The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 21 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022
Open accessAbstract
Problem/Condition: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Period Covered: 2022. Description of System: The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network is an active surveillance program that estimates prevalence and characteristics of ASD and monitors timing of ASD identification among children aged 4 and 8 years. In 2022, a total of 16 sites (located in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Texas [two sites: Austin and Laredo], Utah, and Wisconsin) conducted surveillance for ASD among children aged 4 and 8 years and suspected ASD among children aged 4 years. Surveillance included children who lived in the surveillance area at any time during 2022. Children were classified as having ASD if they ever received 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in a comprehensive developmental evaluation, 2) autism special education eligibility, or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code in the 299 range or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code of F84.0, F84.3, F84.5, F84.8, or F84.9. Children aged 4 years were classified as having suspected ASD if they did not meet the case definition for ASD but had an evaluator's suspicion of ASD documented in a comprehensive developmental evaluation. Results: Among children aged 8 years in 2022, ASD prevalence was 32.2 per 1,000 children (one in 31) across the 16 sites, ranging from 9.7 in Texas (Laredo) to 53.1 in California. The overall observed prevalence estimate was similar to estimates calculated using Bayesian hierarchical and random effects models. ASD was 3.4 times as prevalent among boys (49.2) than girls (14.3). Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White (White) children (27.7) than among Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) (38.2), American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) (37.5), non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) (36.6), Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) (33.0), and multiracial children (31.9). No association was observed between ASD prevalence and neighborhood median household income (MHI) at 11 sites; higher ASD prevalence was associated with lower neighborhood MHI at five sites.Record abstraction was completed for 15 of the 16 sites for 8,613 children aged 8 years who met the ASD case definition. Of these 8,613 children, 68.4% had a documented diagnostic statement of ASD, 67.3% had a documented autism special education eligibility, and 68.9% had a documented ASD ICD-9 or ICD-10 code. All three elements of the ASD case definition were present for 34.6% of children aged 8 years with ASD.Among 5,292 (61.4% of 8,613) children aged 8 years with ASD with information on cognitive ability, 39.6% were classified as having an intellectual disability. Intellectual disability was present among 52.8% of Black, 50.0% of AI/AN, 43.9% of A/PI, 38.8% of Hispanic, 32.7% of White, and 31.2% of multiracial children with ASD. The median age of earliest known ASD diagnosis was 47 months and ranged from 36 months in California to 69.5 months in Texas (Laredo).Cumulative incidence of ASD diagnosis or eligibility by age 48 months was higher among children born in 2018 (aged 4 years in 2022) than children born in 2014 (aged 8 years in 2022) at 13 of the 15 sites that were able to abstract records. Overall cumulative incidence of ASD diagnosis or eligibility by age 48 months was 1.7 times as high among those born in 2018 compared with those born in 2014 and ranged from 1.4 times as high in Arizona and Georgia to 3.1 times as high in Puerto Rico. Among children aged 4 years, for every 10 children meeting the case definition of ASD, one child met the definition of suspected ASD.Children with ASD who were born in 2018 had more evaluations and identification during ages 0-4 years than children with ASD who were born in 2014 during the 0-4 years age window, with an interruption in the pattern in early 2020 coinciding with onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Overall, 66.5% of children aged 8 years with ASD had a documented autism test. Use of autism tests varied widely across sites: 24.7% (New Jersey) to 93.5% (Puerto Rico) of children aged 8 years with ASD had a documented autism test in their records. The most common tests documented for children aged 8 years were the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Spectrum Rating Scales, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, and Social Responsiveness Scale. Interpretation: Prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years was higher in 2022 than previous years. ASD prevalence was higher among A/PI, Black, and Hispanic children aged 8 years than White children aged 8 years, continuing a pattern first observed in 2020. A/PI, Black, and Hispanic children aged 8 years with ASD were also more likely than White or multiracial children with ASD to have a co-occurring intellectual disability. Identification by age 48 months was higher among children born in 2018 com
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 2022, ASD prevalence among children aged 8 years across 16 ADDM Network sites was 32.2 per 1,000 (one in 31), with wide site variation and higher prevalence among several racial and ethnic groups than White children. Early identification by age 48 months was 1.7 times as high among children born in 2018 compared with those born in 2014.
Key findings
- Among children aged 8 years, ASD prevalence was 32.2 per 1,000, ranging from 9.7 in Texas (Laredo) to 53.1 in California; prevalence was 49.2 per 1,000 among boys and 14.3 among girls (male-to-female ratio 3.4).
- Prevalence was lower among White children (27.7) than A/PI (38.2), AI/AN (37.5), Black (36.6), Hispanic (33.0), and multiracial children (31.9).
- Among 5,292 children aged 8 years with ASD and cognitive data, 39.6% had intellectual disability (IQ ≤70); median age of earliest known ASD diagnosis was 47 months.
- Cumulative incidence of ASD diagnosis or eligibility by age 48 months was 1.7 times as high among children born in 2018 (22.6 per 1,000) compared with children born in 2014 (13.1 per 1,000); suspected ASD among children aged 4 years was 3.1 per 1,000, or one suspected case for every 10 children meeting ASD case definition.
