive role of OBC appearance control beliefs on problematic social networking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boursier, et al. (2020a)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 8

    Casale and Fioravanti's (2017) findings confirmed the predictive role of behavioral and bodily shame experiences upon problematic social networking via the perceived benefits of computer-mediated communication.

    “Their findings confirmed the predictive role of behavioral and bodily shame experiences upon problematic social networking via the perceived benefits of computer-mediated communication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Casale and Fioravanti (2017)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Measures · p. 11

    The Body Shame subscale showed good internal consistency in this study (Cronbach's alpha = .79).

    “In this study, Cronbach's alpha was good (.79).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 7

    On SNS profiles, individuals appear to literally look at themselves from an observer's perspective, confirming a clear interrelationship between social networking and self-objectification.

    “On SNS profiles, individuals appear to literally look at themselves from an observer's perspective (Fardouly et al., 2015), confirming a clear interrelationship between social networking and self-objectification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fardouly et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The current study · p. 8

    SNS users, especially adolescents, might invest in photo-related control and activities, trying to show and share on SNS their ideal self-image as well as becoming more worried about their appearance and body image, picture quality, and strategies to taking, choosing, and editing their shared photos online.

    “Consequently, SNS users, especially adolescents, might invest in photo-related control and activities, trying to show and share on SNS their ideal self-image (McLean et al. 2015) as well as becoming more worried about their appearance and body image, picture quality, and strategies to taking, choosing, and editing their shared photos online (Boursier & Manna, 2019; Manago et al., 2015; McLean et”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites McLean et al. 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Boursier & Manna, 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Manago et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § The current study · p. 9

    Empirical research has demonstrated the close relationship between body image management and SNS use, often in a problematic way especially among adolescents, and between appearance-related issues and self-objectification.

    “Empirical research has demonstrated the close relationship between body image management and SNS use, often in a problematic way especially among adolescents, and between appearance-related issues and self-objectification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § The current study · p. 8

    According to Dakanalis et al. (2015), individuals who perceive a discrepancy between their appearance and culturally idealized body image might be ashamed of their body.

    “In summary, according to Dakanalis et al. (2015), individuals who perceive a discrepancy between their appearance and culturally idealized body image might be ashamed of their body.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dakanalis et al. (2015) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 8

    Another Italian study highlighted the predictive role of feelings of shame upon internet addiction.

    “Previously, another Italian study highlighted the predictive role of feelings of shame upon internet addiction (Craparo et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Craparo et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 7

    Older Chinese adolescents' body-related conversations on SNS predict body shame via body surveillance.

    “Similarly, a more recent study showed the predictive role of older Chinese adolescents' body-related conversations on SNS on body shame via body surveillance (Wang, Wang, Yang, Zeng, & Lei, 2019a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang, Wang, Yang, Zeng, & Lei, 2019a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 7

    High exposure to pictures and appearance-related conversations and comparisons to different target groups on SNS (especially Facebook) are related to appearance concerns and self-objectification.

    “Studies have also shown that high exposure to pictures and appearance-related conversations and comparisons to different target groups on SNS (especially Facebook) are related to appearance concerns and self-objectification (Arroyo & Brunner, 2016; Fardouly et al., 2015; Fardouly & Vartanian, 2015; Manago et al., 2015; Meier & Grey, 2014; Trekels, Ward, & Eggermont, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Arroyo & Brunner, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fardouly et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fardouly & Vartanian, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 7

    Facebook involvement and exposure predict body surveillance, which in turn predicts greater body shame.

    “On the contrary, only a few studies have focused on OBC body shame and they have found that Facebook involvement and exposure predict body surveillance, which in turn predicts greater body shame (Manago et al., 2015; Slater & Tiggemann, 2015; Tiggemann & Slater, 2013, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Manago et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Slater & Tiggemann, 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Tiggemann & Slater, 2013, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Self-objectification experiences and social networking · p. 7

    The amount of time spent on SNS was associated with greater body-objectification.

    “In this regard, recent studies reported that the amount of time spent on SNS was associated with greater body-objectification (Andrew, Tiggemann, & Clark, 2016; Barzoki, Mohtasham, Shahidi, & Tavakol, 2017; Graff & Czarnomska, 2019; Melioli, Rodgers, Rodrigues, & Chabrol, 2015; Slater, & Tiggemann, 2015; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2012, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Andrew, Tiggemann, & Clark, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Barzoki, Mohtasham, Shahidi, & Tavakol, 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Graff & Czarnomska, 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion · p. 17

    The tested mediation model suggested that body shame was both directly and indirectly (via body image control in photos) positively associated with adolescents' problematic SNS use.

    “Overall, the tested mediation model suggested that body shame was both directly and indirectly (via body image control in photos) positively associated with adolescents' problematic SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Limitations and future directions · p. 21

    The present study explored only a small number of variables in relation to the complex construct of problematic SNS use.

    “Third, the present study explored only a small number of variables in relation to the complex construct of problematic SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § Limitations and future directions · p. 21

    The study used a self-report survey with potential method biases ranging from misunderstanding of measures' purposes to social-desirability bias.