Methods
- Active surveillance in 16 sites in 2022 among children aged 4 and 8 years, using health and education records; ASD case definition required an ASD diagnostic statement, autism special education eligibility, or qualifying ICD-9/ICD-10 code, with suspected ASD defined for children aged 4 years.
- Record abstraction was completed for 15 sites for 8,613 children aged 8 years who met the ASD case definition; analyses included prevalence by sex, race and ethnicity, neighborhood median household income, and social vulnerability index.
- Prevalence was calculated per 1,000 children, with Bayesian hierarchical and random-effects models also used for overall estimates; cumulative incidence by age 48 months and monthly evaluation/identification patterns were compared between birth cohorts.
Limitations
- The paper states that ADDM surveillance populations are not nationally representative, overall estimates do not capture full community variability, and data quality depends on availability and completeness of records, which vary by site and source.
- The paper also states that sources reviewed generally do not include private schools or primary care providers, and that the surveillance definition of intellectual disability is not the same as a clinical diagnosis; IQ in young children may lack stability and adaptive behavior assessments are often absent.
- Evident from the text: Indiana was excluded from record-abstraction analyses because ASD diagnostic statement data were unavailable, and several site-specific estimates were suppressed because relative standard error was ≥30%.
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Claims the paper makes
93 Own result · 12 Not checked yet · 7 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In 2020, higher ASD prevalence was observed for the first time among historically underserved groups including non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children, and an association between ASD prevalence and SES (measured by median household income [MHI] tertile) was not present in the majority of sites (6).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [6] Maenner, 2023, Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020., MMWR Surveill Summ source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says 2020 was the first year the ADDM Network reported lower ASD prevalence among White children aged 8 years than among other groups; the Results specifically show higher prevalence among Black and Hispanic children. The Results’ Figure 1 and Methods (pages unavailable) use median household income tertiles for SES and show no statistically significant prevalence trend in 8 of 11 sites. This supports the citing sentence’s site-level SES statement, though it does not establish that no association exists. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common tests documented for children aged 8 years were the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Spectrum Rating Scales, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, and Social Responsiveness Scale.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ASD prevalence was higher among A/PI, Black, and Hispanic children aged 8 years than White children aged 8 years, continuing a pattern first observed in 2020.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Interpretation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among children aged 8 years in 2022, ASD prevalence was 32.2 per 1,000 children (one in 31) across the 16 sites, ranging from 9.7 in Texas (Laredo) to 53.1 in California.”
- Also stated in: § ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years · plain
“The overall observed ASD prevalence was 32.2 per 1,000 (one in 31) children aged 8 years and ranged from 9.7 in Texas (Laredo) to 53.1 in California (Table 1).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plainn = 8,613- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
- Rests on an assumption: Children with ASD who are not captured by the available health and education records are negligible or do not substantially bias prevalence estimates.
- Also stated in: § ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, ASD prevalence was lower among non-Hispanic White (White) children (27.7) than among Asian or Pacific Islander (A/PI) (38.2), American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) (37.5), non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) (36.6), Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) (33.0), and multiracial children (31.9).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 8,613- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children with ASD who were born in 2018 had more evaluations and identification during ages 0–4 years than children with ASD who were born in 2014 during the 0–4 years age window, with an interruption in the pattern in early 2020 coinciding with onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ASD was 3.4 times as prevalent among boys (49.2) than girls (14.3).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 8,613- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 5,292 (61.4% of 8,613) children aged 8 years with ASD with information on cognitive ability, 39.6% were classified as having an intellectual disability.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plainn = 5,292- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children with ASD who were born in 2018 had more evaluations and identification during ages 0–4 years than children with ASD who were born in 2014 during the 0–4 years age window, with an interruption in the pattern in early 2020 coinciding with onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall cumulative incidence of ASD diagnosis or eligibility by age 48 months was 1.7 times as high among those born in 2018 compared with those born in 2014 and ranged from 1.4 times as high in Arizona and Georgia to 3.1 times as high in Puerto Rico.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intellectual disability was present among 52.8% of Black, 50.0% of AI/AN, 43.9% of A/PI, 38.8% of Hispanic, 32.7% of White, and 31.2% of multiracial children with ASD.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these 8,613 children, 68.4% had a documented diagnostic statement of ASD, 67.3% had a documented autism special education eligibility, and 68.9% had a documented ASD ICD-9 or ICD-10 code.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plainn = 8,613- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Variability was also observed in where children were identified (i.e., in a health or education setting), the frequency of cognitive and IQ testing, the proportion of children with IQ ≤70, and the use of ASD diagnostic tests.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence of suspected ASD was 3.1 per 1,000 children aged 4 years, which translated to one child suspected of having ASD for every 10 children identified with ASD among children aged 4 years”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Early ASD Identification Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common autism test documented among children aged 4 years with ASD was the CARS (38.0%), followed by the ADOS (31.7%), ASRS (21.1%), TELE-ASD-PEDS (8.7%), SRS (8.1%), GARS (6.2%), and ADI-R (3.8%).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Testing Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pattern of more evaluations and ASD identification among children born in 2018 resumed by June 2020 (Figure 5) and varied by site”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Evaluation and Identification After COVID-19 Pandemic Onset
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Georgia site was the only site that met the threshold for statistical precision for AI/AN prevalence; the site-specific prevalence per 1,000 was 204.5 (111.5–345.0).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant differences for Pearson chi-square tests for proportion of Black children with IQ ≤70 among children with ASD versus A/PI, Hispanic, multiracial, or White (each comparison p<0.001); A/PI children with IQ ≤70 among children with ASD versus multiracial or White (each comparison p<0.001); Hispanic children with IQ ≤70 among children with ASD versus multiracial (p = 0.02) or White children”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Cognitive Ability Among Children with ASD Aged 8 Years
plaincorrelationaln = 8,613 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Total | 49.2 (48.1–50.3) | 14.3 (13.7–15.0) | 3.4 (3.3–3.6)** |”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar percentages of girls and boys with ASD had data on cognitive ability (61.0 and 61.7%, respectively).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Cognitive Ability Among Children with ASD Aged 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern was consistent at most (13 of 16) sites, ranging from 1.4 times as high in Arizona and Georgia to 3.1 times as high in Puerto Rico.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Early ASD Identification Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the top five eligibility categories were autism (77.7% of children); speech or language impairment (24.7%); health, physical, or other disability (7.9%); developmental delay (6.9%); and intellectual disability (3.6%).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Presence of ASD Diagnostic Statements, Special Education Eligibility, and ICD Codes Among Children Aged 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lower neighborhood MHI was associated with higher ASD prevalence for five sites (New Jersey, Tennessee, Texas [Laredo], Utah, and Wisconsin) and overall (although the overall trend was not monotonic)”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 4 years in the 16 sites combined was 29.3, which was 0.9 times the overall prevalence among children aged 8 years in 2022”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Early ASD Identification Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median age of most recent cognitive test was 67 months overall and varied by site (range = 45 months in Texas [Austin] to 85 months in Puerto Rico)”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Cognitive Ability Among Children with ASD Aged 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher social vulnerability was observed with higher ASD prevalence at five sites (Maryland, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, and Wisconsin) and overall (although overall, Maryland and Tennessee trends were not monotonic)”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI/AN-to-White ratios were significant for Georgia (8.5 [95% CI = 4.7–15.5]) and overall (1.4 [95% CI = 1.0–1.9]).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the 11 sites, prevalence was higher in 2022 than in 2020 at nine (from 14.0% to 36.7% higher) and overall (22.2% higher [absolute difference of 6.1 more children with ASD per 1,000 children aged 8 years]).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > ASD Prevalence Among Children Aged 8 Years
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
- Rests on an assumption: Children with ASD who are not captured by the available health and education records are negligible or do not substantially bias prevalence estimates.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Puerto Rico was the site with second-highest prevalence among children aged 4 years, but prevalence among children aged 8 years in Puerto Rico was below the ADDM Network average.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pediatric care providers screen all children for ASD at ages 18 and 24 months (2,3).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Hyman, 2020, Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder., Pediatrics source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Lipkin, 2020, Promoting optimal development: identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening., Pediatrics source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Before 2016, the highest ASD prevalence was observed among White children and in children from neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status (SES) (7).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Durkin, 2017, Autism spectrum disorder among US children (2002–2010): socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities., Am J Public Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although prevalence has been lower among children aged 4 years than aged 8 years in each reporting year, comparing cumulative incidence of identification by age 48 months has consistently indicated higher rates of ASD identification in younger cohorts (i.e., children born more recently) (9–11).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Shaw, 2020, Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2016., MMWR Surveill Summ source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Shaw, 2021, Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2018., MMWR Surveill Summ source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Shaw, 2023, Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020., MMWR Surveill Summ source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A report that presented data collected in 2020 found interruptions to early identification during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (11).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Shaw, 2023, Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020., MMWR Surveill Summ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Record abstraction was completed for 15 of the 16 sites for 8,613 children aged 8 years who met the ASD case definition.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
plainn = 8,613- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Early identification of ASD can help children receive services and supports they might need for their development and to improve long-term outcomes (4).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Zwaigenbaum, 2015, Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder under 3 years of age: recommendations for practice and research., Pediatrics source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach and random-effects restricted maximum likelihood method were also used to calculate overall prevalence and measures of uncertainty (95% Bayesian credible intervals and 95% CIs, respectively) among children aged 8 years to better account for the wide range in prevalence across sites; full details are available (Supplementary Methods 2, https://stacks.cdc.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Methods > Analytic Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and has a local initiative (the Get SET Early model).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen sites had data agreements in place with education sources covering 100% of their study areas; three sites had agreements with education data sources covering <100% (Georgia [97.3%], Missouri [68.0%], and Texas [Laredo] [99.7%]).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Methods > Case Ascertainment and Surveillance Case Definition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because Indiana did not have data available from record abstraction, Indiana is included in analyses of prevalence (by demographic characteristics, MHI, and SVI) but excluded from other analyses that required data from record abstraction (e.g., co-occurring intellectual disability or presence of evaluation or diagnosis or age at evaluation or diagnosis).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Methods > Analytic Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, California has regional centers throughout the state that provide evaluations and service coordination for persons with disabilities and their families (https://www.dds.ca.gov).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites https://www.dds.ca.gov
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Variability in identification practices could affect receipt of services and suggests opportunities to implement successful identification strategies to ensure children in all communities receive the diagnostic and care services they need.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence estimates with a relative standard error ≥30% were suppressed because of limited statistical precision.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Methods > Analytic Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All sites participating in 2022 had access to health and education records (Table 1).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Methods > Case Ascertainment and Surveillance Case Definition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As part of the initiative, hundreds of local pediatricians have been trained to screen and refer children for assessment as early as possible, which could result in higher identification of ASD, especially at early ages (17).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Pierce, 2021, Get SET Early to identify and treatment refer autism spectrum disorder at 1 year and discover factors that influence early diagnosis., J Pediatr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another reason for differences in prevalence could be whether children have insurance coverage or meet eligibility criteria for access to early intervention services.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Pennsylvania, the site with second highest prevalence among children aged 8 years, has state Medicaid policy that includes children with physical, developmental, mental health, or intellectual disabilities regardless of parents’ income (18).”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Human Services. Medicaid for children with special needs. Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Human Services; 2024. https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dhs/resources/medicaid/medicaid-children-special-needs-ph95.html
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The surveillance ASD case definition accurately identifies children with ASD in the surveillance population.