    “First, the study used a self-report survey with its well-known potential method biases ranging from a misunderstanding of measures' purposes to social-desirability bias (Rosenman, Tennekoon, & Hill, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rosenman, Tennekoon, & Hill, 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 19

    Individuals who feel body shame might display problematic SNS use responding to their need to control self-presentation and facilitate social acceptance.

    “According to Casale and Fioravanti (2017), individuals who feel body shame might display problematic SNS use responding to their need to control self-presentation and facilitate social acceptance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Casale and Fioravanti (2017)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 18

    Social reward and approval are pivotal motivators of adolescents' behavior.

    “This is because social reward and approval are pivotal motivators of adolescents' behavior (Bell et al., 2018; Foulkes, & Blakemore, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bell et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Foulkes, & Blakemore, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Conclusion · p. 22

    Despite the higher relevance of the relationship between body shame and problematic SNS use among female adolescents, similar findings among male adolescents might suggest that they are increasingly becoming engaged in self-objectification experiences.

    “Finally, despite the higher relevance of the relationship between body shame and problematic SNS use among female adolescents, similar findings among male adolescents might suggest that they are increasingly becoming engaged in self-objectification experiences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 19

    The asynchronous nature of SNS facilitates editing and provides greater control over online self-presentation.

    “Overall, the asynchronous nature of SNS seems to facilitate editing and provide greater control over online self-presentation (Casale & Fioravanti, 2017; Fox & Vendamia, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Casale & Fioravanti, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fox & Vendamia, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 20

    SNS use leads to more self-objectification because it offers individuals who already self-objectify to present, manage, and promote their own images online, reinforcing self-objectification processes, and could potentially lead to problematic SNS use.

    “It is likely that SNS use leads to more self-objectification because it offers individuals who already self-objectify to present, manage, and promote their own images online, reinforcing self-objectification processes (Bell et al., 2018; Fardouly et al., 2015, 2017; Veldhuis et al., 2020), and could potentially lead to problematic SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bell et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fardouly et al., 2015, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Veldhuis et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § References · p. 39

    A Bonferroni correction was applied for the five tests for both the BICP and the PSNSU (p < .01).

    “A Bonferroni correction was applied for the five tests for both the BICP and the PSNSU ( p &lt; .01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
37 of 37

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Body shame temporally precedes body image control in photos and problematic SNS use (the mediation model's causal ordering).

    “The present study evaluated the previously unexplored predictive role of body shame on SNS use, testing the mediating effect of body image control in photos on SNS.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed associations between body shame, body image control in photos, and problematic SNS use are not due to unmeasured confounding.

    “However, body shame strongly predicted body image control in SNS photos, leading indirectly to both male and female adolescents' problematic social media use.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The convenience sample of 693 Italian high school students is representative of Italian adolescents for the purpose of the study's conclusions.

    “We recruited a convenience sample of 693 participants (aged 13-19 years, M age = 16 years, SD = 1.58); 310 (45%) male adolescents and 383 (55%) female adolescents participated in our survey study.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Women, more than men, compare their bodies with cultural body standards.

    “the self-objectification framework's assumption that women, more than men, compare their bodies with cultural body standards”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Generally, girls invested heavily in photos of themselves, endorsed the thin / fit ideal, made more comparisons with others, and engaged in higher levels of disordered eating pathology, specifically dieting and emotional eating.

    “Generally, girls invested heavily in photos of themselves, endorsed the thin / fit ideal, made more comparisons with others, and engaged in higher levels of disordered eating pathology, specifically dieting and emotional eating [50, 57, 75].”

    From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [75]

    The Results (p. 14) and Discussion (p. 17) report that girls invested more in selfies and exercised greater control over their appearance in photos than boys. The Discussion (p. 19) discusses girls comparing their bodies with cultural standards, but the paper does not establish endorsement of a specifically thin/fit ideal or higher levels of dieting and emotional eating; those outcomes are not reported in its Results. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentχ²(48) = 269.7reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ 2 (48) = 269.7, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(34) = 13.92reported p = .999 · recomputed p = .999

    “χ 2 (34) =13.92, p = .999”

  • Consistentχ²(82) = 283.61reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ 2 (82) = 283.61, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(28) = 40.37reported p = .061 · recomputed p = .061

    “χ 2 (28) = 40.37, p = .061”

  • Consistentχ²(76) = 229.33reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ 2 (76) = 229.33, p < .001”

5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 110 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Pelosi, A., Zorzi, G., & Corsano, P. (2014). The “Body Image Control in Photos Questionnaire” (BICP). BPA-Applied Psychology Bulletin (Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata), 62(269), 42–52.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gioia, F., Griffiths, M. D., & Boursier, V.
Affiliations
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Nottingham Trent University (GB)
Corresponding author
Boursier, Valentina
ORCID
Venue
Sex Roles
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-03-25
Volume
83
Issue
11-12
Pages
773-785
ISSN
  • 0360-0025 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2762
DOI
10.1007/s11199-020-01142-0
OpenAlex
W3013975451
Semantic Scholar
fab65f1c22ff362c6c3c5727f1450d983d123f47
Cited by
81
References
110
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9
FWCI
4.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Sex Roles (publishedVersion)
  • Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Keywords
body shame, social networking sites, adolescents, self-objectification, social media addiction, visual self-presentation, gender differences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review