“children aged 8 years (born in 2014) or aged 4 years (born in 2018) met the surveillance ASD case definition if they lived in the surveillance area at any time in 2022 and they received 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in a comprehensive developmental evaluation, 2) autism special education eligibility, or 3) an ASD ICD-9 code in the 299 range or ICD-10 code of F84.0, F84.3, F84.5, F84.8, or F84.9.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children with ASD who are not captured by the available health and education records are negligible or do not substantially bias prevalence estimates.
“All sites participating in 2022 had access to health and education records (Table 1).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The methodology assumes that all Puerto Rico residents are Hispanic.
“This methodology assumes that all Puerto Rico residents are Hispanic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research has not demonstrated that living in certain communities puts children at greater risk for developing ASD.
“Research has not demonstrated that living in certain communities puts children at greater risk for developing ASD.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Discussion
“In 2022, across the 13 sites with higher cumulative incidence of identification by age 48 months among children aged 4 years (born in 2018) compared with children aged 8 years (born in 2014), identification was 40%–300% higher in the younger group.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Early ASD Identification Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years
“This pattern was consistent at most (13 of 16) sites, ranging from 1.4 times as high in Arizona and Georgia to 3.1 times as high in Puerto Rico.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Abstract > Results
“All three elements of the ASD case definition were present for 34.6% of children aged 8 years with ASD.”
§ Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 > Results > Presence of ASD Diagnostic Statements, Special Education Eligibility, and ICD Codes Among Children Aged 8 Years
“A majority (69.9%) of children with ASD had at least two of the three types of ASD identification documented in their records and 34.7% had all three types (Figure 3).”
Citations
Cites
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“For example, California has had the highest prevalence among children aged 4 years and 8 years since joining the ADDM Network in 2018 ( 6 , 10,11,13 ) and has a local initiative (the Get SET Early model).”
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Asrar, A., Paxton, A., Huskins, J. C., Keehn, R. M., & Enneking, B. A. (2026) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/00099228261457335
A Call to Action: Addressing the Mental Health Crisis in Schools
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“Approximately 15% of U.S. boys aged 5 to 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD (CDC, 2024; Danielson et al., 2024), and autism rates have increased significantly in recent years (Shaw et al., 2025).”
Aili, A., Yimin, Z., Maiming, N., Tuhongjiang, Y., Paerhati, J., Aini, X., Kelimu, A., & Maimaiti, R. (2026) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-026-05296-x
“[3].”
Stereotypic Repetitive Behavior Monitoring Using Human Body Communication
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Mateer, T. J., Xie, D., Cho, J. Y., Castellano, F., Wilcox, K. T., Ohm, H. L. R., Lantz, J., & Wells, N. M. (2026) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ae8225
Cordero, J. J. A., Jaramillo, M. I. M., Solís, M. D. A., & Bravo, W. (2026) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v15i6.51288
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Krebs, R. M., Staples, A. D., Bo, J., Raghunathan, T., Berglund, P. A., Warschausky, S., Huth-Bocks, A., Taylor, H., Lukomski, A., & Lajiness-O'Neill, R. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07406-0
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The role of ucOCN in aerobic exercise induced amelioration of autism spectrum disorder phenotypes
Shi, Y., Zhu, T., Wang, S., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Qiao, W., Zhou, D., Wang, Z., Fan, L., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116541
Barzilay, R., Katz, J. M., Sood, R., Moore, T. M., Calkins, M. E., Brodkin, E. S., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70270 · Cited by 1
“Recent estimates of ASD prevalence among 8- year-olds in the United States (U.S.) suggest that 1 in every 31 children has a diagnosis of ASD (Shaw et al. 2025).”
InfluentialZeleznik, T. S., & Limbers, C. A. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07401-5
Sabouri, E., Shahmoradi, T., Keshvari, N. Z., khodaee, P., Saleki, K., & Rezaei, N. (2026) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2026-0064
“In 2022, the CDC estimated the prevalence of ASD among 8-year-old children across 16 U.S. surveillance sites to be 32.2 per 1,000 (one in 31) (Shaw et al. 2025).”
InfluentialKwon, H., Yoon, S.-I., Baek, S., Hyun, Y., Kim, J. Y., Park, D. W., Yu, J., Cho, J. A., Kim, H.-W., & Kim, K. (2026) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2026.2684633
Ensuring FAPE for Students on the Autism Spectrum: Highlights of 2025 Case Law
Ennis, R. P., Katsiyannis, A., & McPherson, L. (2026) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/10534512261462877
“%) children 4–8 years of age have been identified with ASD, which occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups and identification/diagnosis is three times more common among boys than girls (Shaw et al., 2025).”
Pretorius, L., Moodley, T., & Smith, C. (2026) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-026-00353-x · Cited by 2
“…behavioural phenotypes in a zebrafish model of autism spectrum disorder Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing worldwide prevalence – recently estimated to be approximately 1% in the global population [82], but up to 3% in children [70].”
Knudsen, L. V., Vafaee, M. S., Farahani, Z. A., Sheldrick, A. J., & Michel, T. M. (2026) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-026-08053-4
“Sixth, our balanced male–female sample enabled sex‑specific analyses but does not reflect the male‑biased prevalence [ 41], limiting generalizability.”
Exploring autism parenting, social support, and stigma in a Reddit community
Harrell-Webber, A., Rohde, J. A., & Wright, K. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1813037
Bertuccioli, A., Belli, A., Palazzi, C. M., Pierro, F. D., Cavecchia, I., & Matera, M. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.112205
Gibson, D. M. (2026) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/ovs2.70086
Mast Cells in the Developing Brain
Bruce, M. R., Maximova, A. A., Engel, K., Allee, A. W., & McCarthy, M. M. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0452-26.2026
Li, Z., Wang, Y., Yin, S., Bao, C., Fang, H., Guan, L., Wang, F., & Ke, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1856417
Martin, A. M., Perez, G., Battle, E. F., Saunders, A., Pozuelos, S., Ciccarelli, M. R., Paxton, A., Leathers, C., & Keehn, R. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1834721
Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders in French Children Aged 8
Delobel‐Ayoub, M., Abid, A., Klapouszczak, D., Berger, É., Stocker, A., Ehlinger, V., Perret, C., Arnaud, C., & Revet, A. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07433-x
Lai, X., & Wen, J. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111835
Abrams, D. A., Leipold, S., Odriozola, P., Baker, A. E., Padmanabhan, A., Phillips, J. M., & Menon, V. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2601227123
Zwicker, J. D., Lamsal, R., Moretti, M. E., & Ungar, W. J. (2026) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-026-01641-0
Swaminathan, M., Kuhite, P. N., Patel, A. B., Khan, S. S., Goel, M., & Keehn, R. M. (2026) · Global Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.gpeds.2026.100363
Alshammaa, S. T., Mussa, B. M., Sadiya, A., & Abusnana, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1855251
A Meta-analysis of the intervention effects of ball sports on children with autism Spectrum disorder
Wang, Y., Luo, L., Da, Y., Wang, L. Y., Xiao, Q., & Xiao, X. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107447
Ai, D., Hu, B., Wei, Q., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Xiong, Y., 聂, 欣., Cai, Y., Chen, J. S., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08274-9
“Although existing evidence indicates that ASD diagnosis can be stable as early as 14 months of age, the median age of diagnosis remains as high as 47 months [2, 5].”
Cullen, I., Bò, E. D., Maddox, P., Sophocles, T., McShea, K., Brodkin, E. S., & Parma, V. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261462975
“Considering that autism is a neurodevelopmental condition often diagnosed under the age of 5 (Shaw, 2025; van’t Hof et al., 2021), caregivers are often interviewed in lieu of the children to report on their sensory experiences.”
Miryounesi, F., Ghezelbash, S., & Alavi, M. (2026) · Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research · doi:10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_22_24
Michael, E., Sengar, S. S., Ronickom, J. F. A., & Kumar, D. (2026) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40846-026-01044-8
“%) children aged 8 years [ 3].”
Utility of lay and clinical narratives for transparent autism diagnosis using BioBERT deep learning
Gondy Leroy, A., Nimbarte, H., Kandula, S. M., Barai, P., Lee, S., Maltman, N., & Rice, S. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1804334
Pérez, I. L., Jury, M., González, O. H., Cohen, S. R., Vélez‐Calvo, X., Stramkale, L., & Sanz‐Cervera, P. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105344
Short‐Chain Fatty Acid–Dependent Neuroimmune Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathogenesis
Dhungel, A., & Bora, R. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70637 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, ASD is often found to be more common in boys than in girls by 3.4 times, with even higher prevalence in non-Hispanic Asian/ Pacific Islander, Black, and Hispanic children than in non-Hispanic White children (Shaw et al. 2025).”
InfluentialZhang, N., Xue, L., Chai, S., Wang, T., Jiang, Y., Lei, J., & Wei, H. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.07.034
Evolução da saúde materno-infantil no Brasil entre 2000 e 2025
Maggi, R. S., & Vanderlei, L. C. D. M. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/1806-930420260s100459
Rispoli, K. M., Norman, M. Z., Ziegelmayer, L. E., Warren, N., & Batistela, E. (2026) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70191
“…of individuals diagnosed with autism in the United States, generally via the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5‐TR; American Psychiatric Association 2022), has increased steadily, with the current prevalence is reported as 1 in 31 children (Shaw 2025).”
do Vale, P. R. L. F., CERQUEIRA, E. C. D. S., dos Santos, D. V., Dezoti, A. P., Mazza, V. D. A., de Carvalho, R. C., & Carvalho, E. S. D. S. (2026) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.8152.4883
do Vale, P. R. L. F., CERQUEIRA, E. C. D. S., dos Santos, D. V., Dezoti, A. P., Mazza, V. D. A., de Carvalho, R. C., & Carvalho, E. S. D. S. (2026) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.8152.4881
Collective Agency in Practice: A Participatory Action Research Project Within the Autism Community
Olinger, C. (2026) · Journal of Systemic Therapies · doi:10.1521/jsyt.2026.45.2.79
Trends in maternal and child health in Brazil from 2000 to 2025
Maggi, R. S., & Vanderlei, L. C. D. M. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/1806-930420260s100459-en
Measurement Invariance of the Autism Spectrum Rating Scales Across Gender
Golson, M. E., McClain, M. B., Schwartz, S., Harris, B., & Gabrielsen, T. P. (2026) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-026-00612-8
Pini, N., Shuffrey, L. C., Sparks, K. C. O., Marin, A., D'Amato, C., Dambreville, R., Hu, Y., Siegel, R. N., Brown, H. R., Azad, G. F., et al. (2026) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-026-05204-z
Computerized Adaptive Tests for Rapid and Accurate Assessment of Autism
Tseng, A., Yang, A., Mandocescu, L., Gibbons, R. D., & Jacob, S. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.22227
Kozlova, E. V., Denys, M. E., Bishay, A. E., Do, E. A., Lui, R., Luna, C. N., Lam, A. A., Piamthai, V., Hsiao, A., & Currás‐Collazo, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.07.18.739173
Abdullahi, I., the Victorian ASELCC team, & Dissanayake, C. (2026) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2026.2699870
Morton, A., Pitts, C. H., Hamrick, L. R., Chase, A., Cobb, S., & Roberts, J. E. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27156542
“This rate is substantially higher than the rate of 3.2% in the U.S., signaling the importance of research looking at ASD and related features [18].”
InfluentialO O papel do diagnóstico sobre a percepção da autoestima em indivíduos com TEA e/ou TDAH
Nogueira, L. F. M., Lodi, S. R. Z., Zanini, C., Scalvi, G. F., Caprara, L. M. F., Biazim, M. D. A., & Domeniconi, C. (2026) · Interação em Psicologia · doi:10.5380/riep.v30i1.99436
Psychiatric diagnosis on the edge: is there evidence of benefit?
Vitiello, B., Mykletun, A., Armando, M., Davico, C., Carucci, S., Marcotulli, D., Drexl, K., Hofstad, T., Sehdev, S., & Banaschewski, T. (2026) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03130-3
Emovon, A., Driggers-Jones, L., Engelhard, M., Maslow, G., Dawson, G., Goldstein, B. A., & Franz, L. (2026) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag145
Ouma, S., Estlin, E. J., Okello, K. K., Okello, M. O., Akello, F., Okello, J., Odong, F., Ssebyala, E., Idro, R., Abbo, C., et al. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261468802
“The prevalence of autism (one in 95 children) was slightly higher than the recent global estimate of one in 127 people (Santomauro et al., 2025), but substantially lower than in the United States, where one in 31 children were found to be autistic (Shaw et al., 2025).”
Surabhi, S., Dunlap, K., Azizian, P., Honarmand, M., Shilpi, A. B., Murshed, R., Sultana, N., Sultana, S., Banu, S. H., Kline, A., et al. (2026) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics6040051
“In the U.S.A., ASD affects approximately 1 in 31 children [1], and global estimates suggest that roughly 1 in 100 children are on the spectrum [2], although data from Dhaka, Bangladesh, suggests that approximately 0.25% are affected [3].”
InfluentialChiamulera, L. G. B., Egídio, A., Pereira, F. L., & Portes, J. R. M. (2026) · Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada · doi:10.1590/pboci.2026.119
Normative EEG Effective Connectivity as a neural marker of Autism Spectrum DisorderPreprint
Amato, L. G., Fattorini, F., Vergani, A. A., Pagani, M., Meneghetti, N., Mazzoni, A., & Fabbrizzi, M. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.07.27.26359031
Blumenthal, K. H., McLellan, J., & de Water, J. V. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1794161
Li, H., Long, X., Huang, X., Liu, S., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Lou, Q., Tong, X.-B., & Xu, X. (2026) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2025-004387
Grosvenor, L. P., Anderson, M., Qian, Y., Alexeeff, S., Ames, J., Ashwood, P., Ridout, K. K., Yolken, R., van de Water, J., & Croen, L. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-05090-6
“This is comparable to the median age of ASD diagnosis in the California region reported by the CDC Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network [15] and misclassification of children yet to be diagnosed would have biased our observed associations toward the null.”
InfluentialNg, B. J., Tan, M. Y., Ng, J. Q. X., Aishworiya, R., & Shorey, S. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70702
Validation of an Integrated Autism Screening Model Using DSM-5, CARS-2, and CASD Among ChildrenPreprint
Janius, N., Ompok, C. S., Rusli, N. F. B., Anthony, V. A., Affrin, J. F., Othman, E. B., Amdan, M. A. B., Rosman, N. F., & Dasuki, F. H. B. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10225351/v1
Contribuições da Enfermagem na Detecção Precoce do Transtorno do Espectro Autista na Infância
Gomes, J. K. F. D. O., Alves, E. R., Coelho, V. A. T., Nascimento, E. D. S., Bigatello, C. S., & Bigatello, A. P. D. (2026) · ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.14295/idonline.v20i82.4431
A pilot autism case-control study of pesticides and plasticizers in shed baby teeth
Heilbrun, L. P., Han, I., Rodriguez, A., Shay, L. A., & Gimeno, D. (2026) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2026.107710
Ilaridou, I., Kojovic, N., Chataing, T., Latrèche, K., Journal, F., Akhavan, S., Sandini, C., & Schaer, M. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70329
Mazer-Amirshahi, M. E., Siebert, J., Calello, D. P., Fox, E. R., Yin, S., & Stolbach, A. I. (2026) · Journal of Medical Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13181-026-01147-3
Physical Activity Interventions for Elementary Students With Autism: A Systematic Review
Denning, C. B., Hayden, L. A., Savage, M., & Pellegrom, S. (2026) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/21541647261466654
“Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 3.2% of children and is characterized by persistent differences in social communication and social interaction, alongside restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests (Shaw et al., 2025).”
InfluentialSeaborg, K. (2026) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/cont.0000000000001728
Kaat, A. J., Campagna, A., Feiner, H., Grauzer, J. M., Hobson, A. N., Jones, M. K., Lee, J. P., Sudec, L., & Roberts, M. Y. (2026) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70157
Veer, S. K., Smith, J. D., Kamimura-Nishimura, K. I., Modirrousta, A. D., Bernhard, F. B., Froehlich, T. E., & Anixt, J. S. (2026) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001509
Kozlova, E. V., Gonzalez, G. M., Denys, M. E., Bishay, A. E., Gutiérrez, R., Reid, J., Krum, J. M., Lampel, G., Luvsanravdan, N., Rabbani, K. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70237 · Cited by 1
Chumkomlue, Y., Laopongsit, A., Homkham, N., Srikummoon, P., Koobubpha, K., & Traisathit, P. (2026) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2026.2712433
Cicalese, L., Cucinotta, K. A., Mitteer, D. R., & LaRue, R. H. (2026) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.70132
Shah, J., Pathuri, S., Ong, J., Plotnik, J. L., Salevitz, M. I., Shahraki, K., Suh, D., & Dersch, A. M. (2026) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.037
dos Santos, L. V., Zuanetti, P. A., Pimenta, L. M. D. V., Pontes-Fernandes, Â. C., & Hamad, A. P. A. (2026) · Audiology - Communication Research · doi:10.1590/2317-6431-2025-3048pt
Berni, M., Cagiano, R., Viglione, V., Pecini, C., Calderoni, S., Mancini, A., Masi, G., Tancredi, R., & Igliozzi, R. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02064-w
Xu, Y., Zhan, W., Garg, H., Gibson, H., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1774712
dos Santos, L. V., Zuanetti, P. A., Pimenta, L. M. D. V., Pontes-Fernandes, Â. C., & Hamad, A. P. A. (2026) · Audiology - Communication Research · doi:10.1590/2317-6431-2025-3048en
Bonner-Reid, F. T. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.114142
“This estimate is based on surveillance data from the communities that participated in the US surveillance system and should not be viewed as a global prevalence estimate [4,5].”
Steinbrenner, J. R. D., Reszka, S. S., Kuhn, L., Dees, R., Parkin, R., & Watson, L. R. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081363
Almalki, Z., Batawi, A. H., Almuhammadi, A., Alowaidi, S. A., Almasoudi, S. H., Alamri, J., & Al-Thepyani, M. A. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31162783
“The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has risen over time [25].”
Glod, M., Grahame, V., & Rodgers, J. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261472939
“The prevalence of autism has increased substantially in recent decades, with a 787% rise in diagnoses reported in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2018 (Russell et al., 2022) and current estimates suggesting it affects approximately one in 31 children in the United States (Shaw et al., 2025).”
Lobyntseva, A., Guz, L. S., Galushkin, A., & Gozes, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2026.101274
Zheng, R., Wen, L., Huang, Y., Gan, Z., Yin, H., Xia, W., & Liu, H. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment · doi:10.20517/jeea.2026.25
Bucaro, I., Palanza, P., & Ponzi, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2026.1865057
Angell, A. M., Li, Y., Hakimjavadi, H., Parchment, C. A., Yin, L., Chamala, S., Bian, J., Thompson, L., & Guo, Y. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi69079.2026.00134
“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that one in 31 children age 8 in the U.S. have autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [1].”
Social and Emotional Wellbeing for Students With Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms
Chambers, D. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1479-363620260000025003
Bringing verbal behavior intervention home: a telehealth case study in Mexico
Santos, M. D. L., Salazar, T. P., & Mason, L. L. (2026) · Tizard Learning Disability Review · doi:10.1108/tldr-11-2025-0060
Khan, N. A. N., Naskar, S. K., Chatterjee, R., & Maity, N. P. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25387-3_21
Midya, V., McKenna, B. G., Salisbury, A. L., Martinez, M., Arora, M., & Brennan, P. A. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2026.100805
“https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2026.100805 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and restrictive and repetitive behaviors, is currently estimated to have a prevalence rate of over 3% in the United States (1).”
Influentialde Marchena, A. B., Wieckowski, A. T., Freedman, B., Shea, L., Locke, J. J., Cronholm, P. F., Leff, S. S., Vivanti, G., & Robins, D. L. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261474938
Self-citationTadesse, S., Safayi, B. L., Sherfa, A., Jemal, M., Lahole, B. K., Cheme, M. C., Belay, S., Gebremariam, G., Tuke, G., Zewudie, A., et al. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71663
“Lower prevalence estimates among adults likely reflect historical under diagnosis, limited adult diagnostic services, and the absence of developmental screening systems in earlier decades (Shaw et al. 2025 ; Ebrahimi Meimand et al. 2023 ; Kantawala et al. 2023 ).”
InfluentialHridhey, F., Gupta, N., Khurana, P., Miller, V., & Gupta, M. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.114420
Early autism risk factors: a cohort study of children born very preterm at 5-years
Stone-Heaberlin, M., Blackburn, A. D., Tamm, L., Allahverdy, A., Kline‐Fath, B. M., & Parikh, N. A. (2026) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-026-02856-x
“As autism is highly prevalent in the US with significant personal, familial, and economic impacts [5], understanding autism risk in VPT children is crucial.”
Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism or Other Developmental Outcomes
Kaplan, Z. B., Pearce, E. N., Miller, M., Tancredi, D. J., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Shin, H., & Schmidt, R. J. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70346
Fan, F., Wang, B., & Han, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1907757
Anbar, J. S., Catalan, A., Bozek, T., & Andrews, J. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07442-w
Self-citationBéroule, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1777687
“…of epidemiological studies is to identify the summed toxins involved in the ASD origin, able to cross certain thresholds above which epigenetic reactions likely occur with sensitivity that may differ in different communities, consistently with the race-dependent ASD prevalence (Shaw et al., 2025).”
InfluentialAlev-Savtak, G., Torun, Ş., & Karamete, A. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16081315
Banerjee, T., & Nayak, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1886106
Metadata
- Authors
- Shaw, K. A., Williams, S., Patrick, M. E., Valencia-Prado, M., Durkin, M. S., Howerton, E. M., Ladd-Acosta, C. M., Pas, E. T., Bakian, A. V., Bartholomew, P., Nieves-Muñoz, N., Sidwell, K., Alford, A., Bilder, D. A., DiRienzo, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Furnier, S. M., Hudson, A. E., Pokoski, O. M., Shea, L., Tinker, S. C., Warren, Z., Zahorodny, W., Agosto-Rosa, H., Anbar, J., Chavez, K. Y., Esler, A., Forkner, A., Grzybowski, A., Agib, A. H., Hallas, L., Lopez, M., Magaña, S., Nguyen, R. H. N., Parker, J., Pierce, K., Protho, T., Torres, H., Vanegas, S. B., Vehorn, A., Zhang, M., Andrews, J., Greer, F., Hall-Lande, J., McArthur, D., Mitamura, M., Montes, A. J., Pettygrove, S., Shenouda, J., Skowyra, C., Washington, A., & Maenner, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (US)
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Puerto Rico Department of Health (PR)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, Kelly A.
- ORCID
- Patrick, Mary E.
- Durkin, Maureen S.
- Howerton, Ellen M.
- Ladd-Acosta, Christine M.
- Pas, Elise T.
- Bakian, Amanda V.
- Alford, Amy
- Bilder, Deborah A.
- DiRienzo, Monica
- Fitzgerald, Robert T.
- Furnier, Sarah M.
- Pokoski, Olivia M.
- Shea, Lindsay
- Tinker, Sarah C.
- Warren, Zachary
- Zahorodny, Walter
- Anbar, Joshua
- Esler, Amy
- Lopez, Maya
- Magaña, Sandy
- Nguyen, Ruby H.N.
- Pierce, Karen
- Vanegas, Sandra B.
- Zhang, Minyu
- Andrews, Jennifer
- McArthur, Dedria
- Pettygrove, Sydney
- Shenouda, Josephine
- Washington, Anita
- Maenner, Matthew J.
- Venue
- MMWR. Surveillance Summaries
- Published
- 2025-04-17
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 1545-8636 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-0738
- PMC
- PMC12011386
- OpenAlex
- W4409458169
- Semantic Scholar
- ce82e952834c1f4b32c7226767552851cc1f0430
- Cited by
- 867
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 615 · 2025: 252
- FWCI
- 491.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- MMWR Surveillance Summaries (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism prevalence, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, ASD subtypes, developmental disabilities, prevalence, early detection, autism screening
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, United States, Prevalence, Early Diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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